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| '''Coconut charcoal''' is the blackish residue consisting of impure ] obtained by removing water and other volatile constituents from ]. It is usually produced by heating or processing the coconut husk or shell in the absence of ] (see ]). The soft, brittle, lightweight, black, porous material resembles ] and is 85% to 98% ] with the remainder consisting of volatile chemicals and ash. | |||
| ==Raw materials and manufacturing process== | |||
| Coconut charcoal briquettes are made of 2 primary ingredients (comprising about 90% of the final product) and several minor ones. One of the primary ingredients, known as char, is basically the traditional charcoal, as described above made from coconut husk and shells. The other primary ingredient, used to produce a high-temperature, long-lasting fire, is coal. Various types of coal may be used, ranging from sub-bituminous lignite to ]. Minor ingredients include a binding agent (typically ] made from corn, milo, or wheat), an ] (such as ]), and an ash-whitening agent (such as ]) to let the backyard barbecuer know when the briquettes are ready to cook over. The first step in the manufacturing process is to char the wood. Some manufacturers use the kiln (batch) method, while others use the retort (continuous) method. A typical retort can produce approximately {{convert|5500|lb|t ST|lk=on}} of char per hour. Next is carbonizing the coal, briquetting, bagging and dealing with byproducts/waste. | |||
| ==Types and uses== | |||
| Commercial coconut charcoal is found in either lump, ] or extruded forms: | |||
| ] | |||
| *'''Lump coconut charcoal''' is made directly from coconut husks and shells material and usually produces far less ash than briquettes. | |||
| *''']s''' are made by compressing charcoal, typically made from coconut husks and shells, with a binder and other additives. The binder is usually ]. Some briquettes may also include ] (heat source), mineral carbon (heat source), ], ] (ignition aid), ] (ash-whitening agent), raw ] (ignition aid) and other additives like ] or ]s to aid in ignition.<ref></ref> | |||
| *'''Extruded coconut charcoal''' is made by extruding coconut husks and shells into logs without the use of a binder. The heat and pressure of the extruding process hold the charcoal together. If the extrusion is made from raw wood material, the extruded ] are then subsequently carbonized. | |||
| The characteristics of charcoal products (lump, ] or extruded forms) vary widely from product to product. Thus it is a common misconception to stereotype any kind of charcoal, saying which burns hotter, etc. Charcoal is sometimes used to power commercial road vehicles, usually ]es - in countries where ] is scarce or completely unavailable. In the years immediately after the ], charcoal buses were in regular use in ] and are still used today in ].<ref></ref> | |||
| === Coconut charcoal briquettes === | |||
| ] | |||
| These ] are compressed and dried brown coal extruded into hard blocks. This is a common technique for low rank coals. They are typically dried to 12-18% moisture, and are primarily used in household and industry. In ], ] briquettes are a common type of ] after coal. Although often used as the sole fuel for a fire, they are also used to begin a coal fire quickly and easily. A fire burning peat briquettes is, similarly to a turf fire, slow burning. Peat briquettes can be used as an acceptable substitute for charcoal in barbecues for this reason. Charcoal briquettes are widely used for outdoor grilling and barbeques in backyards and on camping trips. Charcoal cannot be burned indoors without an adequate ventilation system, because poisonous ] (CO) is a combustion product. | |||
| Coconut Shell Charcoal is the raw material for the manufacture of ]. The shell charcoal is manufactured by burning shells of fully matured nuts with limited air supply enough for carbonisation. The output of charcoal in the traditional pith method is just below 30 % of the weight of the original shells. Thus, to produce one ton, 30,000 coconut whole shells are needed. To obtain good quality charcoal, fully dried, clean, mature shells should be used. Coconut charcoal is then sieved to the different sizes. Coconut charcoal briquettes is a compact block charcoal made from coconut shell or granular coconut shell charcoal that is crushed charcoal and molded using binder. As fuel, it is hotter and last longer than ordinary charcoal. It is suitable for household use both indoor and outdoor. Also, it can be used in ], fro barbecue, stove fuel, ], etc. It is natural made from renewable source, virtually smokeless, produces a small quantity of ash, burns 1.5 times longer than typical hardwood charcoal — more or less 3.5 hours at temperature up to {{convert|730|F}}.<ref></ref> | |||
| === Philippine premium coconut charcoal === | |||
| {{Advert|date=December 2007}} | |||
| {{Unreferenced|date=December 2007}} | |||
| ] | |||
| === Sri Lanka coconut shell charcoal === | |||
| ]'s top activated carbon maker, Haycarb makes coconut shell charcoal through a carbonization process without using oxygen called 'pyrolysis' which releases methane rich gases (which are used to run a ] that produces electricity - 'charcoal reactor' that burns coconut shells and captures the emission gases). Sri Lanka produce {{convert|45000|t|lk=on}} coconut shell charcoal a year in about 300 open pits in the North Western province. Incorporated in 1973, it is the world’s largest coconut shell based activated carbon exporter and marketer, with an installed capacity of more than {{convert|22000|t}} a year, accounting for 17 % of global production.<ref></ref> | |||
| === Powdered coconut charcoal (PCC) === | |||
| Powdered coconut charcoal is used to sequester organic contaminants and reduce toxicity in sediments as part of a series of toxicity identification and evaluation (TIE) methods. It was effective in reducing the toxicity of endosulfan-spiked sediments by 100% and also was effective in removing almost 100% of the toxicity from two field sediments contaminated with ]s (PCBs) and ]s (PAHs). Powdered coconut charcoal did not change the toxicity of ammonia or metal-spiked sediments; however, there was some quantitative reduction in the concentrations of free metals (element specific) in metal-spiked sediments. It is thus an effective, relatively specific method to sequester and remove toxicity from sediments contaminated with organic contaminants.<ref></ref> Powdered charcoal is often used to "tone" or cover large sections of a drawing surface. Drawing over the toned areas will darken it further, but the artist can also lighten (or completely erase) within the toned area to create lighter tones. | |||
| == References == | |||
| ===Notes=== | |||
| {{reflist}} | |||
| ===Bibliography=== | |||
| *Emrich, Walter. Handbook of Charcoal Making: The Traditional and Industrial Methods. Hingham, MA: Kiuwer Academic Publishers, 1985. | |||
| *Moscowitz, C. M. Source Assessment: Charcoal Manufacturing: State of the Art. Cincinnati, Ohio: ], Office of Research and Development, Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory, 1978. | |||
| *Scharabok, Ken. "Amaze Your Friends and Neighbors: Make Your Own Charcoal!" Countryside & Small Stock Journal (May 1997): 27-28. | |||
| *Zeier, Charles D. "Historic Charcoal Production Near Eureka, Nevada: An Archaeological Perspective." Historical Archaeology 21(1987): 81-101. | |||
| == External links == | |||
| * - The available choices for the backyard barbecue | |||
| * - Information about lump charcoal. | |||
| * - Facts | |||
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Latest revision as of 20:03, 17 December 2007
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