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| Fernandez’s constant crewmate while flying with three separate transport companies in the 1960s and 1970s (], ] and ]) was ], himself a paramilitary pilot who had flown guns to ] during the 1957-1958 ]. After the Castro brothers took power in January 1959, Davis switched sides and began conspiring against them as a founding member of a private commando operation based in the ] called the Intercontinental Penetration force, or ]. A key comrade of Davis in InterPen was future Fernandez associate Gerry Hemming. Funded by the ] and the CIA, then allies in an endeavor to murder ], as well as ultra-rightwing American groups such as the ], InterPen trained Cuban exiles in guerrilla tactics for use in infiltrating their homeland on missions of sabotage and assassination. Years later, after InterPen had broken up, Davis flew cargo with Fernandez as his regular job, but was still secretly working on covert operations. | Fernandez’s constant crewmate while flying with three separate transport companies in the 1960s and 1970s (], ] and ]) was ], himself a paramilitary pilot who had flown guns to ] during the 1957-1958 ]. After the Castro brothers took power in January 1959, Davis switched sides and began conspiring against them as a founding member of a private commando operation based in the ] called the Intercontinental Penetration force, or ]. A key comrade of Davis in InterPen was future Fernandez associate Gerry Hemming. Funded by the ] and the CIA, then allies in an endeavor to murder ], as well as ultra-rightwing American groups such as the ], InterPen trained Cuban exiles in guerrilla tactics for use in infiltrating their homeland on missions of sabotage and assassination. Years later, after InterPen had broken up, Davis flew cargo with Fernandez as his regular job, but was still secretly working on covert operations. | ||
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| Howard Davis' comrade in arms, aviator and former Marine Gerry Hemming, was a strapping soldier of fortune and sometime CIA asset who was also a cofounder of InterPen. Hemming eventually got Fernandez involved in black operations in Peru, namely the 1972 Lima contract job stealing the Antonov for the CIA. Later, in the mid-1970s, Hemming pulled Fernandez into drug smuggling activity. Their goal in this hazardous work was to infiltrate Bahamas-Colombia trafficking networks and gather intelligence on them for a Miami federal antidrug task force. Casualty rates in clandestine dope runs were higher than they had been in combat squadrons in Korea. According to Hemming, he and Fernandez ultimately worked for the South Florida Drug Interdiction Task Force. The task force was based in Miami and included the ], ], ] and the ]. | Howard Davis' comrade in arms, aviator and former Marine Gerry Hemming, was a strapping soldier of fortune and sometime CIA asset who was also a cofounder of InterPen. Hemming eventually got Fernandez involved in black operations in Peru, namely the 1972 Lima contract job stealing the Antonov for the CIA. Later, in the mid-1970s, Hemming pulled Fernandez into drug smuggling activity. Their goal in this hazardous work was to infiltrate Bahamas-Colombia trafficking networks and gather intelligence on them for a Miami federal antidrug task force. Casualty rates in clandestine dope runs were higher than they had been in combat squadrons in Korea. According to Hemming, he and Fernandez ultimately worked for the South Florida Drug Interdiction Task Force. The task force was based in Miami and included the ], ], ] and the ]. | ||
Revision as of 06:58, 17 January 2008
| Manuel John Fernandez, Jr. | |
|---|---|
| File:020925-O-9999G-007.jpgCapt. Manuel J. Fernandez, Jr. of the 334th Fighter Intercepter Squadron, 4th Fighter Wing, became the 26th jet ace of the Korean War on February 18, 1953. He finished the war with fourteen and a half kills. | |
| Nickname(s) | Pete |
| Allegiance |  United States of America |
| Service |  United States Air Force |
| Years of service | 1943–1963 |
| Rank | Major |
| Unit | 334th Fighter Interceptor Squadron, 4th Fighter Wing |
| Battles / wars | World War II Berlin Airlift Korean War |
| Awards | Distinguished Service Cross Silver Star Air Medal |
| Other work | 1956 Bendix Trophy Air Race winner |
Manuel John "Pete" Fernandez (April 19, 1925 - October 18, 1980) was the third-leading American ace in the Korean War.
Early life
Pete Fernandez was born in Key West, Florida on April 19, 1925. His grandparents emigrated from Spain and spent some years on the island of Cuba before finally arriving in the United States. Fernandez was raised in a working-class environment in Miami. His father, an early ham radio enthusiast, became chief radio operator for Pan American World Airways. Pete grew up immersed in aviation and learned to fly before he could drive, earning his private pilot’s license at age fifteen.
Military career
In June 1943, at the height of World War II, Fernandez enlisted in the Army Air Corps as an eighteen-year-old private. Though small in stature and just a high school graduate, he became a flying officer through talent, determination and the enormous manpower needs of total war. Fernandez saw no action in the world war, instead serving out the duration as a flight instructor in Texas. Against the Soviets in the 1948-1949 Berlin Airlift, he was at the tip of his country's spear, providing fighter cover for the slow transport aircraft that were the aerial supply operation's backbone. This duty involved occasional hair-raising games of "chicken" with the Russians, but no shots were exchanged. After nearly a decade in uniform, Captain Fernandez finally experienced battle during the Korean War, where during a nine-month tour in 1952-1953, he proved to be one of the best combat aviators of his generation.
Fernandez was a crack marksman, one the best in the Air Force at that time in the tricky art of deflection shooting. Pete used stealth and cunning to stalk MiGs rather than attacking impetuously, as other leading aces often did. His modus operandi in battle was to maneuver skillfully and trigger his guns only when he had attained an optimum firing position. Like all top guns in Korea, Fernandez routinely violated Chinese air space by crossing the Yalu River into Manchuria to hunt his elusive MiG quarry. Unlike many of that war's highest scorers, Pete had a reputation for taking care of his comrades and not being reckless with his wingman's safety in pursuit of air victories. The other four leading MiG Killers (Joseph C. McConnell, James Jabara, George Davis and Royal Baker) were all tremendous combat fliers, but also had reputations for occasionally flying their wingman into mortal danger while attempting to pump up their own personal tally.
After Korea
In the spring of 1953, Fernandez returned home at the same time as his friend Joe McConnell, the "ace of aces" who had finished the war with sixteen kills. The two fighter pilots enjoyed a hero’s welcome, and were feted in city after city with parades and ceremonial keys. The new president, Dwight Eisenhower, wanted to bask in their reflected glory and invited them for a private "debriefing" in the White House. The fighter pilots' next duty station was California. McConnell got into flight testing, a coveted billet for its excitement and career-enhancing potential, and was sent to newly-christened Edwards AFB. A major Hollywood production about the top ace called Tiger In The Sky was in the works, and Fernandez–-stationed near Los Angeles at the time–-was an obvious choice to be the film's technical advisor. Suddenly, McConnell was dead, killed in a 1954 test accident. After the fatal Mojave crash, the film project was retitled The McConnell Story. Released in 1955, it starred Alan Ladd and June Allyson as Joe and "Butch" McConnell. The cinematic result was more love story than war saga. Interestingly, the costars actually fell into folorn love during filming (they were married to other people) even as they played star-crossed lovers, as diligently chronicled by Allyson in her autobiography. Fernandez befriended Allyson on the set and after production ended, she and her husband, actor/director Dick Powell invited the ace and his family to their California ranch. There, Pete shared his battle experiences with filmmaker Powell, whose next project was a Korean War air combat picture entitled The Hunters and starring Robert Mitchum. With much more realistic combat sequences than The McConnell Story, Powell's final film as director was released to good reviews in 1958. Fernandez and two other top Korea aces, James Jabara and Royal Baker, attended the premiere.
In 1956, Fernandez won aviation’s prestigious Bendix Trophy Race by maximizing his speed and fuel consumption with old tricks learned while at war over Korea and China. There was a level playing field in the 1956 Bendix run, as all six aviators in the competition were experienced Air Force fighter pilots. The aviators also rode the same mount, the USAF's hottest and newest fighter, the F-100 Super Sabre. The chosen route was Los Angeles to Oklahoma City, 1,118 miles from start to finish. Though aerial refueling was approved for the first time in race history, no USAF tanker planes were available, so the competing pilots did without. This situation made their pre-race calculations all the more critical, as there would be little margin for error. Always the thoughtful tactician, Pete stayed up late the evening before the event, meticulously plotting his flight profile to wring everything he could manage from each ounce of fuel. On August 31, the six aircraft lifted off from Victorville, California at dawn, one after another, with Fernandez leading the way. When Pete’s F-100 rolled past the finish line in Oklahoma City less than two hours later, there was just twenty gallons of fuel remaining in its tanks, enough to stay airborne about a minute. As in Korea, careful planning was critical to Fernandez’s Bendix triumph.
After these colorful postwar achievements, in an effort to make rank, the jet ace sought assignment to flight testing. As a reserve officer, Fernandez would be forced to leave the service after twenty years unless he was tracked for higher command and given a regular commission. Hence, there was significant career pressure to get promoted. Given a break due to his war record, Pete was chosen in 1957 to try out for Test Pilot School at Nellis Air Force Base, though with just a high school degree, he was underqualified. Further complicating matters, Fernandez got caught up in a USAF campaign then underway to “professionalize” itself by weeding out officers who had no higher education. (Pete’s advancement from Miami teenager to military aviator had only been possible due to the Air Corps’ unique and massive 1942-1947 expansion from an auxiliary Army branch into a modern air service.) At Test Pilot School, the Floridian had arrived at a critical juncture that would change the rest of his life. Finding himself scholastically unprepared for the academic challenge (the TPS curriculum had just begun to emphasize aerospace engineering) Fernandez decided to cheat on one of the entrance requirements, a calculus research project, and got caught. This desperate act by the veteran flier, who wanted to rise as far as he possibly could in the officer ranks despite his working class educational background, instead sank his future with the Air Force permanently. Pete was subsequently posted as a recruiting officer in Miami, then shipped to Argentina as a military trainer. He retired with the rank of major upon reaching twenty years’ service in June 1963.
Civilian life
Once a civilian, the ace switched from fighter jets to multiengine propliners, but was unable to get work with the big passenger carriers due to his lack of a college education. Fernandez piloted C-46s, C-47s and bigger DC-6s and DC-7s with a variety of transport companies. Most of Pete's flying after he quit the military was done from a notorious ramshackle section of Miami International Airport known as Corrosion Corner. This infamous airdrome was home to a colorful array of fly-by-night cargo outfits, smugglers and Central Intelligence Agency(CIA) contract agents. Deciding it patriotic, and to get the adrenaline jolt he missed from his Air Force days, Fernandez plunged into this dangerous intrigue. In a mission whose details are still hidden in the shade, he was soon contracted by the CIA in 1965 to steal an unidentified aircraft (possibly a MiG-17) from an unidentified Latin American country (possibly Cuba). He pulled off the heist and used the money he earned for the job to buy his first home, in the Perrine section of Miami, not far from Homestead Air Force Base. At Homestead, Pete was able to keep connected with old buddies, occasionally stopping in the officers’ club for a drink. There, he also cultivated a relationship with a CIA contract agent named Gerald P. Hemming that would greatly influence the future course of events.
In 1972, Fernandez was contracted by the CIA to steal another Soviet-model aircraft, this time from Lima, Peru. To prepare for the job, he first cultivated a relationship with a Peruvian air force officer. This contact became his ticket onto the airbase's restricted tarmac area. The targeted plane was an Antonov-26, a model Fernandez had never seen before, let alone flown. The twin-engine turboprop was in itself unremarkable, but it contained a computer module that permitted its crew to drop cargo with extreme accuracy.
Fernandez’s constant crewmate while flying with three separate transport companies in the 1960s and 1970s (Argonaut Airlines, Airlift International and Conner Airlines) was Howard K. Davis, himself a paramilitary pilot who had flown guns to Raúl Castro during the 1957-1958 Cuban Revolution. After the Castro brothers took power in January 1959, Davis switched sides and began conspiring against them as a founding member of a private commando operation based in the Florida Keys called the Intercontinental Penetration force, or InterPen. A key comrade of Davis in InterPen was future Fernandez associate Gerry Hemming. Funded by the Mafia and the CIA, then allies in an endeavor to murder Fidel Castro, as well as ultra-rightwing American groups such as the Minutemen, InterPen trained Cuban exiles in guerrilla tactics for use in infiltrating their homeland on missions of sabotage and assassination. Years later, after InterPen had broken up, Davis flew cargo with Fernandez as his regular job, but was still secretly working on covert operations.
Howard Davis' comrade in arms, aviator and former Marine Gerry Hemming, was a strapping soldier of fortune and sometime CIA asset who was also a cofounder of InterPen. Hemming eventually got Fernandez involved in black operations in Peru, namely the 1972 Lima contract job stealing the Antonov for the CIA. Later, in the mid-1970s, Hemming pulled Fernandez into drug smuggling activity. Their goal in this hazardous work was to infiltrate Bahamas-Colombia trafficking networks and gather intelligence on them for a Miami federal antidrug task force. Casualty rates in clandestine dope runs were higher than they had been in combat squadrons in Korea. According to Hemming, he and Fernandez ultimately worked for the South Florida Drug Interdiction Task Force. The task force was based in Miami and included the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Drug Enforcement Agency, U.S. Customs and the Internal Revenue Service.
During their years working for the South Florida Task Force in 1977-1980, the last years of Fernandez’s life, he and Hemming provided key intelligence to the feds that led to their breaking up the “Black Tuna Gang” in 1979, then the biggest Colombian marijuana smuggling ring in the United States. Under deep cover, the pilots also provided critical background information for other long running investigations, even when the actual busts occurred some time after Hemming and Fernandez had left the work. These later-bearing fruits included Operations Grouper, Banco and Tiberon, all coordinated by the DEA, and most importantly, Operation Greenback.
In April 1980, Fernandez was imprisoned in a Colombian jail, an ordeal that lasted for seven weeks. He had been arrested in Barranquilla in a DC-6 that was "clean," though his crewmates were known to be involved in drug trafficking. He languished in rough conditions, using his jacket as a pillow on the concrete floor and surviving on plantains. Though Miami DEA agent Jim Harmon assured Pete’s wife Jill that his agency would get Fernandez home, nothing happened. Gerry Hemming suggested that it was probably better it turned out that way, for had the U.S. government come to Pete’s aid, it could have blown his cover and he might well have never gotten out of Colombia alive. As it turned out, Jill Fernandez was compelled to use the family’s life savings to pay a “fine” (effectively a bribe) in order to get her husband released from the squalid Barranquilla cellblock before conditions there broke his health. Once back in Miami, the tired and aging Fernandez was now broke and in debt. Friends insisted afterward that he felt some bitterness about it all, though Pete's sunny disposition meant that he still always had a new joke ready to keep everyone smiling. Whatever confluence of emotions he felt after the Colombian ordeal, facts show that Fernandez soon began planning what would be his last mission. With financial assistance from an associate, Delta Air Lines pilot James Killough, he obtained a twin-engine Piper Geronimo for a cannabis run to Colombia and back via the Bahama Islands. The Piper’s stock engines were replaced with bigger ones, and the blunt nose was lengthened to carry more cargo. The factory landing gear was replaced with stronger struts and tires meant for rough terrain. Finally, to extend the aircraft’s range, extra gas tanks were affixed below each wing.
On the morning of October 17, 1980, Fernandez left Homestead Airport on his last flight, after telling his wife he would be picking up some lobsters. Apparently, all went well with the marijuana pickup, but while flying alone on the return leg, laden with hundreds of pounds of “Colombian Gold,” Pete crashed and died in the early morning darkness of October 18 while attempting to land in a remote part of Grand Bahama Island.
Former FBI agent Harold Copus, a South Florida Task Force veteran who recruited drug pilots as informants, says of the fliers he handled,
“We used to have a saying about them: there are old pilots and are bold pilots, but there are no old bold pilots. They were real cowboys, they would do things that were unbelievable! It was like the Wild West for them: bringing in drugs was like buying candy. The skies were full of these guys. And they went down. Fernandez crashed going into the Bahamas? A lot of guys crashed going into the Bahamas. We had reports of crashes in the Bahamas, we had reports of crashes in Jamaica. Crashing was part of their business. It’s what those guys did!”
Pete Fernandez and Gerry Hemming willingly flew these drug runs with no proof of their true identity hidden away in a government file, and paid a tremendous price for their decision. Fernandez died in disgrace, and Hemming spent nearly a decade Florida prison nicknamed "The Rock". Why did these men commit major felonies without a guarantee somewhere of their true purpose? Hemming puts it simply: the identity of undercover informants were "being sold out the back door" by federal employees to Colombian narcotraffickers. In this he is correct. In that era, government agencies, especially the DEA, were ridden with security problems. Two DEA agents in Boston were selling the identity of informants directly to narcotraffickers, court testimony later revealed, as was an agent in Miami. The Miami office was particularly suspect: another DEA agent there, a supervisor who headed up Operation Grouper (which used intelligence provided by Hemming and Fernandez) was later convicted of drug dealing.
Given such realities, which of course street-level operatives like Hemming and Fernandez were well aware of, these men chose to work under extreme deep cover to prevent Colombian traffickers from discovering their activities and retaliating against them or their families. If caught, such undocumented operatives could be left to twist in the wind if their sponsors decide it convenient. When Pete suddenly died on Grand Bahama Island, Hemming suggested that it must have proved easier for federal agents who knew better to say nothing and let his death be simply drug-related.
After Fernandez died, he received obituaries in the Miami Herald and the New York Times. He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery.
See also
Notes
- Korean Aces The Department of Defense 50th Anniversary of the Korean War Commemoration. Retrieved 3 October 2006.
- Manuel "Pete" Fernandez - The Search for the Hispanic Ace of the Korean War Acepilots.com, 2003. Retrieved 3 October 2006.
References
Government Records
- Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) investigative file #GFZE-80-9072 pertaining to Manuel John Fernandez, Jr. File was obtained through a Freedom of Information Act request.
- General Accountability Office. “DEA is Not Protecting National Security Information", GAO/IMTEC-92-31. February 19, 1992.
- Morales, Ricardo. Deposition for 11th Circuit Court, Dade County Florida, April 2-5, 1982. (Available online at http://cuban-exile.com/menu2/2mono.html)
Military Records
- “Operations in MiG Alley,” 4th Fighter Interceptor Group, Air Force Historical Research Agency (AFHRA), microfilm roll #MO288.
- “History of the 334th Fighter Interceptor Squadron,” History of the Fourth November 1952, AFHRA, microfilm roll #MO287.
- Far East Air Forces, General Order No. 244, May 21, 1953, AFHRA, microfilm roll #32076.
- FEAF Intelligence Roundup, September 1952- May 1953, AFHRA, microfilm roll #K7398.
Magazine Articles
- Farmer, James H. “The Hunters.” Air Classics, June 1988.
- Davis, Larry. “The Unknown Ace.” Sabre Jet Classics, Summer 2004.
- Hatch, John. “The Congo: Hostages, Mercenaries and the CIA,” Nation, December 14, 1964.
- Hemming, Gerry (interview). “An Ex-CIA Man's Stunning Revelations on 'The Company,' JFK's Murder and the Plot to Kill Richard Nixon.” Argosy, April 1976.
- Kelly, Jim. “The Fidel Fixation.” Miami New Times, April 17, 1997.
- Kusama, Maria. “Report From Manchuria: Russians Did Fight In Korea.” U.S. News and World Report, December 31, 1954.
- Morley, Jefferson. “Contradictions of Cocaine Capitalism.” Nation, October 2, 1989.
- Schiller, Gerald. “Air Force Maverick.” Aviation History, November 2006.
- Yarbro, Stan. “The Conner Conspiracy.” Miami New Times, June 30, 1993.
- Zampini, Diego. “Clash of Titans Over Korea.” Aviation History, November 2005.
Newspaper Articles
- Alden, Robert (May 19, 1953). "Sabres Score 12-MiG Bag in Day". The New York Times.
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- Alden, Robert (May 31, 1953). "MiGs Lose To Art of U.S. Flying Men". The New York Times.
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- Associated Press wire story (May 1, 1953). "Ran Short of MiGs, Fernandez Asserts". Miami Daily News.
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- Associated Press wire story (May 23, 1953). "Two U.S. Aces Fly Home". The New York Times.
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- Associated Press wire story (May 26, 1953). "2 Aces To Ask Ike For Combat". Miami Daily News.
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- Felt, Truman (May 25, 1953). "Fernandez Wants Sleep, Not Praise". Miami Daily News.
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- Fernandez, Charles (May 31, 1953). "Throngs Cheer Fernandez; Jet Ace Happy But Humble". Miami Herald.
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- Haddigan, Michael (June 27, 1988). "The Kingpin and His Many Connections". Arkansas Gazette.
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- Hedges, Stephen (November 19, 1987). "Covert War Was Made In Miami". Miami Herald.
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- Hiaasen, Carl (August 27, 1982). "Federal Drug Agent Accused of Smuggling". Miami Herald.
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- International News Service wire story (May 25, 1953). "Air Force Has Proof Caucasians Fly Korea MiGs". Miami Herald.
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- Mallory, Rose (May 28, 1953). "Miami's Jet Ace Was Popular Student". Miami Daily News.
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- McAden, Fitz (November 17, 1980). "How A War Hero Strayed From the Paths of Glory". Miami Herald.
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- Mobley, Radford (May 26, 1953). "Fernandez May Arrive Saturday, But Is 'Leery of All That Fanfare". Miami Herald.
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- Mobley, Radford (May 27, 1953). "Only Shortage Was MiGs". Miami Herald.
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- Petit, Don (May 18, 1953). "Greeting Is Set For Fernandez". Miami Daily News.
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- Petit, Don (May 30, 1953). "Fernandez Is Welcomed By Throngs At Airport". Miami Daily News.
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- Petit, Don (May 31, 1953). "Modest Fernandez Shies From Credit For Heroic Deeds". Miami Daily News.
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- Sosin, Milt (May 29, 1953). "Fernandez' Father Arrives To Join Welcome For Hero". Miami Daily News.
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- Stackelberg, Baroness (May 30, 1953). "Big Delegation Turns Out To Welcome Capt. Fernandez". Miami Daily News.
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- United Press International wire story (May 26, 1953). "Aces May Ask Ike to Order Return to Finish Korea Job". Washington Post.
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- United Press International wire story (May 27, 1953). "Battleship Shells Wonson 5 Hours; Five MiGs Felled in Korea". The New York Times.
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- Thomas, Jo (October 27, 1980). "Korea Jet Ace Recalled as Modest Hero". The New York Times.
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Books in English
- Agee, Philip. Inside the Company. London: Penguin Books, 1975.
- Allyson, June. June Allyson. New York: Putnam Publishing Group, 1982.
- Ayers, Bradley Earl. The War That Never Was: An Insiders Account of CIA Covert Operations Against Cuba. New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1976.
- Bruning, John. Crimson Sky: The Air Battle for Korea. Washington DC: Brassey’s Inc., 1999.
- Bucchi, Kenneth. C.I.A.: Cocaine In America? A Veteran of the CIA Drug Wars Tells All. New York: Shapolsky Publublishing, 1994.
- Castillo, Celerino (with Dave Harmon). Powderburns: Cocaine, Contras and the Drug War. Buffalo, NY: Mosiac, 1994.
- Cockburn, Alexander (with Jeffrey St. Clair). Whiteout: The CIA, Drugs and the Press. London: Verso, 1998.
- Corn, David. Blond Ghost: Ted Shackley and the CIA’s Crusades. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994.
- Crane, Conrad. American Airpower Strategy in Korea, 1950-1953. Lawrence, KS: Univ. Press of Kansas, 2000.
- Davis, Larry. MiG Alley: Air to Air Combat over Korea. Carrollton, TX: Squadron/Signal Publishers, 1978.
- Davis, Larry. The Fourth Fighter Wing in the Korean War. Atglen, PA: Schiffer, 2001.
- Dorr, Robert (with Warren Thompson). The Korean Air War. Osceola, WI: Motorbooks, 1994.
- Doyle, Paul. Hot Shots and Heavy Hits: Tales of An Undercover Drug Agent. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2005.
- Dwiggins, Don, They Flew the Bendix Race. New York: J.B. Lippincott Co. 1965.
- Elliston, Jon. Psywar on Cuba. New York: Ocean Press, 1999.
- Escalante, Fabian. The Cuba Project: CIA Covert Operations Against Cuba, 1959-1962. Ocean Press: Melbourne, Australia, 2004.
- Farmer, James H. Celluloid Wings: The Impact of Movies on Aviation. Blue Ridge Summit, PA: Tab Books, 1984.
- Fischer, Harold. Dreams of Aces. Dallas, TX: Great Impressions, 2001.
- Fusco, Pete. Moondog’s Academy of the Air and Other Disasters. San Jose, CA: Writers Club Press, 2000.
- Gugliotta, Guy (with Jeff Leen). Kings of Cocaine. New York: Harper and Row, 1989.
- Hopsicker, Daniel. Barry and the Boys: The CIA, the Mob and America’s Secret History. Eugene, OR: MadCow Press, 2001.
- Hougan, Jim. Spooks: The Private Use of Secret Agents. New York: Bantam Books, 1979.
- Levine, Michael. Deep Cover. New York: Dell Publishing, 1990.
- Messick, Hank. Of Grass and Snow: The Secret Criminal Elite. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1979.
- Parry, Robert. Lost History: Contras, Cocaine, the Press and “Project Truth.” Arlington, VA: Media Consortium, 1999.
- Persons, Albert. Bay of Pigs: A Firsthand Account of the Mission by a U.S. Pilot in Support of the Cuban Invasion Force in 1961. Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Company, 1990.
- Reed, Terry (with John Cummings). Compromised: How the Presidency was Corrupted by the CIA. New York: Shapolsky Publishing, 1994.
- Rendall, Ivan. Splash One: The Story of Jet Fighter Combat. London: Weidenfield & Nicholson, 1998.
- Robbins, David. Heavy Traffic: 30 Years of Headlines and Major Ops from the Case Files of the DEA. New York: Chamberlain Bros., 2005.
- Sabbag, Robert. Loaded: A Misadventure on the Marijuana Trail. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 2002.
- Scott, Peter Dale (with Jonathan Marshall). Cocaine Politics: Drugs, Armies and the CIA in Central America. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1991.
- Sherwood, John Darrell. Officers In Flight Suits: The Story of American Air Force Fighter Pilots in the Korean War. New York: New York University Press, 1996.
- Stahura, Barbara, ed. The F-86 Sabre Jet and Pilots. Paducah, KY: Turner Publishing Co., 1997.
- Stich, Rodney. Defrauding America: An Encyclopedia of Secret Operations by the CIA, DEA and other Covert Agencies. Reno, NV: Diablo Western Press, 2001.
- Thomas, Tony. The Dick Powell Story. Burbank, California: Riverwood Press, 1993.
- Thompson, Warren (with David McLaren). MiG Alley: Sabres vs. MiGs Over Korea. North Branch, MN: Specialty Press, 2002.
- Trest, Warren (with Donald Dodd). Wings of Denial: The Alabama Air National Guard’s Covert Role at the Bay of Pigs. Montgomery, AL: NewSouth Books, 2001.
- Tunner, William. Over the Hump. New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1964.
- Turner, William (with Warren Hinckle). The Fish Is Red: The Story of the Secret War Against Castro. New York: Harper and Row, 1981.
- Turner, William. Rearview Mirror: Looking Back at the FBI, the CIA and other Tails. Granite Bay, CA: Penmarin Books, 2001.
- Werrell, Kenneth P. (2005). Sabres over MiG Alley: The F-86 and the Battle for Air Superiority in Korea. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-933-9.
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- Zhang, Xiaming. Red Wings Over the Yalu: China, the Soviet Union and the War in Korea. College Station, TX: Texas A & M Univ. Press, 2002.
Books in Spanish
- Arboleya, Jesus. La Contrarrevolucion Cubana. Havana: Editorial de Ciencias Sociales, 2000.
- Escalante, Fabien. El Complot: Objectivos JFK y Fidel. Melbourne, Australia: Ocean Press, 2004.
- Garcia, Nestor. Un “Paraiso” llamado Miami. Havana: Editora Politica, 2004.
- Herrera, Alicia. Pusimos La Bomba... Y Que? Havana: Editorial de Ciencias Sociales, 2000.
- Herrera, Jose R. Licencia para Matar. Havana: Ediciones Verde Olivo, 1999.
- Reinoso, Edith. Testimonio de una Emigrante. Havana: Editorial de Ciencias Sociales, 1974.
- Suarez, Luis. America Latina y El Caribe: Medio Siglo de Crimen e Impunidad (1948- 1998). Havana: Zambon Iberoamericana, 2001.
- Suarez, Jose. La Lucha Contra Bandidos en Cuba. Havana: Editorial Letras Cubanas, 1981.
- Valdes, Raul. Angola: Fin del Mito de los Mercenarios. Havana: Editorial de Ciencias Sociales, 1976.
External links
- Brief biography through 1963 with two photographs
- Marriage announcement, Time, November 30, 1953
- Photograh of Fernandez in jacket and cap, Sabres and Aces: These rare color images present some of the pilots and aircraft that made history in the Korean War, Air Force Magazine, September 2006, p. 81.