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Edgar Allan Poe
This daguerreotype of Poe was taken in 1848 when he was 39, a year before his death.
Born	(1809-01-19)January 19, 1809 Boston, Massachusetts U.S.
Died	October 7, 1849(1849-10-07) (aged 40) Baltimore, Maryland U.S.
Occupation	Poet, short story writer, editor, literary critic
Genre	Horror fiction, Crime fiction, Detective fiction
Literary movement	Romanticism, Dark romanticism
Spouse	Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe
Relatives	David Poe, Jr. and Elizabeth Arnold Poe (birth parents), John Allan and Frances Allan (foster parents)

Edgar Allan Poe (January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849) was an American poet, short story writer, editor, literary critic, and one of the leaders of the American Romantic Movement. Best known for his tales of mystery and the macabre, Poe was one of the early American practitioners of the short story and a progenitor of detective fiction and crime fiction. He is also credited with contributing to the emergent science fiction genre. He was the first American writer to try to earn a living through writing alone, resulting in a financially difficult life and career.

Born as Edgar Poe in Boston, Poe's parents died when he was still young, and he was taken in by John and Frances Allan of Richmond, Virginia. Poe grew up in relative wealth, though he was never formally adopted by the Allans. After a short period at the University of Virginia and a brief attempt at a military career, Poe and the Allans parted ways. Poe's publishing career began humbly with an anonymous collection of poems called Tamerlane and Other Poems (1827), credited only "by a Bostonian". He soon moved to Baltimore to live with blood-relatives and switched his focus from poetry to prose. He would spend the next several years working for various literary journals and periodicals and moving between several cities, including Philadelphia and New York City, becoming known for his own style of literary criticism. He also married Virginia Clemm, his 13-year old cousin in 1835 and began making plans to produce his own journal, The Penn (later renamed The Stylus), though it would never come to be. In January 1845, Poe published "The Raven" to instant success, but his wife died of tuberculosis only two years later. On October 7, 1849, Poe died at the age of 40 in Baltimore. The cause of his death is undetermined and has been attributed to alcohol, drugs, cholera, rabies, suicide, tuberculosis, heart disease, brain congestion and other agents.

Poe's legacy includes a significant influence in literature in the United States and around the world, as well as in specialized fields like cosmology and cryptography. Additionally, Poe and his works appear throughout popular culture in literature, music, films, television, video games, etc. Some of his homes are dedicated as museums today.

Life and career

Early life

Poe was born Edgar Poe to a Scots-Irish family in Boston, Massachusetts, on January 19, 1809. He was the second child of actress Elizabeth Arnold Hopkins Poe and actor David Poe, Jr. Edgar Poe had an elder brother, William Henry Leonard Poe, and a younger sister, Rosalie Poe. His father abandoned their family in 1810, and his mother died a year later from "consumption" (tuberculosis). Poe was then taken into the home of John Allan, a successful Scottish merchant in Richmond, Virginia, who dealt in a variety of goods including tobacco, cloths, wheat, tombstones, and slaves. The Allans served as a foster family but never formally adopted Poe, though they gave him the name "Edgar Allan Poe".

The Allan family had young Edgar baptized in the Episcopal Church in 1812. John Allan alternately spoiled and aggressively disciplined his foster son. The family, including Edgar and Allan's wife, Frances Valentine Allan, sailed to England in 1815. Edgar attended the Grammar School in Irvine, Scotland (where John Allan was born) for a short period in 1815, before rejoining the family in London in 1816. He studied at a boarding school in Chelsea until summer 1817. He was subsequently entered at Reverend John Bransby’s Manor House School at Stoke Newington, then a suburb four miles (6 km) north of London. Bransby is mentioned by name as a character in "William Wilson".

Poe moved back with the Allans to Richmond, Virginia in 1820. In 1825, John Allan's friend and business benefactor William Galt, said to be the wealthiest man in Richmond, died and left Allan several acres of real estate. The inheritance was estimated at $750,000. By summer 1825, Allan celebrated his expansive wealth by purchasing a two-story brick home named "Moldavia". Poe may have become engaged to Sarah Elmira Royster before he registered at the one-year old University of Virginia in February 1826 with the intent to study languages. The University, in its infancy, was established on the ideals of its founder, Thomas Jefferson. It had strict rules against gambling, horses, guns, tobacco and alcohol, but these rules were generally ignored. Jefferson had enacted a system of student self-government, allowing students to choose their own studies, make their own arrangements for boarding, and report all wrongdoing to the faculty. The unique system was still in chaos, and there was a high drop-out rate. During his time there, Poe lost touch with Royster and also became estranged from his foster father over gambling debts. Poe claimed that Allan had not given him sufficient money to register for classes, purchase texts, and procure and furnish a dormitory. Allan did send additional money and clothes, but Poe's debts increased. Poe gave up on the University after a year, and, not feeling welcome in Richmond, especially when he learned that his sweetheart Royster had married Alexander Shelton, he traveled to Boston in April 1827, sustaining himself with odd jobs as a clerk and newspaper writer. At some point he started using the pseudonym Henri Le Rennet.

Military career

Unable to support himself, on May 27, 1827, Poe enlisted in the United States Army as a private, using the name "Edgar A. Perry" and claiming he was 22 years old even though he was 18. He first served at Fort Independence in Boston Harbor for five dollars a month. That same year, he released his first book, a 40-page collection of poetry, Tamerlane and Other Poems, attributed with the byline "by a Bostonian". Only 50 copies were printed, and the book received virtually no attention. Poe's regiment was posted to Fort Moultrie in Charleston, South Carolina and traveled by ship on the brig Waltham on November 8, 1827. Poe was promoted to "artificer", an enlisted tradesman who prepared shells for artillery, and had his monthly pay doubled. After serving for two years and attaining the rank of Sergeant Major for Artillery (the highest rank a noncommissioned officer can achieve), Poe sought to end his five-year enlistment early. He revealed his real name and his circumstances to his commanding officer, Lieutenant Howard, who would only allow Poe to be discharged if he reconciled with John Allan. Howard wrote a letter to Allan, who was unsympathetic. Several months passed and pleas to Allan were ignored; Allan may not have written to Poe even to make him aware of his foster mother's illness. Frances Allan died on February 28, 1829, and Poe visited the day after her burial. Perhaps softened by his wife's death, John Allan agreed to support Poe's attempt to be discharged in order to receive an appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point.

Poe finally was discharged on April 15, 1829 after securing a replacement to finish his enlisted term for him. Before entering West Point, Poe moved back to Baltimore for a time, to stay with his widowed aunt Maria Clemm, her daughter, Virginia Eliza Clemm (Poe's first cousin), his brother Henry, and his invalid grandmother Elizabeth Cairnes Poe. Meanwhile, Poe published his second book, Al Aaraaf Tamerlane and Minor Poems, in Baltimore in 1829.

Poe traveled to West Point and matriculated as a cadet on July 1, 1830. In October 1830, John Allan married his second wife, Louisa Patterson. The marriage, and bitter quarrels with Poe over the children born to Allan out of affairs, led to the foster father finally disowning Poe. Poe decided to leave West Point by purposely getting court-martialed. On February 8, 1831, he was tried for gross neglect of duty and disobedience of orders for refusing to attend formations, classes, or church. Poe tactically pled not guilty to induce dismissal, knowing he would be found guilty. He left for New York in February 1831, and released a third volume of poems, simply titled Poems. The book was financed with help from his fellow cadets at West Point, many of whom donated 75 cents to the cause, raising a total of $170. They may have been expecting verses similar to the satirical ones Poe had been writing about commanding officers. Printed by Elam Bliss of New York, it was labeled as "Second Edition" and included a page saying, "To the U.S. Corps of Cadets this volume is respectfully dedicated." The book once again reprinted the long poems "Tamerlane" and "Al Aaraaf" but also six previously unpublished poems including early versions of "To Helen", "Israfel", and "The City in the Sea". He returned to Baltimore, to his aunt, brother and cousin, in March 1831. Henry, who had been in ill health in part due to problems with alcoholism, died on August 1, 1831.

Publishing career

After his brother's death, Poe began more earnest attempts to start his career as a writer. He chose a difficult time in American history to do so. He was the first American to try to live by writing alone and was hampered by the lack of an international copyright law. Especially after the Panic of 1837, it was easier for publishers to pirate copies of British works rather than pay for new work by Americans. Despite a booming growth in American periodicals around this time period, fueled in part by new technology, many did not last beyond a few issues. Publishers often refused to pay their writers or paid them much later than they promised. As Poe began his literary career, he would soon be forced to constantly make humiliating pleas for money and other assistance for the rest of his life.

After his early attempts at poetry, Poe had turned his attention to prose . He placed a few stories with a Philadelphia publication and began work on his only drama, Politian. The Saturday Visitor, a Baltimore paper, awarded Poe a prize in October 1833 for his short story "MS. Found in a Bottle". The story brought him to the attention of John P. Kennedy, a Baltimorian of considerable means. He helped Poe place some of his stories, and also introduced him to Thomas W. White, editor of the Southern Literary Messenger in Richmond. Poe became assistant editor of the periodical in August 1835. Within a few weeks, he was discharged after being found drunk repeatedly. Returning to Baltimore, Poe secretly married Virginia, his cousin, on September 22, 1835. She was 13 at the time, though she is listed on the marriage certificate as being 21. Reinstated by White after promising good behavior, Poe went back to Richmond with Virginia and her mother. He remained at the Messenger until January 1837. During this period, its circulation increased from 700 to 3500. He published several poems, book reviews, criticism, and stories in the paper. On May 16, 1836, he had a second marriage in Richmond with Virginia Clemm, this time in public.

The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym was published and widely reviewed in 1838. In the summer of 1839, Poe became assistant editor of Burton's Gentleman's Magazine. He published a large number of articles, stories, and reviews, enhancing the reputation as a trenchant critic that he had established at the Southern Literary Messenger. Also in 1839, the collection Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque was published in two volumes. Though not a financial success, it was a milestone in the history of American literature, collecting such classic Poe tales as "The Fall of the House of Usher", "Berenice", "Ligeia" and "William Wilson". Poe left Burton's after about a year and found a position as assistant at Graham's Magazine.

In June 1840, Poe published a prospectus announcing his intentions to start his own journal, The Stylus. Originally, Poe intended to call the journal The Penn, as it would have been based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In the June 6, 1840 issue of Philadelphia's Saturday Evening Post, Poe purchased advertising space for his prospectus: "Prospectus of the Penn Magazine, a Monthly Literary journal to be edited and published in the city of Philadelphia by Edgar A. Poe." The journal would never be produced.

One evening in January 1842, Virginia showed the first signs of consumption, now known as tuberculosis, while singing and playing the piano. Poe described it as breaking a blood vessel in her throat. She only partially recovered. Poe began to drink more heavily under the stress of Virginia's illness. He left Graham's and attempted to find a new position, for a time angling for a government post. He returned to New York, where he worked briefly at the Evening Mirror before becoming editor of the Broadway Journal and, later, sole owner. There he became involved in a noisy public feud with Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. On January 29, 1845, his poem "The Raven" appeared in the Evening Mirror and became a popular sensation. Though it made Poe a household name almost instantly, he only was paid $9 for its publication.

The Broadway Journal failed in 1846. Poe moved to a cottage in the Fordham section of The Bronx, New York. He loved the Jesuits at Fordham University and frequently strolled about its campus conversing with both students and faculty. Fordham University's bell tower even inspired him to write "The Bells". The "Poe Cottage" is on the southeast corner of the Grand Concourse and Kingsbridge Road. Virginia died there on January 30, 1847. Biographers and critics often suggest Poe's frequent theme of the "death of a beautiful woman" stems from the repeated loss of women throughout his life, including his wife.

Increasingly unstable after his wife's death, Poe attempted to court the poet Sarah Helen Whitman, who lived in Providence, Rhode Island. Their engagement failed, purportedly because of Poe's drinking and erratic behavior. However, there is also strong evidence that Whitman's mother intervened and did much to derail their relationship. Poe then returned to Richmond and resumed a relationship with a childhood sweetheart, Sarah Elmira Royster.

Death

On October 3, 1849, Poe was found on the streets of Baltimore delirious, "in great distress, and... in need of immediate assistance", according to the man who found him, Joseph W. Walker. He was taken to the Washington College Hospital, where he died on Sunday, October 7, 1849, at 5:00 in the morning. Poe was never coherent long enough to explain how he came to be in his dire condition, and, oddly, was wearing clothes that were not his own. Poe is said to have repeatedly called out the name "Reynolds" on the night before his death, though it is unclear to whom he was referring. Some sources say Poe's final words were "Lord help my poor soul." Poe suffered from bouts of depression and madness, and he may have attempted suicide in 1848. The precise cause of Poe's death remains a mystery.

Griswold's "Memoir"

The day Edgar Allan Poe was buried, a long obituary appeared in the New York Tribune signed "Ludwig". It was soon published throughout the country. The piece began, "Edgar Allan Poe is dead. He died in Baltimore the day before yesterday. This announcement will startle many, but few will be grieved by it." "Ludwig" was soon identified as Rufus Wilmot Griswold, a minor editor and anthologist who had borne a grudge against Poe since 1842. Griswold somehow became executor of Poe's literary estate and attempted to destroy his enemy's reputation after his death.

Rufus Griswold wrote a biographical "Memoir" of Poe, which he included in an 1850 volume of the collected works. Griswold depicted Poe as a depraved, drunk, drug-addled madman and included forged letters as evidence. Griswold's book was denounced by those who knew Poe well, but it became a popularly accepted one. This was due in part because it was the only full biography available and was widely reprinted, and in part because it seemed to accord with the narrative voice Poe used in much of his fiction.

Literary and artistic theory

In his essay "The Poetic Principle", Poe argued that there is no such thing as a long poem, since the ultimate purpose of art is aesthetic; that is, its purpose is the effect it has on its audience, and this effect can only be maintained for a brief period of time (the time it takes to read a lyric poem, or watch a drama performed, or view a painting, etc.). He argued that an epic, if it has any value at all, must be a series of smaller pieces, each geared towards a single effect or sentiment, which "elevates the soul". He also disagreed with didacticism in poetry, a sentiment often extended to his fiction.

His essay "The Philosophy of Composition", an overview of his method in writing "The Raven", is one of his most complete discussions of his literary theory. In it, Poe claimed he worked with extreme precision and care, believing that in writing every sentiment and idea must be carefully conceived and calculated. It has been questioned, however, if Poe really followed the system he described. T. S. Eliot said: "It is difficult for us to read that essay without reflecting that if Poe plotted out his poem with such calculation, he might have taken a little more pains over it: the result hardly does credit to the method." Biographer Joseph Wood Krutch described the essay as "a rather highly ingenious exercise in the art of rationalization than literary criticism".

In his own fiction, Poe often included elements of popular pseudosciences such as phrenology and physiognomy. Much of his work deals with questions of death, including its physical signs, the effects of decomposition, concerns of premature burial, the reanimation of the dead, and mourning.

Much of Poe's work has been read as allegorical, though he himself disagreed with allegory: "In defence of allegory, (however, or for whatever object, employed,) there is scarcely one respectable word to be said. Its best appeals are made to the fancy — that is to say, to our sense of adaptation, not of matters proper, but of matters improper for the purpose, of the real with the unreal; having never more of intelligible connection than has something with nothing, never half so much of effective affinity as has the substance for the shadow." In his criticism, Poe said that meaning in literature should be an undercurrent just beneath the surface, and that works whose meanings are too obvious cease to be art. Poe pursued originality in his works, and disliked proverbs.

Legacy

Literary influence

Poe's work has inspired literature not only in the United States but throughout the world. France in particular ranks Poe very highly, in part due to early translations by Charles Baudelaire. Baudelaire's translations quickly became definitive renditions of Poe's work throughout Europe, and it has even been suggested that his translations improve upon the original works.

Poe's early detective fiction tales starring the fictitious C. Auguste Dupin laid the groundwork for future detectives in literature. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle said, "Each is a root from which a whole literature has developed.... Where was the detective story until Poe breathed the breath of life into it?" The Mystery Writers of America have named their awards for excellence in the genre the "Edgars". Poe's work also influenced science fiction, notably Jules Verne, who wrote a sequel to Poe's novel The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket called The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym, Le sphinx des glaces. Science fiction author H. G. Wells noted, "Pym tells what a very intelligent mind could imagine about the south polar region a century ago."

Even so, Poe has not received only praise. William Butler Yeats was generally critical of Poe, calling him "vulgar". Transcendentalist Ralph Waldo Emerson reacted to "The Raven" by saying, "I see nothing in it." Aldous Huxley wrote that Poe's writing "falls into vulgarity" by being "too poetical" - the equivalent of wearing a diamond ring on every finger.

Physics and cosmology

Eureka, an essay written in 1848, included a cosmological theory that anticipated black holes and the big bang theory by 80 years, as well as the first plausible solution to Olbers' paradox. Poe eschewed the scientific method in Eureka and instead wrote from pure intuition. For this reason, he considered it a work of art, not science, but insisted that it was still true and considered it to be his career masterpiece.Even so, Eureka is full of scientific errors. In particular, Poe's suggestions opposed Newtonian principles regarding the density and rotation of planets.

Cryptography

Poe had a keen interest in the field of cryptography. He had placed a notice of his abilities in the Philadelphia paper Alexander's Weekly (Express) Messenger, inviting submissions of ciphers, which he proceeded to solve. In July 1841, Poe had published an essay called "A Few Words on Secret Writing" in Graham's Magazine. Realizing the public interest in the topic, he wrote "The Gold-Bug" incorporating ciphers as part of the story.

Poe's success in cryptography relied not so much on his knowledge of that field (his method was limited to the simple substitution cryptogram), as on his knowledge of the magazine and newspaper culture. His keen analytical abilities, which were so evident in his detective stories, allowed him to see that the general public was largely ignorant of the methods by which a simple substitution cryptogram can be solved, and he used this to his advantage. The sensation Poe created with his cryptography stunt played a major role in popularizing cryptograms in newspapers and magazines.

Poe had a long-standing influence on cryptography beyond public interest in his lifetime. William Friedman, America's foremost cryptologist, was heavily influenced by Poe. Friedman's initial interest in cryptography came from reading "The Gold-Bug" as a child - interest he later put to use in deciphering Japan's PURPLE code during World War II.

Imitators

Like many famous artists, Poe's works have spawned legions of imitators and plagiarists. One interesting trend among imitators of Poe, however, has been claims by clairvoyants or psychics to be "channelling" poems from Poe's spirit beyond the grave. One of the most notable of these was Lizzie Doten, who in 1863 published Poems from the Inner Life, in which she claimed to have "received" new compositions by Poe's spirit. The compositions were re-workings of famous Poe poems such as "The Bells", but which reflected a new, positive outlook.

Poe Toaster

Adding to the mystery surrounding Poe's death, an unknown visitor affectionately referred to as the "Poe Toaster" has paid homage to Poe's grave every year since 1949. As the tradition has been carried on for over 50 years, it is likely that the "Poe Toaster" is actually several individuals; however, the tribute is always the same. Every January 19, in the early hours of the morning, the man makes a toast of cognac to Poe's original grave marker and leaves three roses. Members of the Edgar Allan Poe Society in Baltimore have helped in protecting this tradition for decades. On August 15, 2007, Sam Porpora, a former historian at the Westminster Church in Baltimore where Poe is buried, claimed that he had started the tradition in the 1960s. The claim that the tradition began in 1949, he said, was a hoax in order to raise money and enhance the profile of the church. His story has not been confirmed, and some details he has given to the press have been pointed out as factually inaccurate.

Poe as a character

The historical Edgar Allan Poe has appeared as a fictionalized character, often representing the "mad genius" or "tormented artist" and exploiting his personal struggles. Many such depictions also blend in with characters from his stories, suggesting Poe and his characters share identities. Often, fictional depictions of Poe utilize his mystery-solving skills in such novels as The Poe Shadow by Matthew Pearl.

Preserved homes, landmarks, and museums

No childhood home of Poe is still standing, including the Allan family's Moldavia estate. However, the oldest standing home in Richmond, the Old Stone House, is in use as the Edgar Allan Poe Museum, though Poe never lived there. The collection includes many items Poe used during his time with the Allan family and also features several rare first printings of Poe works. The dorm room Poe is believed to have used while studying at the University of Virginia in 1826 is preserved and available for visits. Its upkeep is now overseen by a group of students and staff known as the Raven Society.

The earliest surviving home in which Poe lived is in Baltimore, preserved as the Edgar Allan Poe House and Museum. Poe is believed to have lived in the home at the age of 23 when he first lived with Maria Clemm and Virginia (as well as his grandmother and possibly his brother William Henry Leonard Poe). It is open to the public and is also the home of the Edgar Allan Poe Society. Of the several homes that Poe, his wife Virginia, and his mother-in-law Maria rented in Philadelphia, only the last house has survived. The Spring Garden home, where the author lived in 1843-44, is today preserved by the National Park Service as the Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site. Poe's final home is preserved as the Poe Cottage in the Bronx, New York.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).

Other Poe landmarks include a building in the Upper West Side where Poe temporarily lived when he first moved to New York. A plaque suggests that Poe wrote "The Raven" here. In Boston, a plaque hangs near the building where Poe was born once stood. Believed to have been located at 62 Carver Street (now Charles Street), the plaque is possibly in an incorrect location. The bar in which Poe was last seen drinking before his death still stands in Fells Point in Baltimore, Maryland. Though the name has changed and it is now known as The Horse You Came In On, local lore insists that a ghost they call "Edgar" haunts the rooms above.

Selected list of works

Other Works

• The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket - Poe's only complete novel
• "The Philosophy of Composition" - Essay
• Eureka - Essay
• "The Balloon-Hoax" - A journalistic hoax printed as a true story

See also

• Edgar Allan Poe and music
• USS E.A. Poe (IX-103)
• List of coupled cousins

References

Notes

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2. ^ Meyers, 138
3. Meyers, 256
4. ^ Allen, Hervey. Introduction to The Works of Edgar Allan Poe, P. F. Collier & Son, New York, 1927.
5. ^ "Poe Chronology". Retrieved 2007-06-03.
6. Meyers, 8
7. ""Poe's Middle Name"". Retrieved 2007-06-03.
8. Meyers, 9
9. Silverman, 16-8
10. Silverman, 27-8
11. Silverman, 29-30
12. Meyers, 21-2
13. Silverman, 32-4
14. Meyers, 32
15. Silverman, 41
16. Cornelius, Kay. "Biography of Edgar Allan Poe" in Bloom's BioCritiques: Edgar Allan Poe, Harold Bloom, ed. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 2002. p. 13 ISBN 0791061736
17. Meyers, 32
18. Meyers, 33-4
19. Meyers, 35
20. Silverman, 43-7
21. Meyers, 38
22. Cornelius, Kay. "Biography of Edgar Allan Poe" in Bloom's BioCritiques: Edgar Allan Poe, Harold Bloom, ed. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 2002. pp. 13-4 ISBN 0791061736
23. Krutch, 32
24. Cornelius, Kay. "Biography of Edgar Allan Poe" in Bloom's BioCritiques: Edgar Allan Poe, Harold Bloom, ed. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 2002. p. 14 ISBN 0791061736
25. ^ Wilson, James S. "Poe's Life". The Poe Museum. Retrieved 2007-10-13.
26. Hecker, William J. Private Perry and Mister Poe: The West Point Poems. Louisiana State University Press, 2005. pp. 49-51
27. Meyers, 50-1
28. Hecker, William J. Private Perry and Mister Poe: The West Point Poems. Louisiana State University Press, 2005. pp. 53-4
29. Quinn, 187-188
30. Whalen, 64
31. ^ Quinn, 305
32. Silverman, 247
33. Whalen, 74
34. Silverman, 99
35. Whalen, 82
36. Meyers, 139
37. Sova, 162
38. Sova, 225
39. Meyers, 73
40. Meyers, 85
41. Meyers, 119
42. Silverman, 159
43. Silverman, 179
44. Hoffman, 80
45. Ostrom, John Ward. "Edgar A. Poe: His Income as Literary Entrepreneur", collected in Poe Studies Vol. 5, no. 1. June 1982. p. 5
46. Sova, 34
47. "Edgar Allan Poe Cottage". Bronx Historical Society. Retrieved 2007-10-13.
48. Weekes, Karen. "Poe's feminine ideal," collected in The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe, edited by Kevin J. Hayes. Cambridge University Press, 2002. p. 149. ISBN 0521797276
49. Benton, Richard P. "Friends and Enemies: Women in the Life of Edgar Allan Poe" as collected in Myths and Reality: The Mysterious Mr. Poe. Baltimore: Edgar Allan Poe Society, 1987. p. 19 ISBN 0961644915
50. Meyers, 255
51. Silverman, 374
52. To read Griswold's full obituary, see Edgar Allan Poe obituary at Wikisource.
53. Hoffman, 14
54. Sova, 101
55. "Edgar Allan Poe and Rufus Wilmot Griswold". E. A. Poe Society of Baltimore. Retrieved 2007-10-13.
56. Kagle, Steven E. "The Corpse Within Us" as collected in Poe and His Times: The Artist and His Milieu, edited by Benjamin Franklin Fisher IV. Baltimore: The Edgar Allan Poe Society, Inc., 1990. p. 104 ISBN 0961644923
57. Jannaccone, Pasquale (translated by Peter Mitilineos). "The Aesthetics of Edgar Poe," collected in Poe Studies, vol. VII, no. 1, June 1974. p. 3
58. Hoffman, 76
59. Krutch, 98
60. Edward Hungerford. "Poe and Phrenology," American Literature 1(1930): 209-31.
61. Erik Grayson. "Weird Science, Weirder Unity: Phrenology and Physiognomy in Edgar Allan Poe" Mode 1 (2005): 56-77. Also online.
62. Kennedy, J. Gerald. Poe, Death, and the Life of Writing. Yale University Press, 1987. p3. ISBN 0300037732
63. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. "Tale-Writing". Retrieved 2007-03-24.
64. Wilbur, Richard. "The House of Poe," collected in Poe: A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by Robert Regan. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1967. p. 99
65. Hayes, K.J. (2002) Visual Culture and the Word in Edgar Allan Poe's "The Man of the Crowd" Nineteenth-Century Literature, Vol. 56, No. 4 pp. 445-465
66. Harner, Gary Wayne. "Edgar Allan Poe in France: Baudelaire's Labor of Love" collected in Poe and His Times: The Artist and His Milieu, edited by Benjamin Franklin Fisher IV. Baltimore: The Edgar Allan Poe Society, 1990. p. 218. ISBN 0961644923
67. Poe Encyclopedia p. 103
68. Poe Encyclopedia p. 364
69. Poe Encyclopaedia p. 372
70. Meyers, 274
71. Silverman, 265
72. Huxley, Aldous. "Vulgarity in Literature," collected in Poe: A Collection of Critical Essays, Robert Regan, editor. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1967. p. 32
73. "Edgar Allan Poe's Eureka" URL accessed August 14, 2006
74. "Poe Foresees Modern Cosmologists' Black Holes and The Big Crunch" URL accessed August 14, 2006
75. Wrinkles in Time by George Smoot and Keay Davidson, Harper Perennial, Reprint edition (October 1, 1994) ISBN 0-380-72044-2
76. Meyers, 214
77. Meyers, 214
78. Silverman, 399
79. Meyers, 219
80. Sova, 82
81. Morelli, R. (2002). "Poe and Cryptography". Historical Cryptography. Retrieved 2007-03-29.
82. Rosenheim, 2, 6
83. Dukes, Daniel W. "The Legend of Poe the Cryptographer". The Poe Perplex. Retrieved 2007-03-29.
84. Friedman, William F. "Edgar Allan Poe, Cryptographer" in On Poe: The Best from "American Literature". Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1993. p. 40-1
85. Rosenheim, 15
86. Rosenheim, 146
87. "POEMS FROM THE INNER LIFE" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-03-29.
88. "www.eapoe.org/works/canon/poemsrjt.htm". Retrieved 2007-03-29.
89. Carlson, Eric Walter (1996). A Companion to Poe Studies. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 476. ISBN 0-313-26506-2.
90. Hall, Wiley. "Poe Fan Takes Credit for Grave Legend," Associated Press, August 15, 2007.
91. Associated Press, "Man Reveals Legend of Mystery Visitor to Edgar Allan Poe's Grave", August 15, 2007. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,293413,00.html
92. Neimeyer, Mark. "Poe and Popular Culture," collected in The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe. Cambridge University Press, 2002. ISBN 0521797276 p. 209
93. Gargano, James W. "The Question of Poe's Narrators," collected in Poe: A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by Robert Regan. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1967. p. 165
94. Maslin, Janet (2006-06-06). "The Poe Shadow". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 2007-10-13. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
95. "Raven Society online".
96. Burns, Niccole (2006-11-15). "Poe wrote most important works in Philadelphia". School of Communication - University of Miami. Retrieved 2007-10-13. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
97. Van Hoy, David C. "The Fall of the House of Edgar". The Boston Globe, Feb. 18, 2007
98. Glenn, Joshua. The house of Poe -- mystery solved! The Boston Globe April 9, 2007
99. Lake, Matt. Weird Maryland, Sterling Publishing, New York, 2006, p. 195. ISBN 1-4027-3906-0

General references

• Foye, Raymond (editor) (1980). The Unknown Poe (Paperback ed. ed.). San Francisco, CA: City Lights. ISBN 0872861104. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help); |first= has generic name (help)
• Frank, Frederick S. and Anthony Magistrale. The Poe Encyclopedia. Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut and London, England, (1997). ISBN 0313277680
• Hoffman, Daniel (1998). Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe (Paperback ed. ed.). Baton Rouge, La.: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0807123218. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
• Krutch, Joseph Wood (1926). Edgar Allan Poe: A Study in Genius. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
• Meyers, Jeffrey (1992). Edgar Allan Poe: His Life and Legacy (Paperback ed. ed.). New York: Cooper Square Press. ISBN 0815410387. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
• Poe, Edgar Allan: Poetry and Tales (Patrick F. Quinn, ed.) (Library of America, 1984) ISBN 9780940450189
• Poe, Edgar Allan: Essays and Reviews (G.R. Thompson, ed.) (Library of America, 1984) ISBN 9780940450196
• Poe, Edgar Allan: Collected Works of Edgar Allan Poe, three volumes (I and II Tales and Sketches, III Poems), edited by Thomas Ollive Mabbott, The Belknap Press Of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England, (1978).
• Quinn, Arthur Hobson (1941). Edgar Allan Poe: A Critical Biography. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc. ISBN 0801857309.
• Rosenheim, Shawn James (1997). The Cryptographic Imagination: Secret Writing from Edgar Poe to the Internet. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 9780801853326.
• Silverman, Kenneth (1991). Edgar A. Poe: Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance (Paperback ed. ed.). New York: Harper Perennial. ISBN 0060923318. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
• Sova, Dawn B. (2001). Edgar Allan Poe: A to Z (Paperback ed. ed.). New York: Checkmark Books. ISBN 081604161X. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
• Whalen, Terence. "Poe and the American Publishing Industry", as collected in A Historical Guide to Edgar Allan Poe. Oxford University Press, 2001. ISBN 0195121503

External links

About Poe

• Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site
• Edgar Allan Poe Society in Baltimore
• Poe Museum in Richmond, Virginia

Works

• Works by Edgar Allan Poe at Project Gutenberg
• PoeStories.com - A well organized site with summaries, quotes, and full text of Poe's short stories, a Poe timeline, and image gallery.
• Poems by Edgar Allan Poe at PoetryFoundation.org
• The Edgar Allan Poe Virtual Library

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