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| {{Infobox Person | name =Annie Lee Moss | image =AnnieLeeMoss2.jpg | image_size =250px | caption =Annie Lee Moss testifying before ] on ], ] | birth_name = | birth_date = 1905 | birth_place = | death_date = 1996| death_place = | death_cause = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = | residence = | nationality = | other_names = | known_for = | education = | employer = | occupation = Communications clerk in the ]| title = | salary = | networth = | height = | weight = | term = | predecessor = | successor = | party = | boards = | religion = | spouse = | partner = | children = | parents = | relatives = | signature = | website = | footnotes = }} | {{Infobox Person | name =Annie Lee Moss | image =AnnieLeeMoss2.jpg | image_size =250px | caption =Annie Lee Moss testifying before ] on ], ] | birth_name = | birth_date = 1905 | birth_place = | death_date = 1996| death_place = | death_cause = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = | residence = | nationality = | other_names = | known_for = | education = | employer = | occupation = Communications clerk in the ]| title = | salary = | networth = | height = | weight = | term = | predecessor = | successor = | party = | boards = | religion = | spouse = | partner = | children = | parents = | relatives = | signature = | website = | footnotes = }} | ||
| '''Annie Lee Moss''' was a communications clerk in the ] in ] who was accused by ] ] of being a member of the ], and therefore a security risk. The highly publicized case was damaging to McCarthy's popularity and influence, although ironically many current scholars of the case now believe that Moss had in fact been a member of the Communist Party. | '''Annie Lee Moss''' was a communications clerk in the ] in ] who was accused by ] ] of being a member of the ], and therefore a security risk. <ref name=mary>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Pointing the Way in the Hunt for Communists. |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/local/2000/markward070599.htm |quote=Mary Stalcup Markward appeared nervous as she made her way into the cramped hearing room on the morning of July 11, 1951. ... |publisher=] |date=Monday, ], ] |accessdate=2007-09-25 }}</ref> <ref name=nyt2>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=McCarthy Says Red Decodes Secrets, But Army Denies It. Senator Charges Woman Is Still In Key Job. She Says She Never Was Communist. ] Ex-Aide Testifies. Asserts Accused Was In Party. Pentagon Insists She Had No Access To Vital Room McCarthy Accuses Employee Of Army. |url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0E14FF3F5E107B93C6AB1789D85F408585F9&scp=1&sq=McCarthy+Says+Red+Decodes+Secrets%2C+But+Army+Denies+I&st=p |quote=], ], ]. Senator Joseph R. McCarthy engaged the Army today in another verbal duel over an alleged Communist in the Pentagon's Signal Corps communications center. ... |publisher=] |date=], ] |accessdate=2007-09-25 }}</ref> The highly publicized case was damaging to McCarthy's popularity and influence, although ironically many current scholars of the case now believe that Moss had in fact been a member of the Communist Party. | ||
| ==Career== | ==Career== | ||
| Line 14: | Line 14: | ||
| ==Charges, appearance before McCarthy== | ==Charges, appearance before McCarthy== | ||
| In September 1951, the ] notified the General Accounting Office that they had evidence that Moss had been a member of the Communist Party in the mid-1940s, but at that time the army did not reopen the case. This evidence came from ], who, working as an informant for the FBI, had joined the Communist Party from 1943 to 1949. Markward held such positions as membership director and treasurer for the Party. She reported regularly to the FBI, gave them copies of party documents, membership lists, and detailed accounts of meetings and activities.<ref>{{Harv|Friedman|2007|p=459}}</ref> In February 1954, Markward testified before the ]. Although she could not and identify Moss personally, she testified that she had seen Annie Lee Moss's name and address on the Communist Party’s membership rolls in 1944.<ref>{{Harv|Ritchie|2003|p=XIV}}</ref><ref> | In September 1951, the ] notified the General Accounting Office that they had evidence that Moss had been a member of the Communist Party in the mid-1940s, but at that time the army did not reopen the case. This evidence came from ], who, working as an informant for the FBI, had joined the Communist Party from 1943 to 1949. Markward held such positions as membership director and treasurer for the Party. She reported regularly to the FBI, gave them copies of party documents, membership lists, and detailed accounts of meetings and activities.<ref>{{Harv|Friedman|2007|p=459}}</ref> <ref name=mary/> In February 1954, Markward testified before the ]. Although she could not and identify Moss personally, she testified that she had seen Annie Lee Moss's name and address on the Communist Party’s membership rolls in 1944.<ref>{{Harv|Ritchie|2003|p=XIV}}</ref> She was charged with being card number 37269 in the ], saying she was issued the card in 1943. <ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Mrs. Moss Is Accused As Card-Carrying Red. |url=http://query.nytimes.com/search/query?frow=0&n=10&srcht=s&daterange=period&query=Mrs.+Moss+Is+Accused+As+Card-Carrying+Red&srchst=p&submit.x=19&submit.y=12&submit=sub&hdlquery=&bylquery=&mon1=09&day1=18&year1=1851&mon2=12&day2=31&year2=1980 |quote=], ], ] (]) A report that Annie Lee Moss was given a Communist party membership book for 1943 resulted in her suspension for a second time from her job with the Army Signal Corps. |publisher=] |date=], ] |accessdate=2007-09-25 }}</ref> | ||
| {{cite news | |||
| |title=McCarthy Says Red Decodes Secrets, But Army Denies It. | |||
| |url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0E14FF3F5E107B93C6AB1789D85F408585F9&scp=1&sq=McCarthy+Says+Red+Decodes+Secrets%2C+But+Army+Denies+I&st=p | |||
| |publisher=] |date=], ] |accessdate=2007-09-25 }}</ref><ref> | |||
| {{cite news | |||
| |title=Pointing the Way in the Hunt for Communists. | |||
| |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/local/2000/markward070599.htm | |||
| |publisher=] |date=Monday, ], ] |accessdate=2007-09-25 }}</ref> | |||
| At this point Moss came to the attention of Senator ]. McCarthy, in his capacity as chairman of the ], was then looking into charges of Communist infiltration of the army, specifically at the Army Signal Corps laboratories at ]. | At this point Moss came to the attention of Senator ]. McCarthy, in his capacity as chairman of the ], was then looking into charges of Communist infiltration of the army, specifically at the Army Signal Corps laboratories at ].<ref name=nyt2/> | ||
| Moss and her attorney, ], appeared before McCarthy's committee on ], ], at a session that was open to the public. McCarthy had made headlines with the case, claiming that Moss was "handling the encoding and decoding of confidential and top-secret messages..."<ref>{{Harv|Reeves|1982|p=549}}</ref> This was incorrect, as the army pointed out: Moss handled only unreadable, encrypted messages, and had no access to the Pentagon code room.<ref>{{Harv|Reeves|1982|p=549}}</ref> | Moss and her attorney, ], appeared before McCarthy's committee on ], ], at a session that was open to the public. McCarthy had made headlines with the case, claiming that Moss was "handling the encoding and decoding of confidential and top-secret messages..."<ref>{{Harv|Reeves|1982|p=549}}</ref> This was incorrect, as the army pointed out: Moss handled only unreadable, encrypted messages, and had no access to the Pentagon code room.<ref>{{Harv|Reeves|1982|p=549}}</ref> | ||
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| Chairman ] ruled that Cohn's comments be stricken from the record. McClellan responded: "You ''can't'' strike these statements made by counsel here as to evidence that we're having and withholding. You ''cannot'' strike that from the press or from the public mind. That's the -- that is the -- ''evil'' of it. It is ''not'' sworn testimony. It is convicting people by rumor and hearsay and innuendo."<ref>{{Harv|Doherty|2005|p=183}}</ref> As had happened several times already, loud applause erupted from the spectators. | Chairman ] ruled that Cohn's comments be stricken from the record. McClellan responded: "You ''can't'' strike these statements made by counsel here as to evidence that we're having and withholding. You ''cannot'' strike that from the press or from the public mind. That's the -- that is the -- ''evil'' of it. It is ''not'' sworn testimony. It is convicting people by rumor and hearsay and innuendo."<ref>{{Harv|Doherty|2005|p=183}}</ref> As had happened several times already, loud applause erupted from the spectators. | ||
| Senator ] then suggested that, as with Rob Hall, the case against Moss might be a matter of mistaken identity. Moss immediately agreed, saying there were three women named 'Annie Lee Moss's in Washington D.C.<ref>Although Washington city directories from the time list several women with names similar to Moss's, they show only one "Annie Lee Moss".{{Harv|Friedman|2007|p= 461}}</ref> | Senator ] then suggested that, as with Rob Hall, the case against Moss might be a matter of mistaken identity. Moss immediately agreed, saying there were three women named 'Annie Lee Moss's in Washington D.C.<ref>Although Washington city directories from the time list several women with names similar to Moss's, they show only one "Annie Lee Moss".{{Harv|Friedman|2007|p= 461}}</ref> <ref> The ] ] for ], lists an "Annie K. Moss" born in ], wife of Otto Moss. There is also an "]" born in ], wife of Benjamin Moss.</ref> | ||
| Symington said, "I may be sticking my neck out and I may be wrong, but I've been listening to you testify this afternoon and I think you're telling the truth."<ref>{{Harv|Doherty|2005|p=183}}</ref> Again there was loud and prolonged applause. | Symington said, "I may be sticking my neck out and I may be wrong, but I've been listening to you testify this afternoon and I think you're telling the truth."<ref>{{Harv|Doherty|2005|p=183}}</ref> Again there was loud and prolonged applause. | ||
Revision as of 02:27, 12 March 2008
| Annie Lee Moss | |
|---|---|
 Annie Lee Moss testifying before Joseph McCarthy on March 12, 1954 | |
| Born | 1905 |
| Died | 1996 |
| Occupation | Communications clerk in the US Army Signal Corps |
Annie Lee Moss was a communications clerk in the US Army Signal Corps in the Pentagon who was accused by United States Senator Joseph McCarthy of being a member of the American Communist Party, and therefore a security risk. The highly publicized case was damaging to McCarthy's popularity and influence, although ironically many current scholars of the case now believe that Moss had in fact been a member of the Communist Party.
Career
Moss began her career in the Federal government as a dessert cook in government cafeterias. In 1945, she moved to a job as a clerk in the General Accounting Office and in 1949 secured a civil service position as an Army Signal Corps communications clerk at the Pentagon. A widowed mother, Moss had steadily improved her position since moving to Washington in the early 1940s. She bought a home in 1950 and by 1954 had an annual income of $3,300 a year, well above the median for black women at the time.
In accordance with a loyalty review program introduced by President Harry S. Truman in 1947, Moss was investigated by the loyalty board of the General Accounting Office in October 1949. The next year, when Moss was promoted to communications clerk at the Pentagon, she was reinvestigated by the Army’s Loyalty-Security Screening Board. The result of this investigation was that Moss was suspended from her position with the recommendation that she be discharged. She appealed this decision and was cleared by the Army board in January 1951.
Charges, appearance before McCarthy
In September 1951, the FBI notified the General Accounting Office that they had evidence that Moss had been a member of the Communist Party in the mid-1940s, but at that time the army did not reopen the case. This evidence came from Mary Stalcup Markward, who, working as an informant for the FBI, had joined the Communist Party from 1943 to 1949. Markward held such positions as membership director and treasurer for the Party. She reported regularly to the FBI, gave them copies of party documents, membership lists, and detailed accounts of meetings and activities. In February 1954, Markward testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee. Although she could not and identify Moss personally, she testified that she had seen Annie Lee Moss's name and address on the Communist Party’s membership rolls in 1944. She was charged with being card number 37269 in the American Communist Party, saying she was issued the card in 1943.
At this point Moss came to the attention of Senator Joseph McCarthy. McCarthy, in his capacity as chairman of the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, was then looking into charges of Communist infiltration of the army, specifically at the Army Signal Corps laboratories at Fort Monmouth.
Moss and her attorney, George E. C. Hayes, appeared before McCarthy's committee on March 11, 1954, at a session that was open to the public. McCarthy had made headlines with the case, claiming that Moss was "handling the encoding and decoding of confidential and top-secret messages..." This was incorrect, as the army pointed out: Moss handled only unreadable, encrypted messages, and had no access to the Pentagon code room.
McCarthy left the hearing room shortly after Moss's testimony began, leaving his chief counsel Roy Cohn to handle the rest of the questioning. Moss was a small, soft-spoken and seemingly timid woman who appeared to be a far cry from the intellectuals and political activists who were usually the target of McCarthy's investigations. She stated that she rarely read newspapers and hadn't even heard of Communism until 1948. She had difficulty with multi-syllable words when asked to read a document before the committee, and responded "Who's that?" when asked if she knew who Karl Marx was. She denied the charges, saying "Never at any time have I been a member of the Communist Party and I have never seen a Communist Party card," and "I didn't subscribe to the Daily Worker and I wouldn't pay for it."
Cohn's examination of Moss quickly ran into difficulty. After he noted that a "Communist activist" named Rob Hall was known to have visited Moss's home, it was pointed out (by Robert Kennedy, then the minority counsel for the committee) that there were two Rob Halls in Washington: a known Communist, who was white, and a union organizer, who was African-American. Moss said that the Rob Hall she knew was "a man of about my complexion." As the hearing proceeded, it became clear that both the senators and the spectators were favoring Moss over Cohn and McCarthy. When Cohn asserted that he had corroboration of Markward's testimony from a confidential source, Senator John McClellan rebuked him for alluding to evidence he wasn't actually presenting. Chairman Karl Mundt ruled that Cohn's comments be stricken from the record. McClellan responded: "You can't strike these statements made by counsel here as to evidence that we're having and withholding. You cannot strike that from the press or from the public mind. That's the -- that is the -- evil of it. It is not sworn testimony. It is convicting people by rumor and hearsay and innuendo." As had happened several times already, loud applause erupted from the spectators.
Senator Stuart Symington then suggested that, as with Rob Hall, the case against Moss might be a matter of mistaken identity. Moss immediately agreed, saying there were three women named 'Annie Lee Moss's in Washington D.C. Symington said, "I may be sticking my neck out and I may be wrong, but I've been listening to you testify this afternoon and I think you're telling the truth." Again there was loud and prolonged applause.
See It Now and other coverage
A cameraman from Edward R. Murrow's television show See It Now had filmed the Moss hearing, and the case was the subject of the episode broadcast on March 16, 1954. The previous week's show had been Murrow's famous "A Report on Senator Joseph R. McCarthy" broadcast, which was deeply critical of McCarthy (and the subject of the the 2005 film Good Night, and Good Luck). Murrow opened the Annie Lee Moss show saying it would present a "little picture about a little woman", and closed it with a sound recording of a speech by Dwight D. Eisenhower in which the President praised the right of Americans to "meet your accuser face to face". The public's response to both shows was highly favorable, and because of them Murrow is widely credited with contributing to the eventual downfall of McCarthy. Support for Moss and criticism of McCarthy was widespread. In one of the more famous quotations from the McCarthy era, John Crosby wrote in the New York Herald Tribune, "The American People fought a revolution to defend, among other things, the right of Annie Lee Moss to earn a living, and Senator McCarthy now decided she has no such right." Reporting on public opinion in McCarthy's home state, Drew Pearson wrote, "Wisconsin folks saw her as a nice old colored lady who wasn't harming anyone and they didn't like their senator picking on her."
Aftermath of the hearing
McCarthy's popularity was on the wane at the time of the Moss hearing, and the publicity around the case accelerated this. He would soon be embroiled in the Army-McCarthy Hearings which also significantly eroded standing with the public and in the Senate. In December of 1954 he was censured by the Senate, and spent the rest of his career in relative obscurity. He died in 1957.
Moss had been suspended from her position when McCarthy announced his interest in the case. In January 1955 she was rehired to a non-sensitive position in the army's finance and accounts office, and she remained an army clerk until her retirement in 1975 at age sixty-nine. She died in 1996.
Later evidence against Moss
Since Markward’s information included an address for Annie Lee Moss, and Moss confirmed this address in her testimony, the possibility of mistaken identity was never a very realistic one. In 1958 the Subversive Activities Control Board investigated a related case and confirmed Markward’s testimony that Moss’s name and address had appeared on the Communist party rolls in the mid-1940s. Several sources have reported this as "proving" that Moss had been a Communist. More substantive is the evidence contained in Moss's FBI file, some of which which wasn't revealed until the file was released through a Freedom of Information Act request. Andrea Friedman describes this evidence as "perhaps a dozen pieces of paper—included a list of 'party recruits' that identified Moss by name, race, age, and occupation; membership lists from two Communist party branches, the Communist Political Association, and various ad hoc committees containing Moss’s name and address, as well as the number of her Communist Party membership book; and receipt records from 1945 for Daily Worker subscriptions." Freedman concludes that Moss was probably a "casual recruit to the Communist Party, attracted by its social and economic justice politics."
Current views
Among some revisionist authors, the evidence of Moss's Communist Party membership has been used as part of an attempted vindication of McCarthy. Historians with a mainstream view of McCarthy have placed little importance on the issue of Moss's guilt. While some have noted it as showing laxity on the part of the army's security review board, it is not seen as having much bearing on the overall picture of McCarthy and his methods.
See also
References and notes
- ^ "Pointing the Way in the Hunt for Communists". The Washington Post. Monday, July 5, 1999. Retrieved 2007-09-25.
Mary Stalcup Markward appeared nervous as she made her way into the cramped hearing room on the morning of July 11, 1951. ...
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ "McCarthy Says Red Decodes Secrets, But Army Denies It. Senator Charges Woman Is Still In Key Job. She Says She Never Was Communist. [[FBI]] Ex-Aide Testifies. Asserts Accused Was In Party. Pentagon Insists She Had No Access To Vital Room McCarthy Accuses Employee Of Army". The New York Times. February 24, 1954. Retrieved 2007-09-25.
Washington, D.C., February 24, 1954. Senator Joseph R. McCarthy engaged the Army today in another verbal duel over an alleged Communist in the Pentagon's Signal Corps communications center. ...
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help); URL–wikilink conflict (help) - "Committee v. Chairman". Time (magazine). March 22, 1954. Retrieved 2007-10-15.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - (Friedman 2007, p. 447)
- (Ritchie 2003, p. XV)
- (Ritchie 2003, p. XV)
- (Friedman 2007, p. 459)
- (Ritchie 2003, p. XIV)
- "Mrs. Moss Is Accused As Card-Carrying Red". The New York Times. August 6, 1954. Retrieved 2007-09-25.
Washington, D.C., August 5, 1954 (Associated Press) A report that Annie Lee Moss was given a Communist party membership book for 1943 resulted in her suspension for a second time from her job with the Army Signal Corps.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - (Reeves 1982, p. 549)
- (Reeves 1982, p. 549)
- (Doherty 2005, p. 181)
- Cohn was probably referring to evidence taken by illegal break-in to offices of the Communist Party; the FBI commonly acquired evidence by such means, though it was legally inadmissible. Evans, M. Stanton (2007), Blacklisted by History: The Untold Story of Senator Joe McCarthy and His Fight Against America's Enemies, Crown Forum, p. 532, ISBN 9781400081059
- (Doherty 2005, p. 183)
- Although Washington city directories from the time list several women with names similar to Moss's, they show only one "Annie Lee Moss".(Friedman 2007, p. 461)
- The 1930 United States Census for Washington, D.C., lists an "Annie K. Moss" born in 1891, wife of Otto Moss. There is also an "Anna M. Moss (1909-2006) of Connecticut Avenue" born in 1909, wife of Benjamin Moss.
- (Doherty 2005, p. 183)
- (Reeves 1982, p. 569)
- (Herman 2005, pp. 335–336) harv error: no target: CITEREFHerman2005 (help)
- (Herman 2005, pp. 335–336) harv error: no target: CITEREFHerman2005 (help)
- (Doherty 2005, p. 184)
- (Reeves 1982, p. 549)
- (Oshinsky 2005, p. 403)
- (Friedman 2007, p. 467)
- (Friedman 2007, p. 451)
- See Arthur Herman, Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America's Most Hated Senator,
M. Stanton Evans, Blacklisted by History: The Untold Story of Senator Joe McCarthy and His Fight Against America's Enemies, and
Ann Coulter, Treason: Liberal Treachery from the Cold War to the War on Terrorism. - (Oshinsky 2005, p. 403) notes that it was "clearly not a case of mistaken identity," but does so in a footnote. (Friedman 2007) refers to Moss's "probable" Communist Party membership as one of the "ironies" of the episode. (Doherty 2005, p. 184), though not a defender of McCarthy, writes with amusement that Moss "donned a Sambo mask" to fool the gullible Democratic committee members.
- Ritchie, Donald (2003), S. Prt. 107-84 – Executive Sessions of the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations (McCarthy Hearings, 1953-54) (PDF)
{{citation}}: Unknown parameter|Publisher=ignored (|publisher=suggested) (help)
- Friedman, Andrea (2007), The Strange Career of Annie Lee Moss: Rethinking Race, Gender, and McCarthyism, vol. 94, The Journal of American History
- Oshinsky, David M. (2005), A Conspiracy So Immense: The World of Joe McCarthy, vol. 94, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-515424-X
- Doherty, Thomas (2005), Cold War, Cool Medium: Television, McCarthyism, and American Culture, Columbia University Press, ISBN 0-231-12953-X
- Reeves, Thomas C. (1982), The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy: A Biography, Madison Books, ISBN 1-56833-101-0
- Herman, Arthur (2000), Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America's Most Hated Senator, Free Press, ISBN 0-684-83625-4