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The Hulk (Dr. Robert Bruce Banner) is a fictional character, a comic book superhero appearing in publications from Marvel Comics. Created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, the Hulk first appeared in The Incredible Hulk #1 (May 1962). He has since become one of Marvel Comics' most recognized characters.

After physicist Dr. Robert Bruce Banner was caught in the blast of a gamma bomb he created, he was transformed into the Hulk, a raging monster. The character, both as Banner and the Hulk, is frequently pursued by the police or the armed forces, often as a result of the destruction he causes. While the coloration of the character's skin varies during the course of its publication history, the Hulk is most often depicted as green. In forty years, he has battled virtually every hero and villain in the Marvel Universe. He has been featured in a number of animated series, a feature film directed by Ang Lee, and a television series with spin-off television movies starring Bill Bixby as Banner and Lou Ferrigno as the Hulk.

Publication history

Debut and first series

The Hulk was created by Stan Lee in 1962. Buoyed by the success of the Fantastic Four, Lee began to conceptualize a new superhero. He had decided the character would have superstrength, be he wasnted a twist to turn such a clichéd concept of superheroes and make it seem fresh. Lee drew on the popularity of the Fantastic Four's The Thing for inspiration, as well as Frankenstein's Monster. Jack Kirby, who had illustrated many of Lee's characters, was given the task of bringing Lee's vision to life. Originally, the Hulk was envisioned as grey, because Lee wanted a color that did not suggest any particular ethic group. However, primitive printing techniques left the Hulk's skin tone vary in color; in some panels, the character appeared almost black, while in others the grey took on a greenish hue. From Issue #2 onwards, the Hulk was green in color.

The Hulk's first appearance was in his own issue, The Incredible Hulk #1 (May 1962), written by Stan Lee, pencilled by Jack Kirby, and inked by Paul Reinman. The first few issues clearly established some core concepts of the character, which were later modified or changed by different writers. Lee borrowed elements of Jekyll and Hyde and made the Hulk half-man and half-monster. In the Hulk's origin, mild-mannered doctor Bruce Banner was accidentally caught in the blast of his own gamma ray bomb, triggering a transformation into a massive creature dubbed "the Hulk". While Banner is extremely intelligent but withdrawn, the Hulk is brutish and immensely strong, able to crush metal and deflect bullets. The nature of the change was at first linked to sunlight; Banner transformed during the nighttime and the Hulk reverted to human form by daybreak. The Hulk hated his "puny, pink-skinned" form, but knew he had to change in order to escape the wrath of General Thunderbolt Ross and the army. Likewise, Banner recognized the need to transform into the Hulk in order to defeat super-villains. Despite positive reactions from college-age readers, The Incredible Hulk's original run lasted only six issues, with Steve Ditko taking over the pencilling and inking chores for the final issue. The character immediately guest-starred in Fantastic Four #12 (March 1963), and months later became a founding member of the Avengers appearing in just the first two issues of that superhero team's eponymous series (Sept. & Nov. 1963), and returning as an antagonist in issues #3 and #5 (Jan. & May 1964). He then guest-starred in The Amazing Spider-Man #14 (July 1964).

Tales to Astonish

A year and a half after his title was canceled, the Hulk became the backup feature in Tales to Astonish in issue #60 (Oct. 1964). In the previous issue, he appeared as the antagonist for Giant-Man, star of the book. These new stories were initially scripted by Lee and illustrated by the team of penciller Steve Ditko and inker George Roussos. Other artists later in this run included Jack Kirby from #68-84 (June 1965 - Oct. 1966), doing full pencils or, more often, layouts for other artists; Gil Kane, credited as "Scott Edwards", in #76 (Feb. 1966); Bill Everett (inking Kirby, #78-84 (April-Oct. 1966)); and John Buscema. Marie Severin finished out the Hulk’s run in Tales to Astonish; beginning with issue #102 (Apr. 1968) the book was retitled The Incredible Hulk, and ran until March 1999, when Marvel canceled the series, and then restarted the title with a new issue #1.

This run of stories introduced readers to recurring villains such as the Leader, who would become the Hulk's arch-nemesis, and the Abomination, another gamma-irradiated being, but stronger than the Hulk. In issue #77 (March 1966), the Hulk's identity became publicly known.

1970s

The Incredible Hulk continued to be published through the 1970s and also made guest appearances in other titles. In 1977, following the debut of the eponymous television series, Marvel launched a second title, The Rampaging Hulk, a comics magazine targeted to the show's audience.Writers also introduced Banner’s cousin Jennifer Walters, the She-Hulk, who was featured in a title of her own. Banner gave some of his blood to Walters in a transfusion, and the gamma radiation affected her, but she maintained most of her intellect. Banner’s guilt about causing her change became another part of his character.

Writers changed numerous times during the decade. At times, the creative staff included Archie Goodwin, Chris Claremont, and Tony Isabella, Len Wein handled many of the stories through the 1970s, working first with Herb Trimpe, then in 1975, with Sal Buscema, who was the regular artist for 10 years. Harlan Ellison plotted a story, scripted by Roy Thomas, for issue #140 (Jun 1971), "The Brute that Shouted Love at the Heart of the Atom".

1980s and 1990s

Following Roger Stern, Bill Mantlo took over the writing with issue #245 (March 1980). During his run, he established that Banner had suffered child abuse, an idea explored in the Crossroads of Eternity stories, which ran from issue #300 (Oct. 1984) to #313 (Nov. 1985). Mantlo showed the readers that abuse fostered a great deal of repressed anger within Banner, in turn causing his fragmented personality. Shortly after, Mantlo and artist Mike Mignola left the title for Alpha Flight, and writer John Byrne worked on the series, followed briefly by Al Milgrom, before new regular writer Peter David took over. Greg Pak, a later writer on The Incredible Hulk volume 2, called Mantlo's Crossroads stories one of his biggest influences on approaching the character.

David became the writer of the series with issue #331 (May 1987), marking the start of a 12-year tenure. David's run altered Banner's pre-Hulk characterization and the nature of Banner and the Hulk's relationship. David returned to the Stern and Mantlo abuse storylines, expanding the damage caused, and depicting Banner as suffering dissociative identity disorder (DID). David's stories showed that Banner had serious mental problems long before he became the Hulk. David revamped his personality significantly, giving the grey Hulk the alias 'Joe Fixit', and setting him up as a morally ambiguous Vegas enforcer and tough guy. David worked with numerous artists over his run on the series, including Dale Keown, Gary Frank, Terry Dodson, Mike Deodato, Jr., George Pérez, and Adam Kubert..

In issue #377 (Jan 1991), David revamped the Hulk again, using a storyline involving hypnosis to have the splintered personalities of Banner and Hulk synthesize into a new Hulk who has the vast power of the Savage Hulk, the cunning of the gray Hulk, and the intelligence of Bruce Banner.

In the 1993 Future Imperfect miniseries, writer David and penciller George Pérez introduced readers to the Hulk of a dystopian future. Calling himself the Maestro, the Hulk rules over a world where most of the heroes have been killed, and only Rick Jones and a small band of rebels fight against The Maestro’s rule. Although The Maestro seemed to be destroyed by the end, he returned in The Incredible Hulk #460 (Jan 1998), also written by David.

In 1998, David followed editor Bobbie Chase's suggestion to kill Betty Ross. In the introduction to the Hulk trade paperback Beauty and the Behemoth, David said that his wife had recently left him, providing inspiration for the storyline. Marvel executives used Ross' death as an opportunity to push the idea of bringing back the Savage Hulk. David disagreed, leading to his and Marvel's parting ways. His last issue of Hulk was #467 (Aug 1998), his 137th.

Also in 1998, Marvel relaunched The Rampaging Hulk, this time in as standard comic book rather than as a comics magazine.

Relaunch

Following David's departure, Joe Casey took over as writer though the series' relaunch after issue #474 (March 1999). Hulk vol. 2 began immediately the following month, scripted by John Byrne and penciled by Ron Garney. Byrne departed before the first year was over, citing creative differences. Erik Larsen and Jerry Ordway briefly filled scripting duties in his place, and the title returned to The Incredible Hulk vol. 3 with the arrival of Paul Jenkins in issue #12 (March 2000).

Jenkins wrote a story arc in which Banner and the three Hulks (Savage Hulk, Grey Hulk, and the Merged Hulk, now considered a separate personality and referred to as the Professor) are able to mentally interact with one another, each personality taking over their shared body. During this, the four personalities (including Banner) confront yet another submerged Hulk, a sadistic Hulk intent on attacking the world for revenge. Jenkins also created John Ryker in issue #14 (May 2000), a ruthless military general in charge of the original gamma bomb test responsible for the Hulk's creation, and who plans to create similar creatures. Ryker's actions briefly result in Banner becoming the sadistic Hulk, but the four other personae beat it back.

Bruce Jones followed as the series' writer, and his run features Banner using yoga to take control of the Hulk while he is pursued by a secret conspiracy and aided by the mysterious Mr. Blue. Jones appended his 43-issue Incredible Hulk run with the limited series Hulk/Thing: Hard Knocks #1-4 (Nov. 2004 - Feb. 2005) , which Marvel published after putting the ongoing series on hiatus.

Peter David, who had initially signed a contract for the six-issue Tempest Fugit limited series, returned as writer when it was decided to make the story, now only five parts, part of the ongoing series instead. David contracted to complete a year on the title. Tempest Fugit revealed that Nightmare has manipulated the Hulk for years, tormenting him in various ways for "inconveniences" that the Hulk had caused him, including the sadistic Hulk Jenkins had introduced. After a four-part tie-in to the House of M crossover and a one-issue epilogue, David left the series once more, citing the need to do non-Hulk work for his career's sake.

Planet Hulk and World War Hulk

In the 2006 crossover storyline "Planet Hulk" by writer Greg Pak, a secret group of superhero leaders, the Illuminati, consider the Hulk an unacceptable potential risk to Earth, and rocket him into space to live a peaceful existence on a planet uninhabited by intelligent life. After a trajectory malfunction, the Hulk crashes on the violent planet Sakaar. Weakened by his journey, he is captured and eventually becomes a gladiator who scars the face of Sakaar's tyrannical emperor. The Hulk becomes a rebel leader and later usurps Sakaar's throne through combat with the red king and his armies.

After Hulk's rise to emperor, the vessel used to send Hulk to Sakaar explodes, killing millions in Sakaar's capital, including his queen, Caiera. The damage to the tectonic plates destroys the planet and kills most of its population.

The Hulk, enraged, returns to Earth with the remnants of Sakaar's citizens, and his allies, the Warbound, seeking retribution against the Illuminati. After laying siege to Manhattan, New York City, the Hulk learns one of his allies was responsible for the explosion. He reverts to his Bruce Banner form and is taken into S.H.I.E.L.D. custody.

Retitling and new Hulk series

As of #113 (Feb. 2008), the series was retitled The Incredible Hercules, still written by Greg Pak but starring the mythological demigod Hercules and teenaged genius Amadeus Cho, who wanted to help Hulk's forces in World War Hulk. The series focuses on the aftermath of "World War Hulk" storyline, and Hercules' and Cho's status as fugitives. Marvel also launched a new volume of Hulk, written by Jeph Loeb and drawn by Ed McGuiness. The series opens with an investigation into the possible appearance of a new Hulk, and reveals that Bruce Banner is no longer comatose, and is imprisoned by the US military.

Characterization

Bruce Banner

The core of the Hulk, Bruce Banner has been portrayed differently by different writers, but common themes persist. Banner is a genius but emotionally withdrawn in most fashions. Banner designed the gamma bomb which causes his affliction, and the ironic twist of his self-inflicted fate has been one of the most persistent common themes. Arie Kaplan describes the character thus: “Bruce Banner lives in a constant state of panic, always wary that the monster inside him will erupt, and therefore he can’t form meaningful bonds with anyone.” .

Throughout the Hulk's published history, writers have continued to frame Bruce Banner in these themes. Under different writers, his fractured personality led to transformations into different versions of the Hulk. These transformations are usually involuntary, and often writers have tied the transformation to emotional triggers, such as rage and fear. As the series has progressed, different writers have adapted the Hulk, changing Hulk's personality to reflect changes in Banner's physiology or psyche. Writers have also refined and changed some aspects Banner's personality, showing him as emotionally repressed, but capable of deep love for Betty Ross, and for solving problems posed to him. Under the writing of Paul Jenkins, Banner was shown to be a capable fugitive, applying deductive reasoning and observation to figure out the events transpiring around him. When Banner has controlled the Hulk's body, he has applied principles of physics to problems and challenges and used deductive reasoning.

The Hulk

During the experimental detonation of a gamma bomb, scientist Bruce Banner rushes to save a teenager who has driven onto the testing field. Pushing the teen, Rick Jones, into a trench, Banner himself is caught in the blast, absorbing massive amounts of radiation. He awakens later in an infirmary, seeming relatively unscathed, but that night transforms into a lumbering grey form that breaks through the wall and escapes. A soldier in the ensuing search party dubs the otherwise unidentified creature a "hulk".

The original version of the Hulk was often shown as simple and quick to anger. His first transformations were triggered by sundown, and his return to Banner by dawn; later, emotions triggered the change. Although grey in his debut, difficulties for the printer led to a change in his color to green. In the origin tale, the Hulk divorces his identity from Banner’s, decrying Banner as "that puny weakling in the picture". From his earliest stories, the Hulk has been concerned with finding sanctuary and quiet, and often is shown reacting emotionally to situations quickly. Grest and Weinberg call Hulk the "...dark, primordial side of psyche.". Even in the earliest appearances, Hulk spoke in the third person. The Hulk retains a modest intelligence, thinking and talking in full sentences, and Lee even gives the Hulk expository dialogue in issue six, allowing readers to learn just what capabilities the Hulk has, when the Hulk says, “But these muscles ain't just for show! All I gotta do is spring up and just keep goin'!" In Marvel: Five Fabulous Decades of the World's Greatest Comics, Les Daniels addresses the Hulk as an embodiment of cultural fears of radiation and nuclear science. He quotes Jack Kirby thus: "As long as we're experimenting with radioactivity there's no telling what may happen, or how much our advancements may cost us." Daniels continues " The Hulk became Marvel's most disturbing embodiment of the perils inherent in the atomic age."

Though usually a loner, the Hulk helped form both the Avengers and the Defenders. He was able to determine that this changes were now triggered by emotional stress.

Fantastic Four #12 (March 1963), featured the Hulk's first battle with the Thing, as well as a new way for Banner to transform into Hulk, by using a gamma ray machine of his own design to trigger the change. Although many early Hulk stories involve General Thaddeus "Thunderbolt" Ross trying to capture or destroy the Hulk, the main villain is often, like Hulk, a radiation based character, like the Toad men, or General Fang. Ross' daughter, Betty, loves Banner and criticizes her father for pursuing the Hulk. General Ross' right-hand man, Major Glenn Talbot, also loves Betty and is torn between pursuing the Hulk and trying to gain Betty's love more honorably. Rick Jones serves as the Hulk's friend and sidekick in these early tales.

Stan Lee and others have compared The Hulk in these early tales to the misunderstood creature Frankenstein's Monster., a concept Lee had wanted to explore. Lee also compared Hulk to the Golem of Jewish myth. In The Science of Superheroes, Gresh and Weinberg see the Hulk as a reaction to the Cold War and the threat of nuclear attack, an interpretation shared by Weinstein in Up, Up, and Oy Vey. Kaplan calls Hulk ‘schizophrenic’.

In the 1970's, Hulk was shown as more prone to anger and rage, and less talkative. Writers played with the nature of his transformations, briefly giving Banner control over the change, and the ability to maintain control of his Hulk form.

Hulk stories began to involve other dimensions, and in one, Hulk met the empress Jarella. Jarella used magic to bring Banner’s intelligence to Hulk, and came to love him, asking him to become her mate. Though Hulk returned to Earth before he could become her king, he would return to Jarella's kingdom of K'ai again.

Mantlo took the character into the arena of political commentary when Hulk traveled to Tel Aviv, Israel, encountering both the violence of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and the Jewish Israeli heroine Sabra. Soon after, Hulk encountered the Arabian Knight, a Bedouin superhero.

Under Bill Mantlo's writing, Banner gained control of his changes, and retained his intelligence while in the Hulk's body. Later though, the Hulk was separated from a human mind inside to constrain his actions by the extra-dimensional villain, Nightmare. Unable to help him, Doctor Strange exiled the mindless Hulk to an extra-dimensional place called the Crossroads of Eternity, from which place he could journey to other worlds, in hopes of finding a place to reside. During the stories at the Crossroads, Banner's childhood traumas were explored and Hulk/Banner forced to come to terms with them, and in so doing, reconnect to the human mind within. To tell this story, Mantlo employed three new characters, reflecting aspects of Banner’s fractured psyche: Glow, a gleaming floating gem, represented Banner's intellect, Guardian, a children's toy made live, was Bruce's protector, and Goblin was Bruce's repressed rage. Eventually, he was freed from the crossroads dimension by Alpha Flight.

Having come to terms with his issues, at least for a time, Hulk and Banner physically separated under John Bryne's writing. Separated from the Hulk by Doc Samson, Banner was recruited by the U.S. government to create the Hulkbusters, a government team dedicated to catching Hulk. Banner and Ross married, but this change in the character was reversed by Al Milgrom, who reunited the two personas, and with issue #324, returned the Hulk to his grey coloration after a second visit to K'ai and his one time love, Jarella.

Shortly after returning to Earth, Hulk took on the identity of "Joe Fixit," a shadowy behind the scenes figure, working in Las Vegas on behalf of a crooked casino owner, Michael Berengetti. For months, Banner was repressed in Hulk’s mind, but slowly began to reappear. Hulk and Banner began to change back and forth again at dusk and dawn, as the character initially had, but this time, they worked together to advance both their goals, using written notes as communication. In The Incredible Hulk #333, the Leader describes the Grey Hulk persona as strongest during the night of the new moon and weakest during the full moon. Eventually, the green Hulk began to re-emerge.

In issue #377, David revamped the Hulk again. Doctor Leonard Samson engages the Ringmaster's services to hypnotize Bruce Banner and force him, the Savage Hulk (Green Hulk) and Mr. Fixit (Grey Hulk) to confront Banner's past abuse at the hands of his father, Brian Banner. During the session, the four identities confront a ‘Guilt Hulk’, which sadistically torments the four with the abuse of Banner’s father. Facing down this abuse, a new, larger and smarter Hulk emerges and completely replaces the "human" Bruce Banner and Hulk personae. This Hulk is a culmination of the three aspects of Banner. He has the vast power of the Savage Hulk, the cunning of the grey Hulk and the intelligence of Bruce Banner.

Peter David then introduces the Hulk to the Pantheon, a secretive organization built around an extended family of super-powered people. The family members, mostly distant cousins to each other, had codenames based in the mythos of the Trojan War, and were descendants of the founder of the group, Agamemnon. When Agamemnon leaves, he puts the Hulk in charge of the organization. The storyline ends when it is revealed Agamemnon has traded his offspring to an alien race to gain power. The Hulk leads the Pantheon against the aliens, and then moves on.

Shortly after, Hulk encounters a depraved version of himself from the future, called Maestro. Thrown into the future, Hulk finds himself allied with Rick Jones, now an old man, in an effort to destroy the tyrant Maestro. Unable to stop him in any other manner, Hulk uses the time machine that brought him to the future to send the Maestro back into the heart of the very Gamma Bomb test that spawned the Hulk.

In 1998, David followed Editor Bobbie Chase's suggestion, and wrote a storyline centering on the death of Betty Ross. Betty has radiation poisoning, and desperate to save her, General Thunderbolt Ross worked with Banner, hoping to save her, but they fail, and Betty dies. Following this, David left Marvel, following a conflict about the direction of the series.

Greg Pak introduced the Planet Hulk story arc, which opened with a cabal of Earth’s superpowers, called Illuminati, sending Hulk into deep space to protect the Earth from his destructive rampages after his involvement in the destruction of the Godseye Satellite orbiting Earth. Hulk’s rocket, intended for a desolate, empty planet, instead crashed onto Sakaar. On Sakaar, Hulk rises from slave to king leading a rebellion, and finds love with a wife, Caiera. Shortly after, the rocket that brought Hulk to Sakaar malfunctions and explodes, setting of the planet’s destruction. Following the death of his wife, unborn child, and hundreds of millions of innocents, Hulk gathers some survivors and heads to Earth to exact revenge. Though he managed to succeed in capturing them and causing a great deal of destruction, a series of events resulted in his capture by S.H.I.E.L.D. after Tony Stark used a military satellite to bombard Hulk with unknown rays in an effort to stop him.

In World War Hulk, Hulk confronts the members of the Illuminati, meeting them in personal combat, but he is later defeated and captured. Bruce Banner is later seen in custody in a military facility where General Ross and Doc Samson seek out Bruce Banner's help with an emerging mystery.

Powers and abilities

The Hulk possesses the potential for near limitless levels of physical strength depending directly on his emotional state, particularly his anger. He is also extremely resistant to physical damage, psychic assaults, temperature extremes, and is completely immune to disease and poisons. He can breathe underwater, survive unprotected in space, and when injured, heals from almost any wound within seconds. His powerful legs allow him to leap into lower Earth orbit or across continents. His durability, healing, endurance, and possibly speed, likewise increase in relation to his temper. He also has certain mental powers, which allow him to "home in" to his place of origin in New Mexico, and to see and interact with astral forms.

As Bruce Banner (and the Merged/Professor Hulk), he is considered one of the greatest minds on Earth. He has developed expertise in the fields of Biology, Chemistry, Engineering, and Physiology, and has a Ph.D. in Nuclear Physics. He has been described as "possessing a mind so brilliant it cannot be measured on any known intelligence test."

Related characters

Other versions

Over the decades that Marvel has published Hulk, the company has featured versions of the Hulk set in alternate realities and histories, as well as other forms of art, such as the manga style.

Parodies and allusions

The Hulk has been caricatured in such animated television series as The Simpsons Robot chicken and Family Guy, and such sketch comedy TV series as The Young Ones and Saturday Night Live.

In other media

Bibliography

• The Incredible Hulk #1–6 (Marvel Comics, May 1962–March 1963)
• Tales to Astonish #59–101 (Marvel Comics, September 1964–March 1968)
• The Incredible Hulk #102–474 (Marvel Comics, April 1968–March 1999, continued numbering from Tales to Astonish)
• The Incredible Hulk Special #1–4 (Marvel Comics, 1968–1972)
• The Incredible Hulk Annual #5–20 (Marvel Comics, 1975–1994, continued numbering from The Incredible Hulk Special)
• Hulk #10–27 (Marvel Comics, August 1978–June 1984, continued numbering from Rampaging Hulk)
• The Incredible Hulk #-1 (Marvel Comics, July 1997, ISSN 0274-5275)
• The Incredible Hulk '97 (Marvel Comics, 1997)
• The Incredible Hulk/Sub-Mariner '98 (Marvel Comics, August 1998)
• Hulk vol 2, #1–11 (Marvel Comics, April 1999–February 2000)
• Hulk 1999 (Marvel Comics, 1999)
• The Incredible Hulk Vol. 2 #12–76, #77–#112 (Marvel Comics, March 2000–September 2004, January 2005–January 2008, continued numbering from Hulk vol. 2)
• The Incredible Hulk 2000 (Marvel Comics, 2000)
• The Incredible Hulk 2001 (Marvel Comics, 2001)
• Hulk Vol. 3 #1–present (Marvel Comics, March 2008-present)
• Hulk Weekly #1–69, Marvel UK title published between 1979–1981. Features original material produced by the likes of Paul Neary and Steve Dillon.

Magazines

• Rampaging Hulk #1–9 (Marvel Comics, January 1977-June 1978)

Collections

• Hulk Visionaries: Peter David Vol. 1 Written by Peter David; Pencils & Cover by Todd McFarlane; collects Incredible Hulk #331-339
• Hulk Visionaries: Peter David Vol. 2 Written by Peter David; Penciled by Todd McFarlane, Erik Larsen, & Jeff Purves; collects Incredible Hulk #340-348
• Hulk Visionaries: Peter David Vol. 3 Written by Peter David & Steve Englehart; Penciled by Jeff Purves, Alex Saviuk & Keith Pollard; Collects Incredible Hulk #349-354 Vol. 1, Web of Spider-Man #44 and Fantastic Four #320.
• Hulk Visionaries: Peter David Vol. 4 Written by Peter David; collects Incredible Hulk #355-363 Vol. 1 and Marvel Comics Presents #26 and #45
• Incredible Hulk: Dogs of War Written by Paul Jenkins; Penciled by Ron Garney and Mike McKone; collects Incredible Hulk #12-20 Vol. 2.
• Incredible Hulk Vol. 1: Return of the Monster Written by Bruce Jones; Penciled by John Romita, Jr.; collects Incredible Hulk #34-39 Vol. 2.
• Incredible Hulk Vol. 2: Boiling Point Written by Bruce Jones; Penciled by John Romita, Jr.; collects Incredible Hulk #40-43 Vol. 2.
• Incredible Hulk Vol. 3: Transfer Of Power Written by Bruce Jones; Penciled by Stuart Immonen; collects Incredible Hulk #44-49 Vol. 2.
• Incredible Hulk Vol. 4: Abominable Written by Bruce Jones; Penciled by Mike Deodato, Jr.; collects Incredible Hulk #50-54 Vol. 2.
• Incredible Hulk Vol. 5: Hide In Plain Sight Written by Bruce Jones; Penciled by Leandro Fernández; collects Incredible Hulk #55-59 Vol. 2.
• Incredible Hulk Vol. 6: Split Decisions Written by Bruce Jones; Penciled by Mike Deodato Jr.; collects Incredible Hulk #60-65 Vol. 2.
• Incredible Hulk Vol. 7: Dead Like Me Written Bruce Jones & Garth Ennis; Pencils by Doug Braithwaite & John McCrea; collects Incredible Hulk #65-69 Vol. 2, and Hulk Smash #1 and #2.
• Incredible Hulk Vol. 8: Big Things Written Bruce Jones; Pencils by Mike Deodato, Jr.; collects Incredible Hulk #70-76 Vol. 2.
• Hulk: Tempest Fugit Written by Peter David; Penciled by Lee Weeks & Jae Lee; collects Incredible Hulk #77-82 Vol. 2.
• House Of M: Hulk Written by Peter David; Penciled by Jorge Lucas & Adam Kubert; collects Incredible Hulk #83-87 Vol. 2.
• Hulk: Planet Hulk Prelude Written by Daniel Way; Penciled by Keu Cha & Juan Santacruz; collects Incredible Hulk #88-91 Vol. 2.

Footnotes

1. Lee, Stan (1974). Origins of Marvel Comics. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 74. ISBN 0-671-21864-6.
2. ^ Lee, Stan (1974). Origins of Marvel Comics. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 75. ISBN 0-671-21864-6.
3. ^ Lee, Stan (1974). Origins of Marvel Comics. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 76. ISBN 0-671-21864-6.
4. Comics Buyer's Guide #1617 (June 2006)
5. ^ Lee, Stan (w), Kirby, Jack (p), Reinman, Paul (i). "The Coming of The Hulk!" The Incredible Hulk, no. 1 (May 1962). Marvel Comics. Cite error: The named reference "Hulk1" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
6. ^ DeFalco, Tom (2003). The Hulk: the incredible guide. London: DK Publishing. ISBN 0=7894-9260-1. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help) Cite error: The named reference "HulkTIG" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
7. ^ Greenberg, Glenn (1996). Hulk: Transformations. New York: Marvel Comics. pp. Gamma Gram 1. ISBN 0-7851-0262-0.
8. ^ Weinstein, Simcha (2006). Up, Up, and Oy Vey!. Baltimore, Maryland: Leviathan Press. pp. 82–97. ISBN 1-881927-32-6.
9. Serwin, Andy (2007-07-23). "The Wizard Retrospective: Mike Mignola". Wizard Magazine. Wizard Entertainment Group. Retrieved 2007-11-13. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
10. Taylor, Robert (2006-08-03). "Greg Goes Wild on Planet Pak". Wizard Magazine. Wizard Entertainment Group. Retrieved 2007-11-15. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
11. The Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators: Hulk (II) (1999-2000)
12. Michael Thomas (August 22 2000). "John Byrne: The Hidden Answers". Retrieved 2007-11-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |year= (help); Unknown parameter |Publisher= ignored (|publisher= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
13. The Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators: Incredible Hulk (III) (2000-2008)
14. The Incredible Hulk vol. 3, #13 (April 2000)
15. "Slight change of plan with Hulk". peterdavid.net. September 30, 2004. Retrieved 2007-11-05.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
16. The Incredible Hulk vol. 3, #81 (July 2005)
17. Peter David (July 18 2005). "My leaving "Hulk"". The Incredible Hulk Message Board. Retrieved 2005-08-28. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
18. ^ Kaplan, Arie (2006). Masters of the Comic Book Universe Revealed!. Chicago, Illinois: Chicago Review Press. p. 263. ISBN 1-55652-633-4.page 58
19. ^ Gresh, Lois (2002). The Science of Superheroes. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Son, Inc. p. 200. ISBN 0-471-46882-7. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)page=27
20. Daniels, Les (1991). Marvel: Five Fabulous Decades of the World's Greatest Comics. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. p. 287. ISBN 0-8109-2566-4. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
21. Avengers #1-2
22. Marvel Feature Vol. 1 #1-3
23. Tales to Astonish #60
24. Incredible Hulk Vol. 2 #272
25. Incredible Hulk Vol. 2 #295-300
26. Alpha Flight #28-29
27. Incredible Hulk Vol. 2 #315
28. Incredible Hulk Vol. 2 #319
29. Incredible Hulk Vol. 2 #323
30. Incredible Hulk Vol. 2 #347
31. Incredible Hulk Vol. 2 #372
32. Incredible Hulk Vol. 2 #382
33. The Incredible Hulk vol. 3, #109 (Oct. 2007)
34. The Incredible Hulk vol. 3, #33 (Dec. 2001); The Incredible Hulk vol. 2, #254 (Dec. 1980)
35. The Incredible Hulk vol. 2, #394 (June 1994)
36. Pisani, Joseph. "The Smartest Superheroes". BusinessWeek. Retrieved 2007-12-09. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
37. The Simpsons. "I Am Furious Yellow". 28 April, 2002.
38. Danny Smith (writer) (1999-04-18). "Chitty Chitty Death Bang". Family Guy. Season 1. Episode 3. Fox Broadcasting Company.
39. "The Young Ones: Summer Holiday (#2.6)" (1984)

References

• Marvel.com: Hulk
• Comic Book and Strip Service: Incredible Hulk, by Stan Lee
• Grand Comics Database
• The Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators

External links

• The 1982 Incredible Hulk Cartoon @ Toon Zone
• Comics Buyer's Guide Fan Awards
• Hulk Library
• Engine of Destruction
• Doug's Incredible Hulk Comic Page

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