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| '''Organ harvesting in the People's Republic of China''' refers to the practise of removing, retaining ] and ] to be used in ] for Chinese and other recipients. | |||
| ==Legal framework== | |||
| Involuntary organ donation is illegal under Chinese law, but critics say Beijing does not enforce the policy. | Involuntary organ donation is illegal under Chinese law, but critics say Beijing does not enforce the policy. | ||
| Under the 1984 draft regulation, it became legal to harvest organs from convicted criminals: such operations can take place only with the consent of the family or if the body goes unclaimed.<ref name=tidyup>Jane Macartney, , ], December 03, 2005</ref> Official execution figures are considered state secrets. | Under the 1984 draft regulation, it became legal to harvest organs from convicted criminals: such operations can take place only with the consent of the family or if the body goes unclaimed.<ref name=tidyup>Jane Macartney, , ], December 03, 2005</ref> Official execution figures are considered state secrets. | ||
| ==Ethical debate== | |||
| The ] made declarations condemning these practices on various grounds in 1985, in 1987, and in 1994. In 1992, the Laogai Foundation, set up by Chinese dissident ], was instrumental in proving, using court files, medical records and eyewitness testimony that ] from executed criminals were used for ].<ref>Glen McGregor, , The Ottawa Citizen, November 24, 2007</ref>. | The ] made declarations condemning these practices on various grounds in 1985, in 1987, and in 1994. In 1992, the Laogai Foundation, set up by Chinese dissident ], was instrumental in proving, using court files, medical records and eyewitness testimony that ] from executed criminals were used for ].<ref>Glen McGregor, , The Ottawa Citizen, November 24, 2007</ref>. | ||
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| In December 2005, after many years of denial, China's Deputy Health Minister acknowledged that the practice of removing organs from executed prisoners for transplant was widespread, and promised steps would be taken to prevent abuse.<ref name=lum>Thomas Lum, , Congressional Research Service, August 11 2006</ref><ref name=tidyup/> According to ''Time'', a transplant brokerage in Japan which organised 30-50 operations annually sourced its organs from executed prisoners in China.<ref name=grim>Andrea Gerlin, , Time magazine, 23 April 2006</ref> | In December 2005, after many years of denial, China's Deputy Health Minister acknowledged that the practice of removing organs from executed prisoners for transplant was widespread, and promised steps would be taken to prevent abuse.<ref name=lum>Thomas Lum, , Congressional Research Service, August 11 2006</ref><ref name=tidyup/> According to ''Time'', a transplant brokerage in Japan which organised 30-50 operations annually sourced its organs from executed prisoners in China.<ref name=grim>Andrea Gerlin, , Time magazine, 23 April 2006</ref> | ||
| In March 2006, the Chinese government announced that a new law banning the sale of human organs and requiring that donors' written consent for their organs to be removed would take effect July 1.<ref name=monitor-suspicions>Lamb, Gregory M. (August 3, 2006) , ''The Christian Science Monitor'', retrieved August 6, 2006</ref> | In March 2006, '']'', a journal with close links to outlawed spiritual group ], published accounts by two anonymous eyewitnesses, ] in the Sujiatun Thrombosis Hospital in north-eastern China.<ref>, Epoch Times, March 10, 2006</ref> In the same month, the Chinese government announced that a new law banning the sale of human organs and requiring that donors' written consent for their organs to be removed would take effect July 1.<ref name=monitor-suspicions>Lamb, Gregory M. (August 3, 2006) , ''The Christian Science Monitor'', retrieved August 6, 2006</ref> On the eve of a state visit to the United States by President Hu Jintao, the 800-member British Transplantation Society added to pressure on China to change by criticising the use of death-row prisoners' organs in transplants, on grounds that as it is impossible to verify that organs are indeed from prisoners who have given consent;<ref name=grim/> the World Medical Association once again condemned the practice. "Prisoners and others in custody were not in a position to give consent freely and that therefore their organs must not be used for transplantation".<ref>Press release, , World Medical Association, 22 May 2006</ref> | ||
| In 2006, on the eve of a state visit to the United States by President Hu Jintao, the 800-member British Transplantation Society added to pressure on China to change by criticising the use of death-row prisoners' organs in transplants, on grounds that as it is impossible to verify that organs are indeed from prisoners who have given consent;<ref name=grim/> the World Medical Association once again condemned the practice. "Prisoners and others in custody were not in a position to give consent freely and that therefore their organs must not be used for transplantation".<ref>Press release, , World Medical Association, 22 May 2006</ref> | |||
| In October 2007, bowing to huge international pressure, and from a campaign to boycott the ] for ], the Chinese Medical Association agreed on a moratorium of commercial organ harvesting from condemned prisoners, but did not specify a deadline. China agreed to restrict transplantations from donors to their immediate relatives.<ref>Pact to block harvesting of inmate organs, Pg 1, ], October 7, 2007</ref><ref>Press release, , Medical News Today, Oct 07 2007</ref> | In October 2007, bowing to huge international pressure, and from a campaign to boycott the ] for ], the Chinese Medical Association agreed on a moratorium of commercial organ harvesting from condemned prisoners, but did not specify a deadline. China agreed to restrict transplantations from donors to their immediate relatives.<ref>Pact to block harvesting of inmate organs, Pg 1, ], October 7, 2007</ref><ref>Press release, , Medical News Today, Oct 07 2007</ref> | ||
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| {{Reflist}} | {{Reflist}} | ||
| <!--- References above this have been verified and placed in order. ---> | <!--- References above this have been verified and placed in order. ---> | ||
| == See also == | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
Revision as of 04:24, 1 April 2008
Organ harvesting in the People's Republic of China refers to the practise of removing, retaining human organs and tissue to be used in transplants for Chinese and other recipients.
Legal framework
Involuntary organ donation is illegal under Chinese law, but critics say Beijing does not enforce the policy.
Under the 1984 draft regulation, it became legal to harvest organs from convicted criminals: such operations can take place only with the consent of the family or if the body goes unclaimed. Official execution figures are considered state secrets.
Ethical debate
The World Medical Association made declarations condemning these practices on various grounds in 1985, in 1987, and in 1994. In 1992, the Laogai Foundation, set up by Chinese dissident Harry Wu, was instrumental in proving, using court files, medical records and eyewitness testimony that organs were harvested from executed criminals were used for transplants..
Before the advent of the lethal injection which did not damage internal organs in the late 1990s, China administered executions with a single bullet to the head or the heart to preserve the organs. Human rights organisations have questioned the way in which organs are obtained.
In Beijing, in 1998, the Secretary and Chairman of the World Medical Association and the Korean Medical Association reached an agreement with the Chinese Medical Association that these practices were undesirable and that they would investigate them jointly, with a view to stopping them. In 2000, the Chinese reneged and withdrew their cooperation. Amnesty International claims to have strong evidence that the police, courts and hospitals are complicit in the organ trade, which would be facilitated by the use of mobile execution chambers, or "death vans". Amnesty speculates that this hugely profitable trade might explain China's refusal to consider abolishing the death penalty, which is used on between 1,770 and 8,000 prisoners annually. Corpses are typically cremated before relatives or independent witnesses can view them, fuelling suspicions about the fate of internal organs.
In 2001, a Chinese doctor applying for political asylum revealed that he had removed organs from executed prisoners for the transplant market under the auspices of the People's Liberation Army. He claimed that he had operated to remove skin and corneas from executed criminals, and that other doctors sometimes took organs from bodies while their hearts were still beating.
In December 2005, after many years of denial, China's Deputy Health Minister acknowledged that the practice of removing organs from executed prisoners for transplant was widespread, and promised steps would be taken to prevent abuse. According to Time, a transplant brokerage in Japan which organised 30-50 operations annually sourced its organs from executed prisoners in China.
In March 2006, The Epoch Times, a journal with close links to outlawed spiritual group Falun Gong, published accounts by two anonymous eyewitnesses, alleging organ harvesting on living Falun Gong practitioners in the Sujiatun Thrombosis Hospital in north-eastern China. In the same month, the Chinese government announced that a new law banning the sale of human organs and requiring that donors' written consent for their organs to be removed would take effect July 1. On the eve of a state visit to the United States by President Hu Jintao, the 800-member British Transplantation Society added to pressure on China to change by criticising the use of death-row prisoners' organs in transplants, on grounds that as it is impossible to verify that organs are indeed from prisoners who have given consent; the World Medical Association once again condemned the practice. "Prisoners and others in custody were not in a position to give consent freely and that therefore their organs must not be used for transplantation".
In October 2007, bowing to huge international pressure, and from a campaign to boycott the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games for China's human rights abuses, the Chinese Medical Association agreed on a moratorium of commercial organ harvesting from condemned prisoners, but did not specify a deadline. China agreed to restrict transplantations from donors to their immediate relatives.
Executed prisoners in the United States cannot have their organs harvested, as the preferred execution methods of lethal injection and the electric chair generally make organs unviable.
References
- ^ Jane Macartney, "China to 'tidy up' trade in executed prisoners' organs", The Times, December 03, 2005
- Glen McGregor, Inside China's Crematorium, The Ottawa Citizen, November 24, 2007
- Harold Hillman, , British Medical Journal, November 24 2001; 323(7323): 1254
- ^ Calum MacLeod, China makes ultimate punishment mobile, USA Today, May 15, 2006
- China fury at organ snatching 'lies', BBC News, 28 June, 2001
- Thomas Lum, Congressional Research Report #RL33437, Congressional Research Service, August 11 2006
- ^ Andrea Gerlin, "China's Grim Harvest", Time magazine, 23 April 2006
- Worse Than Any Nightmare—Journalist Quits China to Expose Concentration Camp Horrors and Bird Flu Coverup, Epoch Times, March 10, 2006
- Lamb, Gregory M. (August 3, 2006) "China faces suspicions about organ harvesting", The Christian Science Monitor, retrieved August 6, 2006
- Press release, World Medical Association demands China stops using prisoners for organ transplants, World Medical Association, 22 May 2006
- Pact to block harvesting of inmate organs, Pg 1, South China Morning Post, October 7, 2007
- Press release, Chinese Medical Association Reaches Agreement With World Medical Association Against Transplantation Of Prisioners's Organs, Medical News Today, Oct 07 2007