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Pages 345-348</ref> This species has been crossed with other Aconitums to produce attractive ]s for garden use, including ''Aconitum x cammarum'' <ref>Armitage, A. M. 2000. ''Armitage's garden perennials a color encyclopedia''. Portland, Or: Timber Press. Pages 19-20.</ref> Pages 345-348</ref> This species has been crossed with other Aconitums to produce attractive ]s for garden use, including ''Aconitum x cammarum'' <ref>Armitage, A. M. 2000. ''Armitage's garden perennials a color encyclopedia''. Portland, Or: Timber Press. Pages 19-20.</ref>


] produced from the roots of a number of different species of ''Aconitum'' is used ]ly at low ]s in ] (TCM), to treat "coldness", general debility, and "Yang deficiency." Aconite is used as an ] by ]s and a homeopathic formulation with Aconitum as an ingredient was granted a US patent in 2007;<ref> Paolo Bellavite , Riccardo Ortolani , Francesco Pontarollo , Valeria Piasere , Giovanni Benato , and Anita Conforti ] produced from the roots of a number of different species of ''Aconitum'' is used ]ly at low ]s in ] (TCM), to treat "coldness", general debility, and "Yang deficiency." It effects the ] and central nervous systems with a number of cases of ]ing documented from its use.<ref>
Immunology and Homeopathy. 4. Clinical Studies—Part 1
eCAM Advance Access published on September 1, 2006, DOI 10.1093/ecam/nel045.
eCAM 3:293-301. http://ecam.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/3/3/293 </ref><ref>http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7229648.PN.&OS=PN/7229648&RS=PN/7229648</ref> It's used by other nontraditional medical practitioners and effects the ] and central nervous systems with a number of cases of ]ing documented from its use.<ref>
Fatovich, D M ''Aconite: a lethal Chinese herb''. Fatovich, D M ''Aconite: a lethal Chinese herb''.
Citation:Ann-Emerg-Med. 1992 Mar; 21(3): 309-11 http://grande.nal.usda.gov/ibids/index.php?mode2=detail&origin=ibids_references&therow=202451</ref><ref> Vet Hum Toxicol. 1994 Oct;36(5):452-5.Links Citation:Ann-Emerg-Med. 1992 Mar; 21(3): 309-11 http://grande.nal.usda.gov/ibids/index.php?mode2=detail&origin=ibids_references&therow=202451</ref><ref> Vet Hum Toxicol. 1994 Oct;36(5):452-5.Links

Revision as of 16:25, 21 January 2008

Aconitum napellus
Plant in flower, Austria
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Ranunculales
Family: Ranunculaceae
Genus: Aconitum
Species: A. napellus
Binomial name
Aconitum napellus
L.

Aconitum napellus (Monkshood, "aconite", "Wolf's Bane", Fuzi, and "Monk's Blood") is a species of Aconitum in the family Ranunculaceae, native and endemic to western and central Europe.

It is a herbaceous perennial plant growing to 1 m tall, with hairless stems and leaves. The leaves are rounded, 5-10 cm diameter, palmately divided into five to seven deeply lobed segments. The flowers are dark purple to bluish-purple, narrow oblong helmet-shaped, 1-2 cm tall.

Nine subspecies are accepted by the Flora Europaea:

  • Aconitum napellus subsp. napellus. Southwest England.
  • Aconitum napellus subsp. corsicum (Gáyer) W.Seitz. Corsica.
  • Aconitum napellus subsp. firmum (Rchb.) Gáyer. Central and eastern Europe.
  • Aconitum napellus subsp. fissurae (Nyár.) W.Seitz. Balkans to southwest Russia.
  • Aconitum napellus subsp. hians (Rchb.) Gáyer. Central Europe.
  • Aconitum napellus subsp. lusitanicum Rouy. Southwest Europe.
  • Aconitum napellus subsp. superbum (Fritsch) W.Seitz. Western Balkans.
  • Aconitum napellus subsp. tauricum (Wulfen) Gáyer. Eastern Alps, southern Carpathians.
  • Aconitum napellus subsp. vulgare (DC.) Rouy & Foucaud. Alps, Pyrenees, northern Spain.

Plants native to Asia and North America formerly listed as A. napellus are now regarded as separate species.

Plants are grown in gardens in temperate zones for their spike-like inflorescences that are showy in early-mid summer and their attractive foliage. There are white and rose colored forms in cultivation too.

Uses

Aconitum nepellus is grown in gardens for its attractive spike like inflorescences and showy blue flowers. It is a cut flower crop used for fresh cutting material and sometimes used as dried material. The species has a low natural propagation rate under cultivation and is propagated by seed or by removing offsets which are generated each year from the rootstock's and the use of micropropagation protocols have been studied. This species has been crossed with other Aconitums to produce attractive hybrids for garden use, including Aconitum x cammarum

Aconite produced from the roots of a number of different species of Aconitum is used ethnomedically at low dilutions in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), to treat "coldness", general debility, and "Yang deficiency." It effects the cardiovascular and central nervous systems with a number of cases of poisoning documented from its use. Like other species in the genus, it contains extremely poisonous compounds and generates enough cardiac poison that it was used on spears and arrows for hunting and battle in ancient times. Chemicals derived from the plant, which include the highly toxic alkaloids aconitine, mesaconitine, hypaconitine and jesaconitine, have been used more recently in murder plots. The use of Aconitum napellus has a long history of use as a poison, with cases going back thousands of years. During the ancient Roman period of European history the plant was often used to eliminate criminals and enemies, and by the end of the period it was banned and any one growing A. napellus could have been legally sentenced to death.

References

  1. Datta, Subhash Chandra. 1988. Systematic botany. New Delhi: Wiley Eastern Ltd.
  2. A. A. Watad, M. Kochba, A. Nissim and V. Gaba Improvement of Aconitum napellus micropropagation by liquid culture on floating membrane rafts Journal Plant Cell Reports Publisher Springer Berlin / Heidelberg ISSN 0721-7714 (Print) 1432-203X (Online) Issue Volume 14, Number 6 / March, 1995 DOI 10.1007/BF00238594 Pages 345-348
  3. Armitage, A. M. 2000. Armitage's garden perennials a color encyclopedia. Portland, Or: Timber Press. Pages 19-20.
  4. Fatovich, D M Aconite: a lethal Chinese herb. Citation:Ann-Emerg-Med. 1992 Mar; 21(3): 309-11 http://grande.nal.usda.gov/ibids/index.php?mode2=detail&origin=ibids_references&therow=202451
  5. Vet Hum Toxicol. 1994 Oct;36(5):452-5.Links Aconitine poisoning due to Chinese herbal medicines: a review. Chan TY, Tomlinson B, Tse LK, Chan JC, Chan WW, Critchley JA
  6. Severe Acute Poisoning with Homemade Aconitum napellus Capsules: Toxicokinetic and Clinical Data Authors: Fabienne Moritz a; Patricia Compagnon b; Isabelle Guery Kaliszczak a; Yann Kaliszczak c; Valérie Caliskan a; Christophe Girault d DOI: 10.1080/15563650500357594 Clinical Toxicology, Volume 43, Issue 7 December 2005 , pages 873 - 876
  7. J Ethnopharmacol. 1981 Nov;4(3):247-336. Arrow poisons in China. Part II. Aconitum--botany, chemistry, and pharmacology. Bisset NG.
  8. http://md1.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&collection=ENV&recid=4297677&q=Aconitine+murder+&uid=792020396&setcookie=yes
  9. Toxicology in the Old Testament: Did the High Priest Alcimus Die of Acute Aconitine Poisoning? Authors: Moog F.P.1; Karenberg A.1 Source: Adverse Drug Reactions & Toxicological Reviews (now known as Toxicological Reviews), Volume 21, Number 3, 2002 , pp. 151-156(6) Publisher: Adis International
  10. Roberts, M. F., and Michael Wink. 1998. Alkaloids biochemistry, ecology, and medicinal applications. New York: Plenum Press. Page 18.
  • 19th century illustration 19th century illustration

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