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| '''Experimental music''' is a term introduced by composer ] in 1955. Cage defined "an experimental action is one the outcome of which is unforeseen" and he was specifically interested in completed works that performed an ].<ref> | |||
| Cage 1973, 39, quoted and so interpreted in Mauceri 1997, 197.</ref> | |||
| In a broader sense, it has come to mean any ] that challenges the commonly accepted notions of ]. There is an overlap with ] music. ] describes experimental music as that, "which represents a refusal to accept the status quo" (Cope, 1997, p. 222) | |||
| ] (1974) uses the term "experimental" to describe the work of American modernist composers (], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], etc.) as opposed to the European avant-garde at the time (], ], ]). The "experiment" in this case is not whether a piece succeeds or fails, but is in the fact that the outcome of the piece is uncertain or unforeseeable (Cage 1961, 13). | |||
| According to David Nicholls, "...very generally, avant-garde music can be viewed as occupying an extreme position within the tradition, while experimental music lies outside it" (Nicholls 1998, 318). That tradition is the inheritance of common-practice Western art music, with its concern for increased technical complexity, historical inheritance, composer intention and other features. In general, and at least originally, experimental music took its inspiration from non-Western sources and from varying times. It may take its inspiration (directly in terms of generating systems) from other media; practitioners may or may not be professionals in the traditional sense of the word, although they may still be trained in their work and adept at it. | |||
| As with other edge forms that push the limits of a particular form of expression, there is little agreement as to the boundaries of experimental music, even amongst its practitioners. On the one hand, some experimental music is an extension of traditional music, adding unconventional instruments, modifications to instruments, noises, and other novelties to compositions. At the other extreme, there are performances that most listeners would not characterize as music at all. | |||
| While much discussion of experimental music centers on definitional issues and its validity as a musical form, the most frequently performed experimental music is entertaining and, at its best, can lead the listener to question core assumptions about the nature of music. | |||
| The term "experimental music" was used contemporaneously for electronic music, particularly in the early ] work of Schaeffer and Henry in France and in the Experimental Studios at the University of Illinois, run by Lejaren Hiller. "Experimental" electronic composition may be "experimental" in the sense used in Nyman (for instance, Cage, ''Cartridge Music'' or the early work of Alvin Lucier); it may also lie more comfortably with the avant garde. | |||
| ==Keywords== | |||
| '''] -''' | |||
| A term coined by ] and used by Boulez and other composers of the avant garde (in Europe) to refer to a strictly limited form of indeterminacy, also called "controlled chance". As this distinction was misunderstood, the term is often (and somewhat inaccurately) used interchangeably with, or in place of, "indeterminacy". | |||
| '''] -''' | |||
| Music which is written in the form of diagrams or drawings rather than using “conventional” notation (with staves, clefs, notes, etc). | |||
| '''] -''' | |||
| Related to 'chance music' (one of Cage's terms). Music in which the composer introduces the elements of chance or unpredictability with regard to either the composition or its performance. This term is used by experimental composers, performers and scholars working in experimental music in the United States, Britain, and in other countries influenced by Cagean aesthetics. | |||
| '''] -''' | |||
| Music that rejects the aesthetic as motivating force for the creation and pursuit of sound, using either the basic building blocks of orchestral composition (strict literalism) or sounds present at the site of performance (direct literalism) instead. | |||
| ''']s -''' | |||
| A pitch interval that is smaller than a semitone. This includes quarter tones and intervals even smaller. Composers have, for example, divided the octave into ], ], ], ], ], etc. microtones, either equally or unequally, and then used this scale as a basis for composition. | |||
| ==Techniques== | |||
| Some of the more common techniques include: | |||
| *'']s'': Any of a number of methods of performing on a ] that are unique, innovative, and sometimes regarded as improper. | |||
| :* "Prepared" instruments—ordinary instruments modified in their tuning or sound-producing characteristics. For example, guitar strings can have a weight attached at a certain point, changing their harmonic characteristics (] is one musician to have experimented with such techniques). Cage's ] was one of the first such instruments. | |||
| :* Unconventional playing techniques—for example, strings on a piano can be manipulated directly instead of being played the orthodox, keyboard-based way (an innovation of ]'s known as ]), a dozen or more piano keys may be depressed simultaneously with the forearm to produce a ] (another technique popularized by Cowell), or the tuning pegs on a guitar can be rotated while a note sounds (called a "tuner ]"). | |||
| * Incorporation of ]s, ]s, ]s or ]s from non-Western musical traditions. | |||
| * Use of sound sources other than conventional musical instruments such as trash cans, telephone ringers, and doors slamming. | |||
| * Playing with deliberate disregard for the ordinary musical controls (pitch, duration, volume). | |||
| * Use of 'radical' scores which serve as non-conventional written/graphic 'instructions' to be actively interpreted by the performer(s). Cage is credited with the original development of the radical score and this influence continued through other composers/artists such as ], ], ], and far beyond. | |||
| * Creating ] for enhancing the timbre of compositions and exploring new techniques or possibilities. | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ==Further reading== | |||
| * ]. 1980. "Musical Improvisation: Its Nature and Practice in Music". Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall; Ashbourne: Moorland. ISBN 0136070442. Second edition, London: British Library National Sound Archive, 1992. ISBN 0712305068 | |||
| * ]. 1985–1999. A periodical (no longer published) devoted to experimental music and instruments | |||
| * Holmes, Thomas B. 2002. ''Electronic and Experimental Music: Pioneers in Technology and Composition''. Second edition. London: Routledge. ISBN 0415936438 | |||
| * Smith Brindle, Reginald. 1975. {{Fact|date=June 2007}}<!--does this book have a title?--> pepr. 1986. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-315471-4 | |||
| * Sutherland, Roger, 1994. ''New Perspectives in Music''. London: Sun Tavern Fields. ISBN 0-951-7012-6-6 | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{reflist}} | |||
| ==Sources== | |||
| * ]. 1961. "Experimental Music" and "Experimental Music: Doctrine", in ''Silence: Lectures and Writings'', 7–12 and 13–17. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press. | |||
| * ]. 1973. ''Silence''. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press. | |||
| * Cope, David. 1997. ''Techniques of the Contemporary Composer''. New York, New York: Schirmer Books. ISBN 0-02-864737-8. | |||
| *Mauceri, Frank X. 1997. "From Experimental Music to Musical Experiment". ''Perspectives of New Music'' 35, no. 1 (Winter): 187-204. | |||
| * Nicholls, David. 1998. "Avant-garde and Experimental Music." In ''Cambridge History of American Music''. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521454298 | |||
| * Nyman, Michael. 1974. ''Experimental Music: Cage and Beyond''. New York: Schirmer Books. ISBN 0028712005. Second edition, Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999. ISBN 0521652979 | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| * - Experimental Music Catalogue has been publishing American and British experimental music scores and recordings since 1969. This site sponsors the Journal of Experimental Music Studies (JEMS), a peer-reviewed online journal devoted to experimental music. | |||
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