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The Number of the Beast is a concept from the Book of Revelation of the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The Number is 666 in modern biblical text, although modern studies have shown that the earliest known version of the Book of Revelation (from the 3rd century) used 616. One 11th century manuscript also shows 665. This topic is a source of contention for many church groups and theologians. Some scholars contend that the number is a code for the Roman Emperor Nero.

Bible

666

The Number of the Beast is described in the Book of Revelation 13:18. The original Greek reads:

ωδέ η σοφία εστίν; ο έχων νουν ψηφισάτω τον αριθμόν του θηρίου; αριθμός γαρ ανθρώπου εστί; και ο αριθμός αυτού χξς'.

A possible translation, given by The King James is:

Here is wisdom. Let him that hath understanding count the number of the beast: for it is the number of a man; and his number is Six hundred threescore and six.

In the Greek manuscripts, the Number is rendered in Greek numerical form as χξς', or sometimes literally as “six hundred and sixty-six”, “Template:Polytonic”.

Scholars such as Dr. Ellen Aitken, Dean of the Faculty of Religious Studies at McGill University, have speculated that the reference to this passage was a way of speaking in code about then contemporary figures about whom it would have been politically dangerous to criticize openly.

Many Scholars believe that 666 refers to a Roman Emperor such as Nero (whose name, written in Aramaic, was valued at 666, using the Hebrew numerology of gematria, a manner of speaking against the emperor without the Roman authorities knowing).

616

In May 2005, it was reported that scholars at Oxford University using advanced imaging techniques had been able to read previously illegible portions of the earliest known record of the Book of Revelation, from the Oxyrhynchus site, Papyrus 115 or P, dating to the mid to late third century. The fragment gives the Number of the Beast as 616 (chi, iota, stigma), rather than the majority text 666 (chi, xi, stigma). The other early witness Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus (C) has it written in full: hexakosiai deka hex(lit. six hundred sixteen).

Significantly, P aligns with Codex Alexandrinus (A) and Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus (C) which are generally regarded as providing the best testimony to Revelation. Thus, P has superior testimony to that of P which aligns with Codex Sinaiticus and together form the second-best witness to the Book of Revelation. This has led some scholars to conclude that 616 is the original number of the beast.

Dr. Paul Lewes in his book, A Key to Christian Origins(1932) wrote:

"The figure 616 is given in one of the two best manuscripts, C (Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus, Paris), by the Latin version of Tyconius (DCXVI, ed. Souter in the Journal of Theology, SE, April 1913), and by an ancient Armenian version (ed. Conybaere, 1907). Irenaeus knew about it , but did not adopt it (Haer. v.30,3), Jerome adopted it (De Monogramm., ed. Dom G Morin in the Rev. Benedictine, 1903). It is probably original. The number 666 has been substituted for 616 either by analogy with 888, the number of Jesus (Deissmann), or because it is a triangular number, the sum of the first 36 numbers (1+2+3+4+5+6...+36 = 666)".

Professor David Parker, Professor of New Testament Textual Criticism and Paleography at the University of Birmingham, thinks that 616, although less memorable than 666, is the original. Dr. Ellen Aitken said, “Scholars have argued for a long time over this, and it now seems that 616 was the original number of the beast. It's probably about 100 years before any other version."

The early Church father Irenaeus knew several occurrences of the 616-variant but regarded them as a scribal error and affirmed that the number 666 stood "in all the most approved and ancient copies" and is attested by "those men who saw John face to face".

The difference in numbers has also been explained by the fact that the Greek and Latin spellings of Nero’s name transliterate differently into Hebrew (the language used to create the coded numerology). The Greek spelling, “Neron Caesar,” transliterates into Hebrew as “nrwn qsr,” which equates numerically to 666 (Hebrew letters double as numbers for both practical and theological purposes; see entries at Hebrew numerals and gematria). By contrast, the Latin title for Nero is spelled simply “Nero Caesar,” which transliterates to “nrw qsr,” or 616.

665

The 11th century minuscule manuscript Codex 2344 identifies the Number of the Beast as 665 (χξε').

Old Testament

The number 666 appears several times in the Old Testament, including in 1 Kings 10:14-22 as the number of talents of gold received by King Solomon in one year. "Now the weight of gold that came to Solomon in one year was 666 talents of gold".

According to the Bible, Solomon fell into apostasy and built altars to Chemosh, Moloch, and Ashtoreth, pagan gods to whom human sacrifices were made. (See 1 Kings 11:4-8.)

Interpretations

Name

One interpretation is that 666 encodes the letters of someone’s name or title, identifying the Antichrist.

Nero

Scholars who believe that the Book of Revelation refers to historical people and events argue that the number represents Nero. In Hebrew gematria, every letter has a corresponding number. Summing these numbers gives a numeric value to a word or name. In Hebrew, "Nero Caesar" is spelled “נרון קסר”, pronounced "Neron Qesar". Adding the corresponding values yields 666, as shown:

Removing the terminal נ (written as ן) makes the name "Nero" rather than "Neron", and makes the numeric value 616, which may explain that variation.

The hypothesis that 666 is a code for a Roman emperor seems to have historical support. The emperors were noted for their oppression of both Jews and Christians. Both communities were known to use numerology, codes and symbols (such as the Ichthys) when living under Roman rule to avoid persecution.

Caligula

David Parker, professor of New Testament Textual Criticism and Paleography at the University of Birmingham said that the correct number, 616, refers to the emperor Caligula. Caligula's attempt to erect his statue in the Temple in Jerusalem may have inspired the author of Revelation to speak against the Roman Emperor. In Hebrew, Gaius Caligula Caesar is גסקלגסקסר (gsqlgs qsr). Adding the values yields 616.

In Greek, "Gaios Kaisar" also yields 616.

Domitian

The German Protestant theologian Ethelbert Stauffer, arguing that gematria had been the most popular form of numerology not only among Jews but also in the Graeco-Roman world (Pergamon, Pompeii), conceived a Greek gematrical procedure to explain the number 666. Judging from the precise information that the Book of Revelation gives about the person behind the number 666, Stauffer concluded that the "beast" can in general only refer to a Roman emperor and argued that this Emperor must be Domitian, because he had reigned during the proposed time of origin of the Apocalypse and supposedly was called "The Beast" as a "secret derisive nickname" by Romans, Greek, Christians and Jews. Stauffer computed the Number of the Beast using the short form of Domitian's five titles and names A KAI ΔOMET ΣEB ΓE, as derived from the abbreviations on coins and inscriptions. Domitian's official title in Latin was Imperator Caesar Domitianus Augustus Germanicus. This was rendered as Autokrator Kaisar Dometianos Sebastos Germanikos for his Greek-speaking subjects. And in turn, for their coins, this abbreviated to A.KAI.DOMET.SEB.GE which totals 666 in Greek Gematria.

Robert Graves suggested that DCLXVI, 666 in Roman numerals, is an abbreviation for the Latin sentence “Domitianus Caesar Legatos Xti Violenter Interfecit”, or “The Emperor Domitian violently killed the envoys of Christ”.

Papacy

Some Protestant Bible commentators have equated the "beast" of Revelation chapter 13 with the Papacy. To this end, the letters of a title of the Pope, accepted as authentic from 8th - 16th century, Vicarius Filii Dei (Vicar of The Son of God), are summed to total 666 in Roman numerals. The earliest extant record of a Protestant writer on this subject is that of Professor Andreas Helwig in 1612 in his work Antichristus Romanus. The title was contained in the Donation of Constantine a forged document of Emperor Constantine the Great, by which large privileges and rich possessions were conferred on the pope and the Roman Church. Although occasionally found in Catholic publications as late as the 19th century, today the title is repudiated by the Vatican.

Seventh-day Adventists believe that the "mark of the beast" (but not the number 666) refers to a future, universal, legally enforced Sunday-worship. “Those who reject God’s memorial of creatorship — the Bible Sabbath — choosing to worship and honor Sunday in the full knowledge that it is not God’s appointed day of worship, will receive the ‘mark of the beast.’” "The Sunday Sabbath is purely a child of the Papacy. It is the mark of the beast."

Some fundamentalists believe that the mark of the beast refers to the Catholic practice of making the sign of the cross.

Martin Luther wrote in a footnote to Rev 13:15-18: "Spirit means / that it is active / and not a dead image / but that it has its rights and offices in its womb. These are six hundred and sixty and six years. So long the earthly papacy remains." During the Reformation, Martin Luther noted that "Benediktos" added up to 666 in Greek gematria, and he thought it might refer to a Pope named Benedict or to Benedictine monks.

Luther has many comments and theories against the papacy in the footnotes to his translation of the Book of Revelation.

Lateinos, Euanthas, Teitan

• Irenaeus suggested that the number indicates that the beast is the sum of all apostasy committed over the course of six thousand years. Irenaeus suggested that 666 might refer to Lateinos(The ancient Greek word for "Latin man"), Euanthas or Teitan. Irenaus wrote:

It is not through a want of names containing the number of that name that I say this, but on account of the fear of God, and zeal for the truth: for the name Evanthas (ΕΥΑΝΘΑΣ ) contains the required number, but I make no allegation regarding it. Then also Lateinos(ΛΑΤΕΙΝΟΣ) has the number six hundred and sixty-six; and it is a very probable , this being the name of the last kingdom . For the Latins are they who at present bear rule: I will not, however, make any boast over this . Teitan too, (ΤΕΙΤΑΝ, the first syllable being written with the two Greek vowels ε and ι, among all the names which are found among us, is rather worthy of credit. For it has in itself the predicted number, and is composed of six letters, each syllable containing three letters; and is ancient, and removed from ordinary use; for among our kings we find none bearing this name Titan, nor have any of the idols which are worshipped in public among the Greeks and barbarians this appellation.Among many persons, too, this name is accounted divine, so that even the sun is termed "Titan" by those who do now possess . This word, too, contains a certain outward appearance of vengeance, and of one inflicting merited punishment because he (Antichrist) pretends that he vindicates the oppressed. And besides this, it is an ancient name, one worthy of credit, of royal dignity, and still further, a name belonging to a tyrant. Inasmuch, then, as this name "Titan" has so much to recommend it, there is a strong degree of probability, that from among the many , we infer, that perchance he who is to come shall be called "Titan."

Muhammad

Some researchers, including the Roman Catholic priest Louis Maracci and English Scholar Humphrey Prideaux have reportedly found in the Byzantine Maometis, the number of the Beast in Muhammad. Maometis which literally means "the number of the beast" is a name by which Muhammad was known in the Middle Ages. Christians in the Middle Ages believed that Muhammad was the Anti-Christ and that 666 fits his name. Maometis in Greek Gematria totals 666.

Other suggested names

Andrew of Caesarea in his Commentary on Revelation gives seven names: Lampetis(the lustrous one), Teitan, Palaibaskanos (an ancient sorcerer), Benediktos(blue bastard), Kakos Odegos(wicked guide), Alethes Blaberos(really harmful), and Amnos Adikos(unjust lamb) each of which gives a total of 666. Most of these names are repeated by Arethas of Caesarea, who in his Commentary adds Teitan from Irenaeus and O Niketes(the conqueror).

Victorinus of Pettau gives the names Teitan, Antemos(opponent),Diclux(double-dealer) and Genserikos; the last he calls Gothic. As it is plainly Genseric, the Vandal king, who captured Romein 455 AD., the passage as a whole can not go back to Victorinus, who belonged to the third century. It is not, however surprising that the commentary should be brought up to date, after Genseric became notorious through the sack of Carthage or of Rome. Of the other names in Victorinus only Diclux needs mention. It is said to be the Latin counterpart of Teitan and by reckoning each letter at its value in Roman numerals, the total of 666 is again given.

Venerable Bede gives three names: Teitan, Antemos(opponent), and Arnoyme(I deny).

Beatus, a Spanish monk, gives eight names among which are Damnatus(Damned), Antichristus(Antichrist), and Acxyme(for aichime or achine=666). The numerical interpretation of Antichristus is based on the order of letters in the Latin alphabet, a=1 to x =300, but the accusative must be taken and spelled Antechristum.

Mark of commerce

Futurist Christian eschatology typically holds that the Mark of the Beast is one way in which the Antichrist will exercise power over the Earth during the period of Tribulation, because of the prophetic statement in Revelation 13:16-17 that "the Beast" (θηριον) will require all people to receive the mark (χάραγμα "branded mark or character) in their right hands or foreheads in order to buy or sell, making survival for those on the run much more difficult. A possible translation of the meaning of the number 666 may be: the number 666 will be the number that all currency will be based upon. Exact interpretations of this vary widely. For example:

• Some Christians interpret the mark as a requirement for all commerce to mean that the mark might actually be an object with the function of a credit card (eg. RFID).
• Steven D. Miller proposes that the mark of the beast may refer to a social security number or card.
• Terry Watkins supposes the mark to be a microchip and or barcode on the human body.

Some support this barcode theory through reference to the three elongated end and middle symbols found in some common barcode symbologies; they appear identical to the symbol used to represent the number six on the right hand segment of a barcode—666 is the template from which barcodes are read. Many barcodes are 'written' in a binary system. Each number—and the guardbars—are represented by the black and white spaces. When carefully comparing the codes, the number "6" is written in the code 1010000, seven units. The left and right guardbar are written in three units: 101. Finally, the middle guardbar is written in 5 units, 01010. Although this recurring "101" looks like three sixes the blanks necessary for it to be read as such are not present.

Other interpretations

This article is in list format but may read better as prose. You can help by converting this article, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (June 2007)

• The Roman numeral writing of 666, "DCLXVI" is also composed with the first six Roman numerals, written in descending order (I, V, X, L, C, D).
• In Kabbalah (Jewish mysticism), the number 666 may be considered mystical and holy and may represent the physical universe.
• Jehovah’s Witnesses believe that the Beast for which 666 stands symbolizes many governments, harmonizing with the symbolic depiction of past governments (denoted as "kings") in the Book of Daniel as wild beasts. The Beast is said to have "a human number" in that the governments that the beast symbolizes are all of a human origin, they aren't made up of spirit or demon entities. The number 666 is also believed to be symbolic, standing for imperfection. The number seven is interpreted as being a "perfect" or "complete" number based on the fact that it is used frequently in the Bible to signify completeness, for example Psalm 12:6 and the Genesis creation week. Just as six is one short of seven, imperfection is short of perfection, and hence six is interpreted as symbolizing imperfection. Six is repeated three times for emphasis, producing the number 666. (This is similar to Vines Expository Dictionary under "Sixty, Sixtyfold," which states: "The number is suggestive of the acme of the pride of fallen man, the fullest development of man under direct satanic control, and standing in contrast to 'seven' as the number of completeness and perfection.")
• Aleister Crowley (1875–1947) claimed that he was the Beast prophesised in the Book of Revelation and took the name “Το μεγα θηριον” ("To Mega Therion"), Greek for “The Great Beast”, which adds up to 666 by isopsephy, the Greek form of gematria.
• In the writings of the Bahá'í Faith, `Abdu'l-Bahá states that the numerical value given to the beast referred to the year 666 A.D., when the Umayyad ruler Muawiyah I, who opposed the Imamate, arose.
• A series of coincidences involving former United States President Ronald Wilson Reagan, whose first, last and middle names are six letters apiece. Other coincidences involving Reagan include the winning three-digit lottery ticket being 666 in Maryland on the Sunday after his 1984 re-election and him living at the former 666 St. Cloud Road in Bel-Air, Los Angeles. (The house number was changed to 668, at the request of Nancy Reagan, Ronald Reagan's wife.)

The 6666 martyrs of the Theban Legion

The long-standing tradition of Christian hagiography regarding the Theban Legion - an entire Roman legion whose members had supposedly converted en masse to Christianity and were martyred together, in 286 - gives their number as precisely "six thousand six hundred and sixty-six men", which was not the normal number of soldiers in a Roman Legion. This number is similar to the "Number of the Beast" though with an additional digit, but has a precisly opposite connotation as the number of highly honoured and revered martyrs for the Chrisitian cause.

Culture and psychology

The number 666 retains a peculiar significance in the culture and psychology of Western societies, where some perceive it as “the Devil’s number”, even in contexts usually remote from superstition. The fear of the number 666 is called hexakosioihexekontahexaphobia.

The Number of the Beast is also a popular song by heavy metal band Iron Maiden who incorporate superstitious lyrics based on 666 into their song.

Mathematics

• An apocalypse number is defined as any number having exactly 666 digits.
• An apocalyptic number is any number that follows the formula 2 and contains three sixes consecutively, such as 2, which is the first one of this kind.
• Apocalypse primes are given by the formula 10+n for n=123, 1837, 6409, 7329, 8569, 8967, 9663, ... The smallest apocalypse prime containing the digits 666 is 10^(665)+166657 (Rupinski).
• The number 666 is also a triangular number. If the numbers 1 to 36 are added together, the sum is 666.

See also

• The Beast (Bible)
• 666 (number)
• 616 (number)
• U.S. Highway 666
• A666 road
• 666 (disambiguation)
• 13 (number)
• Babylonian mathematics

External Links

• BBC News - American town changes '666' phone prefix because of satanic connotations

Notes

1. ^ "The Other Number of the Beast". Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents. Retrieved 2006-06-23. Cite error: The named reference "oxy" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
2. Hillers, D. R. (1963). "Revelation 13:18 and a Scroll from Murabba'at". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 170: 65. Retrieved 2006-08-07. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |curly= ignored (help) Note: website requires subscription.The New Jerome Biblical Commentary. Ed. Raymond E. Brown, Joseph A. Fitzmyer, and Roland E. Murphy. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1990. 1009
3. Just, Felix (2002-02-02). "666: The Number of the Beast". Retrieved 2006-06-06. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |curly= ignored (help)
4. "Revelation 13:18". King James Version of the Bible. Bible Gateway. Retrieved 2006-06-22.
5. "Revelation 13:18". Stephanus New Testament. Bible Gateway. Retrieved 2006-06-22.
6. "Revelation 13:18". Westcott-Hort New Testament. Bible Gateway. Retrieved 2006-06-22.
7. "Revelation 13:18" (JPEG). Codex Alexandrinus. Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts. Retrieved 2006-06-22.
8. Some Recently Published NT Papyri from Oxyrhynchus: An Overview and Preliminary Assessment by Peter M. Head, Tyndale Bulletin 51 (2000), pp. 1-16 http://www.tyndale.cam.ac.uk/Tyndale/staff/Head/NTOxyPap.htm#_ftn39
9. Papyrus Reveals New Clues to Ancient World
10. Hoskier, Concerning the Text of the Apocalypse, vol. 2, p. 364.
11. Philip W Comfort and David P Barrett, The Text of the Earliest New Testament Greek Manuscripts,(Wheaton, Illinois: Tyndale House Publishers Incorporated, 2001)
12. http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=23497
13. Dr. Paul Lewes, A Key to Christian Origins (Watts & Co., London, 1932, p.140
14. Beast’s real mark devalued to ‘616′
15. Irenaeus. "Book V, Chapter XXX.". Adversus Haereses. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
16. Nero as the Antichrist
17. http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,15174265-663,00.html
18. According to Stauffer (1947) the terminus technicus ψηφίζειν clearly emphasizes the gematrical interpretation. Gematria was also used in an "often-cited old-Christian Apocalypse that is doubtlessly connected with Apocalypse 13,18 and that probably goes back to a secret sign in Johannean times, Orac. Sibyll. I, 324-331."
19. 1. He has power over all nations, 2. his likeness is worshipped all over the world, 3. his name appears on official signatures, 4. he prosecutes Christianity for its denial to worship his likeness and accept the signing with his name.
20. E. Stauffer. Coniectanea Neotestamentica XI in honorem Antonii Fridrichsen sexagenarii. Lund 1947.
21. Aυτοκράτωρ (A = 1); KAIσαρ (KAI = 20 + 1 + 10 = 31); ΔOMETιανός ( ΔOMET = 4 + 70 + 40 + 5 + 300 = 419); ΣEBαστός (ΣEB = 200 + 5 + 2 = 207); ΓEρμανικός (ΓE = 3 + 5 = 8). This results in A KAI ΔOMET ΣEB ΓE (gematrially: 1 + 31 + 419 + 207 + 8 = 666), making Domitian the Beast. In: E. Stauffer. Christus und die Caesaren. Historische Skizzen. 6th extended edition. Hamburg 1964.
22. Graves, Robert (1948). The White Goddess. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |curly= ignored (help)
23. Halley, H. H., Halley's Bible Handbook, Zondervan Publishing house, 1978, p726
24. Donation of Constantine, New Advent, Catholic Encyclopedia
25. Manning H. D., The Temporal Power of the Vicar of Jesus Christ, (Burns & Lambert, 1862) p231-232
26. Seventh-day Adventists Believe (2nd ed). Ministerial Association, General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists. 2005. p. 196.
27. Advent Review, Vol. I, No. 2, August, 1850.
28. The Mark of the Beast[http://www.quicksitemaker.com/members/disciples/markofthebeast.html
29. Irenaeus. "Book V, Chapter XXIX.". Adversus Haereses. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
30. Against Heresies, by Irenæus, Book 5, chapter 30, paragraph 3
31. Rodwell, The Koran, p.15
32. ^ Henry A. Sanders (1918) "The Number of the Beast in Revelation", Journal of Biblical Literature, Vol. 37, No. 1/2. (1918), pp. 95-99 (Subscription required for JSTOR link.)
33. Scheeres, Julia (2003). "When Cash Is Only Skin Deep". Wired News. wired.com. Retrieved 2003-11-25.
34. Miller, Steven D. (2001). "Is your social security card the Mark of the Beast?". Retrieved 2006-06-22. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |curly= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
35. Watkins, Terry (1999). "What about barcodes and 666: The Mark of the Beast?". Retrieved 2006-06-22. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |curly= ignored (help)
36. George J. Laurer, George J. Laurer's personal web site; the inventor of the UPC barcode
37. Lauffer, Reuven (2000-06-10). "Ask the Rabbi". Retrieved 2006-06-22. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
38. "Identifying the Wild Beast and Its Mark". The Watchtower. 2004-04-01. Retrieved 2006-06-29. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |curly= ignored (help)
39. Carroll, Robert Todd (2003). The Skeptic's Dictionary (Aleister Crowley). Wiley. ISBN 0-471-27242-6
40. Crowley, Aleister. The Magical Diaries of Aleister Crowley (Tunisia 1923), Skinner, Stephan (editor). Samuel Weiser. ISBN 0-87728-856-9
41. Research Department of the Universal House of Justice (1986-01-07). "Interpretation of Biblical Verses". Bahá'í Library. Retrieved 2007-05-16.
42. "Omens about Ronald Wilson Reagan". Retrieved 2007-06-30.
43. ^ http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ApocalypseNumber.html
44. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ApocalypticNumber.html

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