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The '''Ancient Macedonian language''' (provisional ISO-DIS 639-3.5 XMK) was |
The '''Ancient Macedonian language''' (provisional ISO-DIS 639-3.5 XMK) was a Greek dialect and was tongue of the ]. It was spoken especially in the inland regions of ], away from the coast, during the ], surviving into the early centuries of the ]. | ||
Our knowledge of the language is very limited because there are no surviving Macedonian texts, though a body of authentic Macedonian words has been assembled from ancient sources, mainly from coin inscriptions, and from the ] lexicon of ], amounting to about 700 words and proper names. Most of these are confidently identifiable as Greek, but some of them are not easily reconciled with standard Greek phonology. | Our knowledge of the language is very limited because there are no surviving Macedonian texts, though a body of authentic Macedonian words has been assembled from ancient sources, mainly from coin inscriptions, and from the ] Greek lexicon of ], amounting to about 700 words and proper names. Most of these are confidently identifiable as Greek, but some of them are not easily reconciled with standard Greek phonology. | ||
The ], a ] text found in ] in ], dated to between the ] and ] centuries BC, has been forwarded as an argument that Doric Greek was spoken by the general populace of Macedon in that time. | |||
==Properties== | ==Properties== | ||
Only little about the language can be said from the few words that survive. A notable sound-law is that ] voiced aspirates appear as voiced stops, written β, γ, δ, in contrast to all known Greek dialects, which have unvoiced them, φ, χ, θ. | Only little about the language can be said from the few words that survive. A notable sound-law is that ] voiced aspirates appear as voiced stops, written β, γ, δ, in contrast to all known Greek dialects, which have unvoiced them, φ, χ, θ. | ||
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*According to ] 7.73 (ca. ]), the Macedonians claimed that the '']'' were called ''Briges'' before they migrated from ] to ] (around ]). | *According to ] 7.73 (ca. ]), the Macedonians claimed that the '']'' were called ''Briges'' before they migrated from ] to ] (around ]). | ||
The same treatment is known from other ], e.g. ] ''bekos'' "bread", ] ''bagaron'' "warm", but Attic ''phōgō'' "roast", all from PIE ''*bheh<sub>3</sub>g''. |
The same treatment is known from other ], e.g. ] ''bekos'' "bread", ] ''bagaron'' "warm", but Attic ''phōgō'' "roast", all from PIE ''*bheh<sub>3</sub>g''. | ||
If ''gotan'' "pig" is related to ''*gwou'' "cattle", this would indicate that the ] were either intact, or merged with the velars, unlike the Greek treatment (Attic ''bous''). Compare in this context Doric (Spartan) ''glep-'' for common Greek ''blep-'' (v. Blumenthal 1930:21). | If ''gotan'' "pig" is related to ''*gwou'' "cattle", this would indicate that the ] were either intact, or merged with the velars, unlike the Greek treatment (Attic ''bous''). Compare in this context Doric (Spartan) ''glep-'' for common Greek ''blep-'' (v. Blumenthal 1930:21). | ||
''kanadoi'' "jaws" PIE ''*genu'' and ''kombous'' "molars" PIE ''*gombh'' suggest that voiced stops were devoiced, at least word-initially. | ''kanadoi'' "jaws" PIE ''*genu'' and ''kombous'' "molars" PIE ''*gombh'' suggest that voiced stops were devoiced, at least word-initially. | ||
==Classification== | |||
Due to the fragmentary attestation widely diverging interpretations are possible. The suggested historical interpretations of Macedonian include (Mallory and Adams (]), p. 361): | |||
*a Greek dialect mixed with ]. | |||
*a Greek dialect mixed with Illyrian and the ]. | |||
*a Greek dialect with a non-Indo-European substratal influence | |||
*an Illyrian dialect mixed with Greek | |||
*an independent Indo-European language close to Greek, Thracian and ]s. | |||
The discussion is closely related to the reconstruction of the ]. | |||
===Graeco-Macedonian Group=== | |||
Some linguists consider that the Macedonian tongue was a sibling language to all the Ancient Greek dialects, and not simply a Greek dialect. If this view is correct, then Macedonian and Greek would be the two subbranches of a group within Indo-European, forming a Graeco-Macedonian group, sometimes also referred to as '''Hellenic''' group. This terminology may lead to misunderstandings, since the "Hellenic branch of Indo-European" is also used synonymously with the Greek branch (which contains all ancient and modern Greek dialects) in a narrower sense ( being a proponent of this theory.) | |||
A number of the Macedonian words, particularly in Hesychius' lexicon, are disputed (i.e., some do not consider them actual Macedonian words) and some may have been corrupted in the transmission. Thus abroutes, may be read as abrou{{polytonic|Ϝ}}es (αβρουϝες) , with tau (t) replacing a ]. If so, this word would perhaps be encompassable within a Greek dialect; yet others (notably, ]) see the dental as authentic and think that the word belongs to an Indo-European language different from Greek. | |||
===Ancient Greek dialect=== | |||
An opposing school of thought maintains that Macedonian was a Greek dialect. Those who favour a purely Greek nature of Macedonian as a northern Greek dialect are numerous and include early scholars like ] (]) and O. Hoffmann (]). A recent proponent of this school was Professor Olivier Masson, who in his article on the ancient Macedonian language in the third edition of the ] (]) tentatively suggested that Macedonian was related to ] dialects: | |||
:''In our view the Greek character of most names is obvious and it is difficult to think of a Hellenization due to wholesale borrowing The small minority of names which do not look Greek may be due to a substratum or adstatum influences (as elsewhere in Greece).Macedonian may then be seen as a Greek dialect, characterized by its marginal position and by local pronunciations. Yet in contrast with earlier views which made of it an ] we must by now think of a link with North-West Greek We must wait for new discoveries, but we may tentatively conclude that Macedonian is a dialect related to North-West Greek.'' | |||
The view that Macedonian was merely a Greek dialect is less accepted among current linguists but the slender evidence is open to different interpretations, so that no definitive answer is really possible. It is plausible that the Ancient Macedonian was not an Ancient Greek dialect on a par with ] or ], hence the designation that is sometimes used, calling it a "deviant Greek dialect." | |||
===Independent Palaeo-Balkan language=== | |||
Some linguists consider that the Macedonian tongue was not only a separate language, but that it pertained to a different Indo-European branch rather than to a Hellenic (or Graeco-Macedonian) branch, and they believe that it was not especially close to Greek. They reject the strong Greek affiliation of Macedonian and prefer to treat it as an Indo-European language of the ], located geographically and linguistically between Illyrian in the west and Thracian in the east. | |||
The ancient Macedonian lexical stock reveals some words that do not have cognates in Greek, but do have in other Indo-European languages. E. g. Macedonian ''goda'' "]s", from ] ''*gudom'' (] ''guda-''). There are also some words that do not have cognates in any other language, and may be of ] origin. | |||
===Classical sources=== | |||
''See main article ].'' | |||
There are some classical references that have led a number of scholars to believe that some ancient Greeks viewed the ancient Macedonians as a non-Hellenic tribe, though other scholars maintain that the Macedonians were a Hellenic tribe. Among the references that may indicate that Macedonian was a Greek dialect, there is the dialogue between an Athenian and a Macedonian in an extant fragment of the ] comedy 'Macedonians' by the Athenian poet ], where the Macedonian speech is clearly presented as a form of Greek. | |||
==Adoption of the Attic dialect== | |||
As southern Greek influence waxed, Macedonians increasingly began to adopt the ] as their tongue, and over the centuries, Ancient Macedonian fell out of favor and became relegated to the remote inland areas. Eventually, Attic Greek supplanted it entirely, and the Ancient Macedonian became extinct during the first few centuries of the Common Era. Exactly when its final traces disappeared is unknown and perhaps impossible to determine, since the tongue may at the end have survived only among a few individuals (compare the similar fate of the ]). | |||
==Sample glossary== | ==Sample glossary== | ||
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== External links == | == External links == | ||
* (Ohio State University) | * (Ohio State University) | ||
* | * |
Revision as of 18:19, 29 July 2005
The Ancient Macedonian language (provisional ISO-DIS 639-3.5 XMK) was a Greek dialect and was tongue of the Ancient Macedonians. It was spoken especially in the inland regions of Macedon, away from the coast, during the 1st millennium BC, surviving into the early centuries of the Common Era.
Our knowledge of the language is very limited because there are no surviving Macedonian texts, though a body of authentic Macedonian words has been assembled from ancient sources, mainly from coin inscriptions, and from the 5th century Greek lexicon of Hesychius of Alexandria, amounting to about 700 words and proper names. Most of these are confidently identifiable as Greek, but some of them are not easily reconciled with standard Greek phonology.
Properties
Only little about the language can be said from the few words that survive. A notable sound-law is that PIE voiced aspirates appear as voiced stops, written β, γ, δ, in contrast to all known Greek dialects, which have unvoiced them, φ, χ, θ.
- Macedonian danos (δανος) ("death", from PIE *dhenh2 "to leave"), compared to Greek thanos (θανος).
- Macedonian abroutes (αβρουτες) as opposed to Greek ophroues (οφρουες) for eyebrows
- Macedonian Berenike (Βερενικη) vs. Greek *Pherenike (Φερενικη) "bearing victory"
- adraia "bright weather", Attic αἰθρία, from PIE *aidh-
- baskioi "fasces", PIE *bhasko
- According to Hdt. 7.73 (ca. 440 BC), the Macedonians claimed that the Phruges were called Briges before they migrated from Thrace to Anatolia (around 1200 BC).
The same treatment is known from other Paleo Balkan languages, e.g. Phrygian bekos "bread", Illyrian bagaron "warm", but Attic phōgō "roast", all from PIE *bheh3g.
If gotan "pig" is related to *gwou "cattle", this would indicate that the labiovelars were either intact, or merged with the velars, unlike the Greek treatment (Attic bous). Compare in this context Doric (Spartan) glep- for common Greek blep- (v. Blumenthal 1930:21).
kanadoi "jaws" PIE *genu and kombous "molars" PIE *gombh suggest that voiced stops were devoiced, at least word-initially.
Sample glossary
- Template:Polytonic ábagna 'roses' (Hes. Attic Template:Polytonic; perhaps Doric Template:Polytonic abós 'young, luxuriant' + Template:Polytonic hagnós 'pure, chaste, unsullied')
- Template:Polytonic abarý 'oregano' (Hes. Template:Polytonic oríganon, perhaps Attic prefix Template:Polytonic a 'not' + Template:Polytonic barý 'heavy')
- Template:Polytonic or Template:Polytonic abroûtes or abroûwes 'eyebrows' (Hes. Attic Template:Polytonic ophrûs acc. pl., Template:Polytonic ophrúes nom., PIE *bhru-)
- Template:Polytonic ágēma, 'vanguard, guards' (Hes. Attic Template:Polytonic ágēma, PIE *ag-)
- Template:Polytonic agkalís 'weight, burden, load' or 'sickle' (Hes. Attic Template:Polytonic ákhthos or Template:Polytonic drépanon, LSJ Attic Template:Polytonic agkalís 'bundle', or in pl. Template:Polytonic agkálai 'arms' (body parts), Template:Polytonic ágkalos 'armful, bundle', Template:Polytonic agkálē 'the bent arm' or 'anything closely enfolding', as the arms of the sea, PIE *ank 'to bend')
- Template:Polytonic adē 'clear sky' or 'the upper air' (Hes. Template:Polytonic ouranós 'sky', LSJ and Pokorny Attic Template:Polytonic aithēr 'ether, the upper, purer air', hence 'clear sky, heaven')
- Template:Polytonic ádis 'hearth' (Hes. Template:Polytonic eskhára, LSJ Attic Template:Polytonic aîthos 'fire, burning heat')
- Template:Polytonic ádraia 'fine weather, open sky' (Hes. Attic Template:Polytonic aithría, PIE *aidh-)
- Template:Polytonic akrounoí 'boundary stones' nom. pl. (Hes. Template:Polytonic hóroi, LSJ Attic Template:Polytonic ákros 'at the end or extremity', from Template:Polytonic akē 'point, edge', PIE *ak 'summit, point' or 'sharp')
- Template:Polytonic alíē 'manure'
- Template:Polytonic áliza (also alixa) 'alder' (Hes. Attic Template:Polytonic leúkē 'poplar', perhaps Pokorny Attic Template:Polytonic elátē 'fir, spruce', PIE *ol-, *el-)
- Template:Polytonic amalē 'gentle' fem. (LSJ Template:Polytonic, Attic Template:Polytonic, Template:Polytonic hamalē, hapalē)
- Template:Polytonic áxos 'timber' (Hes. Attic Template:Polytonic húlē)
- Template:Polytonic aortes, 'swordsman' (Hes. ξιφιστής; Homer ἄορ, sword; Attic Template:Polytonic, swordstrap; Modern Greek αορτήρ, riflestrap; hence Aorta)
- Template:Polytonic árgella 'bathing hut' (LSJ Greek of Magna Graecia and Pokorny Cimmerian Template:Polytonic árgilla 'subterranean dwelling', Old Indian argala-ḥ, argalā 'latch, bolt', PIE *areg-, hence Romanian argea (pl. argele), 'wooden construction', Albanian ragal 'cabin')
- Template:Polytonic argiópous 'eagle' (LSJ Attic Template:Polytonic argípous 'swift- or white-footed', PIE *hrg'i-pods < PIE *arg + PIE *ped)
- Template:Polytonic arkón 'leisure, idleness' (LSJ Attic Template:Polytonic argós 'lazy, idle' nom. sing., Template:Polytonic acc.)
- Template:Polytonic áspilos 'torrent' (Hes. Template:Polytonic kheímarrhos, Attic Template:Polytonic áspilos 'without stain, spotless, pure')
- Template:Polytonic báskioi 'fasces' (Hes. Attic Template:Polytonic desmoì phrūgánōn, Pokorny Macedonian Template:Polytonic baskeutaí, Attic Template:Polytonic phaskídes, perhaps Attic Template:Polytonic pháskōlos 'leather sack', PIE *bhasko-)
- Template:Polytonic gotán 'pig' acc. sing. (PIE *gwou- 'cattle', Hes. Attic Template:Polytonic hûn 'swine')
- Template:Polytonic grábion 'torch' (PIE *grabh-, 'hornbeam', Umbrian Grabovius an oak-god, etymologically linked by LSJ and Pokorny to Attic Template:Polytonic kráb(b)atos 'couch, bed', Latin grabātus - which LSJ derives from Macedonian - hence modern Greek κρεβάτι kreváti 'bed')
- Template:Polytonic danós 'death', Template:Polytonic danōn 'murderer' (Hes. Attic thánatos Template:Polytonic 'death', from root Template:Polytonic than-)
- Template:Polytonic dárullos 'oak' (Hes. Attic Template:Polytonic drûs, PIE *doru-)
- Template:Polytonic etaîroi 'comrades' nom. pl. (Attic Template:Polytonic hetaîroi, PIE *swe-t-aro < suffixed form of *swe)
- Template:Polytonic ílax 'the holm-oak, evergreen or scarlet oak' (Hes. Attic Template:Polytonic prînos, Latin ilex)
- Template:Polytonic kalarrhugaí 'ditches, trenches' (Hes. Template:Polytonic - attributed to Amerias) -LSJ: Ambraciot word, acc. to Sch.Gen.Iliad 21.259 (in form kalarua).
- Template:Polytonic kánadoi 'jaws' nom. pl. (Attic Template:Polytonic gnáthoi, PIE *genu, 'jaw')
- Template:Polytonic kárabos 'gate, door' (Hes. Attic karabos 'meat roasted over coals'; Attic karabos 'stag-beetle'; 'crayfish'; 'light ship'; hence Modern Greek karavi)
- karabos 'the worms in dry wood' (Attic karabos, 'stag-beetle, horned beetle; crayfish')
- karabos 'a sea creature' (Attic karabos, 'a crayfish, a prickly crustacean; stag-beetle')
- Template:Polytonic kíerroi 'pale ones (?)' (Hes. Attic Template:Polytonic ōkhroi, PIE *k̂ik̂er- 'pea')
- Template:Polytonic klinótrokhon, according to Theophrastus a sort of maple of Stageira, Pokorny Attic Template:Polytonic gleînon), LSJ: γλῖνος or γλεῖνος, Cretan maple, Acer creticum, Thphr.HP3.3.1, 3.11.2.
- Template:Polytonic kómbous 'molars' acc. pl. (Attic Template:Polytonic gomphíous, dim. of Template:Polytonic gómphos 'a large, wedge-shaped bolt or nail; any bond or fastening', PIE *gombh-)
- Template:Polytonic lakedáma 'salt water with garlic', Hes.; according to v. Blumenthal (1930), -ama corresponds to Attic Template:Polytonic halmurós 'salty'; laked- is cognate to English leek, possibly related is Template:Polytonic Laked-aímōn, the name of the Spartans.
- Template:Polytonic leíbēthron 'stream' (Hes. Attic Template:Polytonic rheîthron, also Template:Polytonic libádion, 'a small stream', dim. of Template:Polytonic libás; PIE *lei, 'to flow'); note typical Greek productive suffix -θρον (-thron)
- Template:Polytonic Púdna, a toponym (Pokorny Attic Template:Polytonic puthmēn 'bottom, sole, base of a vessel'; PIE *bhudhnā; Greek πύνδαξ, pyndax, 'bottom of vessel')
- Template:Polytonic sárissa (also Template:Polytonic sarisa), a long pike used by the Macedonian phalanx (Theophrastus, Polybius; etymology unknown - v. Blumenthal (1930) reconstructs *skwrvi-entia- to a root for 'cut', but this is speculative; perhaps Attic Template:Polytonic saírō 'to show the teeth, grin like a dog', esp. in scorn or malice, also 'to sweep clean or away')
See also
References
- H. Ahrens De Graecae linguae dialectis, Goettingen, 1843.
- Albrecht von Blumenthal, Hesychstudien, Stuttgart, 1930.
- Edmonds, J.M. The Fragments of Attic Comedy, "Strattis, Passage 28". Leiden: Brill, 1957.
- Fasmer, M. The Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language. Moscow, 1986.
- S. Hornblower, A. Spawforth (Editors), The Oxford Classical Dictionary, revised 3rd ed., New York/London, Oxford University Press, 2003.
- O. Hoffmann Die Makedonen. Ihre Sprache und ihr Volkstum, Goettingen 1906
- Brian Joseph (1999), Ancient Greek in: J. Garry, C. Rubino, A. Faber, R. French (editors), Facts About the World's Languages: An Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages: Past and Present, New York/Dublin, H. W. Wilson Press, 2001
- Katcic, Ancient Languages of the Balkans, The Hague, Mouton (1976).
- J. P. Mallory, D. Q. Adams (edd.) Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, 1997.
- Olivier Masson, Sur la Notation Occasionnelle du Digamma Grec par d'Autres Consonnes et la Glose Macédonienne Abroutes, Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris, t. XC, 1995, p. 231-239.
- Neroznak, V. Paleo-Balkan languages, Moscow, 1978.
- Pokorny, Julius, Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, Bern, 1959.
Further reading
- G. Babiniotis Ancient Macedonian: The Place of Macedonian among the Greek Dialects in : A. M. Tamis (ed.), Macedonian Hellenism, Melbourne 1990, pp. 241-250
- C. Brixhe, A. Panayotou, Le Macédonien in: Langues indo-européennes, ed. Bader, Paris, 1994, 205–220.
- J. Chadwick The Prehistory of the Greek Language, Cambridge 1963
External links
- Graeco-Macedonian group (Ohio State University)
- Linguist List Hellenic tree
- Greek Language (Encyclopedia Britannica 1911 edition)