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| ==Topfree in North America== | ==Topfree in North America== | ||
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| Some places in North America have topfree equality by law, although whether such equality is practiced varies. These include: | Some places in North America have topfree equality by law, although whether such equality is practiced varies. These include: | ||
| *Some provinces of ] including | *Some provinces of ] including | ||
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| **]<ref name="QueenvsJacobs">Province of Ontario Court of Appeal. Judgment C12668, The Queen vs. Gwen Jacob (1996)</ref> (where equality has been tested and upheld several times) | **]<ref name="QueenvsJacobs">Province of Ontario Court of Appeal. Judgment C12668, The Queen vs. Gwen Jacob (1996)</ref> (where equality has been tested and upheld several times) | ||
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| *Some states of the ], including | *Some states of the ], including | ||
| **] coast, such as ] | **] coast, such as ] | ||
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| In some European countries and ], it is well-established that females may go topfree at places such as beaches, parks, and outdoor swimming pools. That might be by law (''permitted'') or might be by common consent, with the law simply not being applied (''tolerated''). In other areas with more conservative social norms, women are prohibited from being topfree in any public place.{{Fact|date=March 2008}} | In some European countries and ], it is well-established that females may go topfree at places such as beaches, parks, and outdoor swimming pools. That might be by law (''permitted'') or might be by common consent, with the law simply not being applied (''tolerated''). In other areas with more conservative social norms, women are prohibited from being topfree in any public place.{{Fact|date=March 2008}} | ||
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| A protest movement called "Bara Bröst" appeared in Sweden in September 2007 to promote women's right to be topless in places where men could also be topless. Several events were staged in public swimbaths in September and October.<ref> ''Swedes fight for topless rights'' </ref> While toplessness is not illegal, several private or public establishments in Sweden have a ] which demand that everyone wear tops: topless individuals can be denied access or thrown out. | A protest movement called "Bara Bröst" appeared in Sweden in September 2007 to promote women's right to be topless in places where men could also be topless. Several events were staged in public swimbaths in September and October.<ref> ''Swedes fight for topless rights'' </ref> While toplessness is not illegal, several private or public establishments in Sweden have a ] which demand that everyone wear tops: topless individuals can be denied access or thrown out. | ||
Revision as of 22:38, 4 April 2008
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Topfreedom is a social movement to accord women and girls the right to be topfree in public where men and boys have that right. Examples of public spaces at which topfreedom might be exercised include beaches, swimming pools and parks. The reasons include keeping nursing mothers from having to hide for breastfeeding, sun tanning, comfort, and sex equality.
Whereas in Canada topfreedom was made legal, it is still illegal for women to show their breasts in public in most states of the USA. In the USA, where resistance to toplessness of women is greater than in mainland Europe or Australia, a small topfree equality movement has grown. In February 2005 in California, attorney Liana Johnsson contended that under Megan's Law, women convicted of indecent exposure (for breastfeeding or sunbathing) could find themselves listed as sex offenders alongside rapists and child molesters. The term "topfree" is used as an alternative to "topless", which may carry negative connotations. Some women prefer the term "shirtfree rights". In 1991 in Canada, the arrest and trial of activist Gwen Jacobs, represented by attorney Jeff Wright, for walking down a street in Guelph, Ontario, while topless eventually led to a change in Ontario laws so that they agree (at least in principle) with topfree equality.
Cultural arguments
Western culture generally tends to oppose public female toplessness because of the idea that females` breasts are sexual organs, and thus indecent. In contrast, the male chest is not commonly considered to be sexual.
Biologically there is no particular connection between mammary glands and copulation, but some cultures have regarded the exhibition of breasts as sexually arousing (others have also so regarded the exhibition of the chests of men). Some zoologists (notably Desmond Morris) believe that through human evolution, female breasts have acquired secondary sexual characteristics as a counterpart of the buttocks in other primates. For more information, see breast.
Some courts in North America have ruled that mammary glands are nurturing organs, not sexual organs, a relevant distinction in light of laws in certain jurisdictions that specifically restrict the public display of sexual organs.
Topfree in North America
Some places in North America have topfree equality by law, although whether such equality is practiced varies. These include:
- Some provinces of Canada including
- British Columbia
- Manitoba
- Ontario (where equality has been tested and upheld several times)
- Some states of the United States, including
- California coast, such as Santa Cruz
- Hawaii
- Maine (ex.)
- New York
- Ohio
- Texas
- Some cities and localities of the United States, including
Even where topfree is legal, police might still arrest those practicing it for disorderly conduct or similar charges.
Topfree in other countries
In some European countries and Australia, it is well-established that females may go topfree at places such as beaches, parks, and outdoor swimming pools. That might be by law (permitted) or might be by common consent, with the law simply not being applied (tolerated). In other areas with more conservative social norms, women are prohibited from being topfree in any public place.
A protest movement called "Bara Bröst" appeared in Sweden in September 2007 to promote women's right to be topless in places where men could also be topless. Several events were staged in public swimbaths in September and October. While toplessness is not illegal, several private or public establishments in Sweden have a dress code which demand that everyone wear tops: topless individuals can be denied access or thrown out.
Topfree Equal Rights Association (TERA)
The Topfree Equal Rights Association (TERA) is a Canadian organization for helping women who have legal troubles exercising their rights to go 'topfree' where men are able to. Their Web site states that they serve both Canada and the United States.
The organization also aims to inform and educate the public about topfreedom. They campaign to change laws against topfreedom which exist in most North American jurisdictions, which laws they see as sex discrimination and inhibiting to breastfeeding.
See also
Organizations
- Naturist Action Committee (NAC)
- Topfree Equal Rights Association (TERA)
- Clothes free organizations
- World Naked Bike Ride
People
- Judy E. Williams: NAC board member, chief advisor of TERA, chair of Wreck Beach Preservation Society (WBPS) in Vancouver, BC
- Gwen Jacob: test case for topfreedom who won in Ontario, Canada.
- Linda Meyer: test case for topfreedom for British Columbia. On June 8, 2000, she won in court against Maple Ridge, BC. She had been arrested at the District of Maple Ridge's indoor public swimming pool. That was after she had provoked arrests for many years, and had gone to jail, in order to win in court and thereby stop official harassment for her topfree public activities.
- Paul Rapoport: topfree activist, writer, editor of Going Natural, a publication of FCN.
- Sue Richards: Publisher of the topfree, breast health calendar Breast of Canada.
- Morley Schloss: NAC board member, topfree activist.
- Nikki Craft: feminist, past shirtfree rights activist, now disaffiliated from the movement.
References
- Topfreedom: The Fundamental Right of Women
- Morris, Desmond (1999). The Naked Ape : A Zoologist's Study of the Human Animal. Dell. ISBN 0-385-33430-3.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help) - ^ Province of Ontario Court of Appeal. Judgment C12668, The Queen vs. Gwen Jacob (1996)
- http://www.stater.kent.edu/stories_old/98fall/110698/n2a.html Stater.kent.edu
- http://www.seacoastonline.com/2002news/1_31odd.htm Seacoastonline.com
- Metro.co.uk, November 19, 2007 Swedes fight for topless rights
- http://www.tera.ca Tera.ca
External links
- Topfree Action.
- "Woman Promotes the Right to Go Topless" from Los Angeles Times, January 2005.
- Topfree Equal Rights Association.
- What is topfreedom? article.
- Maple Ridge vs. Meyer 2000 BCSC 902.
- Topfreedom.org is A place to share your Travel experiences about topfreedom.
- New York State Court of Appeals Decision overturning the convictions of Rochester, NY's "Topfree 7".
- "Bara Bröst" (english: Only/Bare Breast), Swedish Network to promote womens right to be topless (In Swedish and English).
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