Misplaced Pages

Quebec: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editNext edit →Content deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 19:52, 30 April 2008 view sourceSoulscanner (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users3,987 edits Added hansard reference to Quebecois nation motion← Previous edit Revision as of 20:50, 30 April 2008 view source 64.56.145.146 (talk) ←Replaced content with 'You stink because quebec sucks, loser'Next edit →
Line 1: Line 1:
You stink because quebec sucks, loser
:''For the city, see ]. For other uses, see ] and ].

{{coord|53|45|N|71|59|W|display=title}}
{{Infobox Province or territory of Canada
| Name = Québec<!--official form in French-->
| AlternateName = Quebec<!--official form in English; see note:--><small><ref name="EFname">According to the ], '''Québec''' (with the ]) is the official name in ] and '''Quebec''' (without the accent) is the province's official name in ]; the name is . In this system, the official name of the capital is Québec in both official languages. The Quebec government renders both names as ''Québec'' in both languages.</ref><small>
| Flag = Flag of Quebec.svg
| EntityAdjective = Provincial
| CoatOfArms = QUEarms.jpg
| Map = Quebec-map.png
| Label_map = no
| Motto = '']''<br/><small>(]: "I remember")</small>
| OfficialLang = ]<ref name=language></ref>
| Flower = ]<ref name="Qsymbols">{{cite web|url=http://www.gouv.qc.ca/portail/quebec/pgs/commun/portrait?id=portrait.drapeau&lang=en|publisher=Services Québec|accessdate=2008-03-09|title=National Flag and Emblems}}</ref>
| Tree = ]<ref name="Qsymbols"/>
| Bird = ]<ref name="Qsymbols"/>
| Capital = ]
| LargestCity = ]
| Language = ]
| Gentilic = Quebecer, Quebecker, ''French:'' Québécois
| Premier = ]
| PremierParty = ]
| Viceroy = ]
| ViceroyType = Lieutenant-Governor
| PostalAbbreviation = QC<ref> from ]</ref>
| PostalCodePrefix = ], ], ]
| AreaRank = 2<sup>nd</sup>
| TotalArea_km2 = 1542056
| LandArea_km2 = 1365128
| WaterArea_km2 = 176928
| PercentWater = 11.5
| PopulationRank = 2<sup>nd</sup>
| Population = 7,730,612 (est.)<ref>{{cite web | author= Statistics Canada|publisher= |title= Canada's population estimates 2008-03-27 |accessdate=2008-04-05 |url=http://www.statcan.ca/Daily/English/080327/d080327d.htm}}</ref>
| PopulationYear = 2008
| DensityRank = 5<sup>th</sup>
| Density_km2 = 5.63
| GDP_year = 2006
| GDP_total = C$285.158&nbsp;billion<ref></ref>
| GDP_rank = 2<sup>nd</sup>
| GDP_per_capita = C$37,278
| GDP_per_capita_rank = 10<sup>th</sup>
| AdmittanceOrder = 1<sup>st</sup>
| AdmittanceDate = ], ]
| Nationalday = June 24
| TimeZone = ]−5, −4
| HouseSeats = 75
| SenateSeats = 24
| ISOCode = CA-QC
| Website = www.gouv.qc.ca
| Patron Saint = St. John The Baptist
}}
{{portalpar|Quebec|Flag of Quebec.svg}}

<!--READ BEFORE CHANGING THE LEAD: the opening paragraph is the result of much discussion and consensus. Please address any changes to the talk page before making them.-->
'''Quebec''' ({{PronEng|kwɨˈbɛk}} or {{IPA|/kəˈbɛk/}}), in ], '''''Québec''''' ({{IPAudio|FR-Québec.ogg|/kebɛk/}}<ref name="EFname"/>) is a ] in the ] part of ]. It is the only Canadian province with a predominantly ] population, and the only one whose sole ] is ]. Other elements of French tradition, such as the system of ], also remain strong in Quebec.

] plays a large role in the politics of the province, with all three major provincial political parties seeking greater autonomy and recognition of the Quebec people as a nation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Votes and Proceedings Thursday, 30 October 2003 – No. 19|publisher=National Assembly of Quebec|url=http://www.assnat.qc.ca/eng/37legislature1/Pv/PA20031030.HTM#P8|date=2003-10-30}}</ref> ] governments held referendums on independence in ] and ], and the ] passed a ] recognizing the "] as a nation within Canada"<ref>
{{cite web
| url = http://www2.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?Language=E&Mode=1&Parl=39&Ses=1&DocId=2528725#SOB-1788846
| work = Hansard of 39th Parliament, 1st Session; No. 087
| title = Routine Procedings: The Québécois
| publisher = Parliament of Canada
| date = 2006-11-22
| acessdate = 2008-04-30
}}

</ref><ref>
{{cite web
| url = http://www2.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?Pub=hansard&Language=E&Mode=1&Parl=39&Ses=1&DocId=2544166&File=0#SOB-1799205
| work = Hansard of 39th Parliament, 1st Session; No. 087
| title = Government Orders: The Québécois
| publisher = Parliament of Canada
| date = 2006-11-27
| acessdate = 2008-04-30
}}

</ref>.

Quebec is ]'s largest province by area and its second-largest ]; only the territory of ] is larger. It is bordered to the west by the province of ], ] and ], to the north by ] and ], to the east by the ] and the provinces of ] and ]. It is bordered on the south by the ] states of ], ], ], and ]. It also shares maritime borders with the Territory of ], the Province of ] and the Province of ].

Quebec is the second most populated province, behind ]. Most inhabitants live in urban areas near the the ] between ], the largest city, and ], the capital. ] and English-language institutions are concentrated in Montreal but significantly present in the ], Quebec City, the ], and ] regions. The central and northern portion of the province is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by ].

While the province's substantial ] have long been the mainstay of its economy, sectors of the ] such as ], information and communication technologies, ] and the ] also play leading roles.

==Etymology and boundary changes==
], Father of ]]]
The name "Quebec", which comes from an ] word meaning "Where the river narrows", originally referred to the area around ] where the ] narrows to a cliff-lined gap. Early variations in the spelling of the name included ''Québecq'' (Levasseur, 1601) and ''Kébec'' (Lescarbot 1609).<ref>Afable, Patricia O. and Madison S. Beeler (1996). "Place Names". In "Languages", ed. Ives Goddard. Vol. 17 of ''Handbook of North American Indians'', ed. William C. Sturtevant. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, pg. 191</ref> French explorer ] chose the name ''Québec'' in 1608 for the colonial outpost he would use as the administrative seat for the French colony of ].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://history.cbc.ca/history/?MIval=EpContent.html&series_id=1&episode_id=2&chapter_id=4&page_id=4&lang=E | title = Canada: A People's History – The birth of Quebec | publisher = Canadian Broadcast Corporation|date=2001 | accessdate = 2006-08-26}}</ref>

The ] was founded in the ] after the ] formally transferred the ] of ]<ref>"his Most Christian Majesty cedes and guaranties to his said Britannick Majesty, in full right, Canada, with all its dependencies, as well as the island of Cape Breton, and all the other islands and coasts in the gulph and river of St. Lawrence, and in general, every thing that depends on the said countries, lands, islands, and coasts, with the sovereignty, property, possession, and all rights acquired by treaty, or otherwise, which the Most Christian King and the Crown of France have had till now over the said countries, lands, islands, places, coasts, and their inhabitants" – , 1763</ref> to Britain after the ]. The proclamation restricted the province to an area along the banks of the Saint Lawrence River. ] of 1774 expanded the territory of the province to include the ] and the ] Valley, more or less restoring the borders previously existing under French rule before the Conquest. The ] ceded territories south of the Great Lakes to the ]. After the ], the territory was divided between ] (present day Quebec) and ] (present day ]), with each being granted an elected ]. In 1840, these become ] and ] after the British Parliament unified Upper and Lower Canada into the ]. This territory was redivided into the Provinces of Quebec and Ontario at ] in 1867. Each became one of the first four ].

In 1870, Canada purchased ] from the ]. Over the next few decades the ] transferred portions of this territory to Quebec that would more than triple the size of the province.<ref>], .</ref> In 1898, the Canadian Parliament passed the first ] that expanded the provincial boundaries northward to include the lands of the ] ]. This was followed by the addition of the ] through the ] that added the northernmost lands of the aboriginal ] to create the modern Province of Quebec. In 1927, the border between Quebec and ] was established by the British ]. Quebec ].

== Geography ==
{{main|Geography of Quebec}}
]

The province occupies a vast territory (nearly three times the size of ] or ]), most of which is very sparsely populated. Quebec's highest point is ], located on the border with ] in the northeastern part of the province.

The ] is one of the worlds largest, sustaining large inland ] ports at ] (the province's largest city), ], and ] (the capital). It's access to the Atlantic Ocean and the interior of North America made it the base of early ] in the 17th and 18th centuries. The ] has provided a navigable link between the ] and ] since 1959, starting at the ] locks in Montreal. Northeast of Quebec City, the river broadens into the world's largest ], the feeding site of numerous species of whales, fishes and sea birds. The river empties into the ]. This marine environment sustains fisheries and smaller ports in the ] (''Bas-Saint-Laurent''), ] (''Côte-Nord''), and ] (Gaspésie) regions of the province.

The most populated ] region is the ]. It extends northeastward from the southwestern portion of the province along the shores of the Saint Lawrence River to the Quebec City region, and includes ], ] and other small islands in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.<ref name=NAC>
{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Borderlands / St. Lawrence Lowlands
| work = The Atlas of Canada
| publisher = Natural Resources Canada
| date = 2006-10-25
| url = http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/environment/land/st_lawrence_lowlands.html
| format = html
| doi =
| accessdate = 2008-04-28
}}</ref>.
Geologically, the lowlands formed as a ] about 100 million years ago and are prone to infrequent but significant earthquakes<ref name=Elson>{{cite web
| last = Elson
| first = J.A.
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = St Lawrence Lowland
| work = Canadian Encyclopedia
| publisher = Historica Foundation
| date =
| url = http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0007093
| format = html
| doi =
| accessdate = 2008-04-28}}</ref>. The most recent layer of ] were formed as the seabed of the ancient ] at the end of the last ice age about 14,000 years ago<ref>{{cite web
| last = Lasalle
| first = Pierre
| authorlink =
| coauthors = ROBERT J. ROGERSON
| title = Champlain Sea
| work = Canadian Encyclopedia
| publisher = Historica Foundation
| date =
| url = http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0001507
| format = html
| doi =
| accessdate = 2008-04-28}}</ref>, making the region low-lying and flat, except for isolated ] outcrops near Montreal called the ]. The combination of rich and easily arable soils and Quebec's warmest climate make the valley Quebec's most prolific agricultural area. ] provide most of Canada's ] crop every spring. The rural part of the landscape is divided into narrow rectangular tracts of land that extend from the river and date back to settlement patterns in 17th century ].

] on ].]]
More than 90 percent of Quebec's territory lies within the ], a rough, rocky terrain sculpted and scraped clean of soil by successive ]. It is rich in the mineral and hydro-electric resources that are a mainstay of the Quebec economy. In the ] portion of the Shield, the far northern region of ] includes the ] and consists of ] ] inhabited mostly by the ]. Further south lie ] ] and ], where ], ], and ] trees provide raw materials for Quebec's ] and ] industries. Although inhabited principally by the ], ], and ] ], thousands of temporary workers reside at ] to service the massive ] on the ] and ] rivers. The southern portion of the shield extends to the ], a mountain range just north of Montreal and Quebec City that attracts local and international tourists to ski hills and lakeside resorts.

The ] of the ] flank the eastern portion of the province, extending from ] into the ], northeastward through the ] region, and on to the ], where they disappear into the ]. This region sustains a mix of forestry, industry, and tourism based on its natural resources and landscape.

==Climate==
Quebec has three main climate regions. Southern and western Quebec, including most of the major population centres, have a ] (] ''Dfb'') with warm, humid summers and long, cold winters. The main climatic influences are from western and northern ] which move eastward and from the southern and central ] that move northward. Due to the influence of both storm systems from the core of ] and the ], precipitation is abundant throughout the year, with most areas receiving more than 1,000&nbsp;mm (40 inches) of precipitation, including over 300&nbsp;cm (120 inches) of snow in many areas. During the summer, severe weather patterns (such as ]es and ]s) are far less common than in southern ], although they occasionally occur.

Most of central Quebec has a ] (Koppen ''Dfc''). Winters are long and among the coldest in eastern Canada, while summers are warm but very short due to the higher latitude and the greater influence of ] air masses. Precipitation is also somewhat less than farther south, except at some of the higher elevations.

The northern regions of Quebec have an ] (Koppen ''ET''), with very cold winters and short, much cooler summers. The primary influences in this region are the ] currents (such as the ]) and continental air masses from the ].

==Culture==
{{main|Culture of Quebec}}
Quebec is the largest French-speaking society in the ]. Most ] live in Quebec, though there are other concentrations.

==Language==
{{main|Language demographics of Quebec}}
The ] of Quebec is ]. Quebec is the only Canadian province whose population is mainly ] and they make up 79% (5,877,660) of the population according to the 2006 Census.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/language/Table401.cfm |title=Population by mother tongue and age groups, percentage distribution (2006), for Canada, provinces and territories, and census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations – 20% sample data |accessdate=2008-02-18 |work=Statistics Canada }}</ref> However, 95 % of the people speak French as either their first, second or even third language.

] is not an official language at the provincial level. According to the 2006 Canadian census, however, 575,560 (7.7% of population) in Quebec declare English as their ], 744,430 (10.0%) use mostly English as their ], and 918,955 (12.9% according to the 2001 Census) comprise the Official Language Minority, having English as their ].<ref name="gmcdi_a"> {{cite web
| title = Population by mother tongue and age groups, percentage distribution (2006), for Canada, provinces and territories – 20% sample data
| publisher = Statistics Canada
| location = Ottawa
| year = 2007
| month = December
| url = http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/language/Table401.cfm
| accessdate = 2007-12-04
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| title = Population by language spoken most often at home and age groups, percentage distribution (2006), for Canada, provinces and territories, and census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations – 20% sample data
| publisher = Statistics Canada
| location = Ottawa
| year = 2007
| month = December
| url = http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/language/Table402.cfm
| accessdate = 2007-12-04
}}</ref><ref> {{cite web
| last = Greater Montreal Community Development Initiative (GMCDI)
| title = Demographics and the Long-term Development of the English-speaking Communities of the Greater Montreal Region
| publisher = The Quebec Community Groups Network
| location = Montreal
| year = 2007
| month = April
| url = http://www.qcgn.ca/files/QCGN/a20070409_demographics.pdf
| accessdate = 2007-04-18
}}</ref> The ] or ] are entitled to services in English in the areas of justice, health, and education; services in English are offered in municipalities in which more than half the residents have English as their mother tongue.

], whose mother tongue is neither French nor English, make up 11.9% (886,280) of the population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/language/Table401.cfm |title=Population by mother tongue and age groups, percentage distribution (2006), for Canada, provinces and territories, and census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations – 20% sample data |accessdate=2008-02-18 |work=Statistics Canada }}</ref>

There is a considerable number of people that consider themselves to be ] (having a knowledge of French and English). In Quebec, about 40.6% (3,017,860) of the population are bilingual, and for the Island of Montreal, this proportion grows to 60% (1,020,760) of the island population. It is notable that Quebec has the highest proportion of bilinguals among the other Canada provinces. The proportion in Canada is only about 17.4% (5,448,850) of the population having a knowledge of both of the country's official languages.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/profiles/community/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=24&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Quebec&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Language&Custom= |title=Language |accessdate=2007-12-04 |work=Statistics Canada }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/profiles/community/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CD&Code1=2466&Geo2=PR&Code2=24&Data=Count&SearchText=Montreal&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Language&Custom= |title=Language |accessdate=2008-02-18 |work=Statistics Canada }}</ref>

Furthermore, both English and French are required by the '']'' for the enactment of laws and regulations and any person may use English or French in the National Assembly and the courts of Quebec. The books and records of the National Assembly must also be kept in both languages.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canlii.org/en/ca/scc/doc/1979/1979canlii21/1979canlii21.html |title=Att. Gen. of Quebec v. Blaikie et al., 1979 CanLII 21 (S.C.C.) |accessdate=2007-11-24 |work=Canadian Legal Information Institute }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canlii.org/eliisa/highlight.do?language=en&searchTitle=Federal&path=/en/ca/scc/doc/1981/1981canlii14/1981canlii14.html
|title=A.G. (Quebec) v. Blaikie et al., 1 S.C.R. 312
}}</ref>

Languages other than French on commercial signs are only permitted if French is given marked prominence but recent arguments have lead to many conflicts to this given rule.

==History==
{{main|History of Quebec}}
===First Nations: before 1500===
At the time of first European contact and later colonization, ], ] and ] groups were the peoples that inhabited what is now Quebec. Their lifestyles and cultures reflected the land on which they lived. Seven Algonquian groups lived nomadic lives based on hunting, gathering, and fishing in the rugged terrain of the Canadian Shield: (James Bay ], ], ]s) and Appalachian Mountains (], ]). ] lived more settled lives, planting squash and maize in the fertile soils of St. Lawrence Valley. The Inuit continue to fish, whale, and seal in the harsh Arctic climate along the coasts of Hudson and Ungava Bay. These peoples traded fur and food, and sometimes warred with each other.

===Early European exploration: 1500===
] whalers and fishermen traded furs with Saguenay natives throughout the 1500s.

The first French explorer to reach Quebec was ], who planted a cross either in ] in 1534 or at ] on the ]. He sailed into the ] in 1535 and established an ill-fated colony near present-day Quebec City at the site of ], an Iroquoian village.

===New France===
{{main|New France}}

] was part of a 1603 expedition from France that travelled into the ]. In 1608, he returned as head of an exploration party and founded ] with the intention of making the area part of the ]. Champlain's ''Habitation de Quebec'', built as a permanent fur trading outpost, was where he would forge a trading, and ultimately a ] alliance, with the ] and ] nations. Natives traded their furs for many French goods such as metal objects, guns, alcohol, and clothing.

], born July 7, 1620, to the French ] (settlers) Pierre Desportes and his wife Françoise Langlois, was the first child of European descent born in Quebec.

From Quebec, ], ] and Catholic missionaries used river ]s to explore the interior of the North American continent, establishing fur trading forts on the ] (] 1615), ] (] and ] 1659–60), ] and ] (] 1682), as well as the ] and ] (] 1734–1738).

After 1627, King ] introduced the ] and forbade settlement in ] by anyone other than ]s. ] and ] clerics founded missions in ] (Laviolette) and Montréal or Ville-Marie (] and ]) to convert ]'s ] and ] allies to ]. The seigneurial system of governing New France also encouraged immigration from the motherland.

New France became a Royal Province in 1663 under King ] with a ] that included ] ]. This ushered in a golden era of ] in New France, including the arrival of les "]". The population would grow from about 3,000 to 60,000 people between 1666 and 1760. Colonists built farms on the banks of St. Lawrence River and called themselves "]" or "]". The colony's total population was limited, however, by a winter climate significantly harsher than that found in France; by the spread of diseases; and by the refusal of the French crown to allow ], or French Protestants, to settle there. The population of New France lagged far behind that of the ] to the south, leaving it vulnerable to attack.

===Conquest of New France===
In 1753 France began building a series of forts in the British ]. They refused to leave after being notified by the British Governor and, in 1754, ] launched an attack on the French ] (now ]) in the ] in an attempt to enforce the British claim to the territory. This frontier battle set the stage for the ] in North America. By 1756, France and Britain were battling the ] worldwide. In 1758, the ] mounted an attack on ] by sea and took the French fort at ].

On 13 September 1759, General ] defeated General ] on the ] outside Quebec City. France ceded its ]n possessions to ] through the ]. By the ], Canada (part of New France) was renamed the ].

In 1774, fearful that the French-speaking population of Quebec (as the colony was now called) would side with the rebels of the ] to the south, the British Parliament passed the ] giving recognition to French law, Catholic religion and French language in the colony; before that Catholics had been excluded from public office and recruitment of priests and brothers forbidden, effectively shutting down Quebec's schools and colleges. The first British policy of assimilation (1763–1774) was deemed a failure. Both the petitions and demands of the Canadiens' élites, and Governor ], played an important role in convincing London to drop the assimilation scheme, but the looming American revolt was certainly a factor. Through the Quebec Act, the Quebec people obtained their first Charter of Rights, which paved the way to later official recognition of the ] and ]. The Act allowed '']'' to maintain French ] and sanctioned freedom of religion, allowing the ] to remain. It also restored the ] to Quebec, reserving the territory for the fur trade.

The Act, designed to placate one North American colony, had the opposite effect among its neighbors to the south. The Quebec Act was among the ] that infuriated ], who launched the ]. A ] by the American ] met with early success, but was later repelled at ].

===Revolutionary War===
When the American army came to Quebec they found many sympathetic supporters. According to Baby, Tachereau and Williams, as many as 747 people in Quebec took up active service with the Americans, most notably ] of the ].

The ] fought at the ] in 1777. The ] under ] served at the ] in 1777.

At the end of the war, 50,000 ] came to Canada and settled amongst a population of 90,000 French people.

The ] was ultimately successful in winning independence for the Thirteen Colonies. In the ], the British ceded their territory south of the ] to the newly formed United States of America.

===''Patriotes''' Rebellion in Lower and Upper Canada===
{{main|Lower Canada Rebellion}}
Like their counterparts in ], in 1837 ] and ] residents of Lower Canada, led by ] and ], formed an armed resistance group to seek an end to British colonial rule. They made a Declaration of Rights with equality for all citizens without discrimination, and a Declaration of Independence in 1838. Their actions resulted in rebellions in both Lower and Upper Canada. An unprepared ] had to raise a local ] force and the rebel forces were soon defeated after having scored a victory in ], east of ]. The British army also burned the Church of St-Eustache, killing the rebels who were hiding within it. The bullet and cannonball marks on the walls of the church are still visible to this day.

=== Act of Union ===
After the rebellions, ] was asked to undertake a study and prepare a ] on the matter and to offer a solution for the British Parliament to assess.

The final report recommended that the two provinces of Upper and Lower Canada be united, and that the French speaking population of Lower Canada be assimilated into British culture. Following Durham's ], the British government merged the two colonial provinces into one ] in 1840 with the ].

However, the political union proved contentious. Reformers in both Canada West (formerly Upper Canada) and Canada East (formerly Lower Canada) worked to repeal limitations on the use of the French language in the Legislature. The two colonies remained distinct in administration, election, and law.

In 1848, Baldwin and LaFontaine, allies and leaders of the Reformist party, were asked by ] to form an administration together under the new policy of ]. The French language subsequently regained legal status in the Legislature.

=== Canadian Confederation ===
In the 1860s, the delegates from the colonies of ] (Canada, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland) met in a series of conferences to discuss self-governing status for a new confederation.

The first ] took place in ] followed by the ] in Quebec City which led to a delegation going to ], ] to put forth a proposal for a national union.

As a result of those deliberations, in 1867 the ] passed the ], providing for the Confederation of most of these provinces.

The former ] was divided into its two previous parts as the provinces of ] (Upper Canada) and Quebec (Lower Canada).
* ] and ] joined Ontario and Quebec in the new ].
* ] joined in 1873 and the ] entered the Confederation in 1949.

===Quiet Revolution===
{{main|Quiet Revolution}}
The ] government of ] and his ] dominated Quebec politics from 1944 to 1960 with the support of the ] church. ] and other liberals formed an intellectual opposition to Duplessis's regime, setting the groundwork for the ] under ]'s ]. The Quiet Revolution was a period of dramatic social and political change that saw the decline of Anglo supremacy in the Quebec economy, the decline of the Roman Catholic Church's influence, the ] of ] companies under ] and the emergence of a ] under former Liberal minister ].

Beginning in 1963, a ] group that became known as the ] (FLQ) launched a decade of bombings, robberies and attacks<ref name=FLQ> from the ]</ref> directed primarily at English institutions, resulting in at least five deaths. In 1970, their activities culminated in events referred to as the ] when ], the British trade commissioner to Canada, was kidnapped along with ], a provincial minister and Vice-Premier, who was murdered a few days later. In their published Manifesto, the terrorists stated: "In the coming year Bourassa (Quebec Premier) will have to face reality; 100,000 revolutionary workers, armed and organized."

At the request of Premier ], Prime Minister ] invoked the ]. In addition, the Quebec ] , Louis Marceau, was instructed to hear complaints of detainees and the Quebec government agreed to pay damages to any person unjustly arrested (only in Quebec). On February 3, 1971, ], the ], reported that 497 persons had been arrested throughout Canada under the War Measures Act,<ref>Susan Munroe, , Canada Online. Retrieved 21 January 2008.</ref> of whom 435 had been released. The other 62 were charged, of which 32 were crimes of such seriousness that a ] judge refused them bail. The crisis ended a few weeks after the death of Pierre Laporte at the hands of his captors. The fallout of the crisis marked the zenith and twilight of the FLQ which lost membership and public support.

In 1977, the newly elected ] government of ] introduced the ]. Often known as ], it defined French as the only official language of Quebec in areas of provincial jurisdiction.

===Parti Québécois and constitutional crisis===
Lévesque and his party had run in the 1970 and 1973 Quebec elections under a platform of separating Quebec from the rest of Canada. The party failed to win control of Quebec's National Assembly both times — though its share of the vote increased from 23% to 30% — and Lévesque himself was defeated both times in the ] he contested. In the 1976 election, he softened his message by promising a referendum (plebiscite) on ] rather than outright separation, by which Quebec would have independence in most government functions but share some other ones, such as a common currency, with Canada. On November 15, 1976, Lévesque and the Parti Québécois won control of the provincial government for the first time. The question of ] was placed before the voters in the ]. During the campaign, ] promised that a vote for the NO side was a vote for reforming Canada. Trudeau advocated the ] of Canada's Constitution from the ]. The existing constitutional document, the ], could only be amended by the ] upon a request by the Canadian parliament.

Sixty percent of the Quebec electorate voted against the proposition. Polls showed that the overwhelming majority of English and immigrant Quebecers voted against, and that French Quebecers were almost equally divided, with older voters less in favour, and younger voters more in favour. After his loss in the referendum, Lévesque went back to Ottawa to start negotiating a new constitution with Trudeau, his minister of Justice ] and the nine other provincial premiers. Lévesque insisted Quebec be able to veto any future constitutional amendments. The negotiations quickly reached a stand-still.

Then on the night of November 4, 1981 (widely known in Quebec as ''La nuit des longs couteaux'' and in the rest of Canada as the ], Federal Justice Minister Jean Chrétien<!--not PM Trudeau, as erroneously reported here before. PM Trudeau had simply pointed out to the provinces that had held out with Lévesque that he had been individually negotiating with Lévesque, against the terms of the agreement between all the hold-out provinces--> met with all of the provincial premiers except ] to sign the document that would eventually become the new Canadian constitution. The next morning, they presented the "fait accompli" to Lévesque. Lévesque refused to sign the document, and returned to Quebec. In 1982, Trudeau had the new constitution approved by the British Parliament, with Quebec's signature still missing (a situation that persists to this day). The Supreme Court of Canada confirmed Trudeau's assertion that every province's approval is not required to amend the constitution.

In subsequent years, two attempts were made to gain Quebec's approval of the constitution. The first was the ] of 1987, which was finally abandoned in 1990 when the province of ] did not pass it within the established deadline. (] premier ] had expressed his opposition to the accord, but, with the failure in Manitoba, the vote for or against Meech never took place in his province.) This led to the formation of the sovereignist ] party in ] under the leadership of ], who had resigned from the federal cabinet. The second attempt, the ] of 1992, was rejected by 56.7% of all Canadians and 57% of Quebecers. This result caused a split in the ] that led to the formation of the new ] (Democratic Action) party led by ] and ].

On October 30, 1995, with the ] back in power since 1994, a ] on sovereignty took place. This time, it was rejected by a slim majority (50.6% NO to 49.4% YES); a clear majority of French-speaking Quebecers voted in favour of sovereignty.

The referendum was enshrouded in controversy. Federalists complained that an unusually high number of ballots had been rejected in pro-federalist areas, notably in the largely Jewish and Greek riding of Chomedey (11.7 % or 5,500 of its ballots were spoiled, compared to 750 or 1.7% in the general election of 1994) although Quebec's chief electoral officer found no evidence of outright fraud. The federal government was accused of not respecting provincial laws with regard to spending during referendums (leading to a corruption scandal that would become public a decade later, greatly damaging the Liberal Party's standing), and of having accelerated the naturalization of immigrants in Quebec before the referendum in order that they could vote, as naturalized citizens were believed more likely to vote no. (43,850 immigrants were naturalized in 1995, whereas the average number between 1988 and 1998 was 21,733.)

The same night of the referendum, an angry ], then premier and leader of the "Yes" side, declared that the loss was due to "]". Parizeau resigned over public outrage and as per his commitment to do so in case of a loss. ] became Quebec's new premier in his place.

Federalists accused the sovereignist side of asking a vague, overly complicated question on the ballot. Its English text read as follows:
<blockquote>
''Do you agree that Québec should become sovereign after having made a formal offer to Canada for a new economic and political partnership within the scope of the bill respecting the future of Québec and of the agreement signed on June 12, 1995?''
</blockquote>
After winning the next election, Bouchard retired from politics in 2001. ] was then appointed leader of the ] and premier of Quebec. In 2003, Landry lost the election to the ] and ]. Landry stepped down as PQ leader in 2005, and in a crowded race for the party leadership, ] was elected to succeed him. He also resigned after the renewal of the Quebec Liberal Party's governement in the ] and the Parti québécois becoming the third opposition party, behind the Action Démocratique. The PQ has promised to hold another referendum should it return to government.

===Quebec as a nation===
Given the province's heritage and the preponderance of French (unique among the Canadian provinces), there is an ongoing debate in Canada regarding the status of Quebec and / or its people (wholly or partially). Prior attempts to amend the Canadian constitution to acknowledge Quebec as a ']' – referring to the province's uniqueness within Canada regarding law, language, and culture – have been unsuccessful; however, the federal government under ] Jean Chrétien would later endorse recognition of Quebec as a distinct society. On ], ], the National Assembly of Quebec voted unanimously to affirm "that the Quebecers form a ]".<ref>{{PDFlink||95.4&nbsp;]<!-- application/pdf, 97740 bytes -->}}</ref>
On ] ], the ] passed a motion moved by prime minister ] declaring that "this House recognize that the ] form a nation within a united Canada."<ref></ref><ref></ref><ref></ref> although there is considerable debate and uncertainty over what this means.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/parliament39/motion-quebecnation.html| title = Debate: The motions on the Québécois nation | publisher = Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |date=2006-11-24 | accessdate = 2007-08-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2006/12/19/harper-motion.html?ref=rss | title = Who's a Québécois? Harper isn't sure | publisher = Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |date=2006-12-19 | accessdate = 2006-12-21}}</ref>

== Government ==
{{main|Politics of Quebec|Monarchy in Quebec}}

The ] represents ] as ]. The head of government is the ] (called ''premier ministre'' in French) who leads the largest party in the ] ] or ''Assemblée Nationale'', from which the Council of Ministers is appointed.

Until 1968, the Quebec ] was ], consisting of the ] and the ]. In that year the Legislative Council was abolished, and the Legislative Assembly was renamed the National Assembly. Quebec was the last province to abolish its legislative council.

The government of Quebec awards an order of merit called the ]. It is inspired in part by the ] ]. It is conferred upon men and women born or living in Quebec (but non-Quebecers can be inducted as well) for outstanding achievements.

== Administrative subdivisions ==
{{Main|Administrative subdivisions of Quebec}}

Quebec has subdivisions at the regional, supralocal and local levels. Excluding administrative units reserved for Aboriginal lands, the primary types of subdivision are:

At the regional level:
*17 ].
At the supralocal level:
*86 ] or RCMs (''municipalités régionales de comté'', ''MRC'');
*2 ] (''communautés métropolitaines'').
At the local level:
*1,117 ] of various ];
*11 ] (''agglomérations'') grouping 42 of these local municipalities;
*within 8 local municipalities, 45 ] (''arrondissements'').

==Population centres==
The data are from the 2006 census of Canada.<ref name="2006POPS"> {{cite web| url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/popdwell/Table.cfm?T=202&PR=24&S=0&O=A&RPP=50 |title=Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations, 2006 and 2001 censuses – 100% data | work=], 2006 Census of Population | accessdate=2007-10-10}}</ref>

=== Census metropolitan areas by population ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Census<br>metropolitan<br>area
!2006 pop.
!2001 pop.¹
!]²
!Image
|-
|]
|3,635,571
|3,451,027
|]
|]
|-
|] <br>(provincial capital)
|715,515
|686,569
|]
|]
|-
|]³
|283,959
|261,704
|]
|]
|-
|]
|186,952
|175,950
|]
|]
|-
|]
|151,643
|154,938
|]
|]
|-
|]
|141,529
|137,507
|]
|]
|}

¹These figures are adjusted to reflect boundary changes for the 2006 census.

²Where a metropolitan area straddles more than one administrative region, the region of the central municipality is given.

³These figures pertain to the part of the Ottawa-Gatineau census metropolitan area that is in Quebec. The total figures for the CMA, including the part in Ontario, are 1,130,761 (2006), 1,067,800 (2001).

=== Major municipalities ===
The municipalities of the Montreal, Quebec, and Ottawa-Gatineau metropolitan areas exceeding 50,000 in population in 2006 are given below with their ] in parentheses.

]:
*] (]), 1,620,693;
*] (]), 368,709;
*] (]), 229,330;
*] (]), 94,703;
*] (]) 76,237;
*] (]), 71,154;
*] (]), 63,729.

The population of the Island of Montreal was 1,854,442.

Quebec CMA:
*] (]), 491,142;
*] (]), 130,006.

Ottawa-Gatineau CMA:
*] (]), 242,124.

The population of ] is 812,129.

===Other census agglomerations===

{| class="wikitable"
!Census<br>agglomeration
!2006
!2001¹
!]²
|-
|]
|87,492
|79,600
|]
|-
|]
|78,108
|72,778
|]
|-
|]
|68,352
|63,069
|]
|-
|]
|56,434
|56,412
|]
|-
|]
|55,823
|54,275
|]
|-
|]
|48,893
|46,908
|]
|-
|]
|48,295
|47,802
|]
|-
|]
|46,807
|46,012
|]
|-
|]
|43,595
|39,720
|]
|-
|]
|39,924
|39,621
|]
|-
|]
|39,672
|39,028
|]
|-
|]
|32,603
|32,930
|]
|-
|]
|32,288
|32,433
|]
|-
|]
|31,364
|29,759
|]
|-
|]
|29,808
|30,401
|]
|-
|]
|27,827
|27,623
|]
|-
|]
|26,107
|26,721
|]
|-
|]
|24,570
|23,229
|]
|-
|]
|17,918
|18,302
|]
|-
|]
|16,438
|16,597
|]
|-
|]
|15,293
|15,725
|]
|-
|]
|14,546
|14,879
|]
|-
|]
|12,666
|12,558
|]
|-
|]
|11,832
|11,628
|]
|}

¹These figures are adjusted to reflect boundary changes for the 2006 census.

²Where a census agglomeration straddles more than one administrative region, the region of the central municipality is given.

The municipalities of Quebec which are not part of a CMA or CA but which had populations exceeding 10,000 in 2006, with administrative regions in parentheses, are: ] (]), 14,819; ] (]), 14,159; ] (]), 13,405; ] (]), 12,560; ] (]), 11,584; ] (]), 11,353; ] (]), 10,634; ] (]), 10,544; ] (]), 10,477; ] (]), 10,355; ] (]), 10,132; ] (]), 10,058.

==Economy==
{{main|Economy of Quebec}}
], North America's Francophone metropolis]]

The St. Lawrence River Valley is a fertile agricultural region, producing ] products, ], ]s, ], ] (Quebec is the world's largest producer), and ].

North of the St. Lawrence River Valley, the territory of Quebec has significant resources in its coniferous forests, lakes, and rivers—pulp and ], ], and ] are still some of the province's most important industries.

There is a significant concentration of high-tech industries around ], including aerospace companies such as aircraft manufacturer ], the jet engine company ], the flight simulator builder ] and defence contractor ]. These companies and other major subcontractors have made Quebec the world's fourth-largest producer of aviation related products.{{Fact|date=January 2008}} In the video game industry, large video game companies such as ] and ] have studios in Montreal.<ref></ref>

], the world's most photographed hotel{{Fact|date=January 2008}}, is iconic to the province of Quebec.]]
==Demographics==
{{main|Demographics of Quebec}}
Quebec's ] is now lower than the Canadian average. At 1.52, it is slightly below the Canada-wide rate of 1.54<ref>http://cansim2.statcan.ca/cgi-win/CNSMCGI.PGM</ref> and well below the replacement fertility rate of 2.1. This contrasts with fertility rates before 1960, which were among the highest of any industrialized society. Although Quebec is home to only 23.9% of the population of Canada, the number of international adoptions in Quebec is the highest of all provinces of Canada. In 2001, 42% of international adoptions in Canada were carried out in Quebec.
===Population of Quebec since 1851===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Population
!Five-year<br/>% change
!Ten-year <br/>% change
!Rank among<br/>provinces
|-
|1851 ||892,061 ||n/a ||n/a ||2
|-
|1861 ||1,111,566 ||n/a ||24.6 ||2
|-
|1871 ||1,191,516 ||n/a ||7.2 ||2
|-
|1881 ||1,359,027 ||n/a ||14.1 ||2
|-
|1891 ||1,488,535 ||n/a ||9.5 ||2
|-
|1901 ||1,648,898 ||n/a ||10.8 ||2
|-
|1911 ||2,005,776 ||n/a ||21.6 ||2
|-
|1921 ||2,360,665 ||n/a ||17.8 ||2
|-
|1931 ||2,874,255 ||n/a ||21.8 ||2
|-
|1941 ||3,331,882 ||n/a ||15.9 ||2
|-
|1951 ||4,055,681 ||n/a ||21.8 ||2
|-
|1956 ||4,628,378 ||14.1 ||n/a ||2
|-
|1961 ||5,259,211 ||13.6 ||29.7 ||2
|-
|1966 ||5,780,845 ||9.9 ||24.9 ||2
|-
|1971 ||6,027,765 ||4.3 ||14.6 ||2
|-
|1976 ||6,234,445 ||3.4 ||7.8 ||2
|-
|1981 ||6,438,403 ||3.3 ||6.8 ||2
|-
|1986 ||6,532,460 ||1.5 ||4.8 ||2
|-
|1991 ||6,895,963 ||5.6 ||7.1 ||2
|-
|1996 ||7,138,795 ||3.5 ||9.3 ||2
|-
|2001 ||7,237,479 ||1.4 ||5.0 ||2
|-
|2006 ||7,546,131 ||4.3 ||5.7 ||2
|}
<small>''Source: ]''</small>

===Ethnic origin===
{| class="wikitable" align="left"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
!Ethnic origin
!Population
!Percent
|-
|]
|4,897,475
|68.7%
|-
|]
|2,111,570
|29.6%
|-
|]
|291,545
|4.1%
|-
|]
|249,205
|3.5%
|-
|]
|218,415
|3.1%
|-
|]
|156,140
|2.2%
|-
|]
|130,165
|1.8%
|-
|]
|94,940
|1.3%
|-
|]
|88,700
|1.2%
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" align="left"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
!Ethnic origin
!Population
!Percent
|-
|]ish
|82,450
|1.2%
|-
|]
|74,465
|1.0%
|-
|]
|63,000
|0.9%
|-
|]
|58,645
|0.8%
|-
|]
|48,990
|0.7%
|-
|]
|48,765
|0.7%
|-
|]
|46,990
|0.7%
|-
|]
|43,115
|0.6%
|-
|]
|34,125
|0.5%
|-
|}
<br clear=left>
<small>''Percentages are calculated as a proportion of the total number of respondents (7,125,580) and may total more than 100% due to dual responses. <br />Only groups with more than 0.5% of respondents are shown''</small><ref></ref>

===Aboriginal status===
The 2006 census counted a total aboriginal population of 108,425 (1.5%) including 65,085 ] (0.9%), 27,985 ] (0.4%), and 10,950 ] (0.15%). It should be noted however, that there is a significant undercount, as many of the biggest Indian bands regularly refuse to participate in Canadian censuses for political reasons regarding the question of aboriginal sovereignty. In particular, the largest ] ] reserves (], ] and ]) were not counted.

<small>''Percentages are calculated as a proportion of the total number of respondents (7,435,905)''</small><ref></ref>
===Visible minorities===
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
!Visible minority
!Population
!Percentage
|-
|Black
|152,195
|2.1%
|-
|Arab
|73,345
|1.0%
|-
|Chinese
|56,830
|0.8%
|-
|Latin American
|59,515
|0.8%
|-
|South Asian
|59,505
|0.8%
|-

|}
<small>''Percentages are calculated as a proportion of the total number of respondents (7,125,580). <br />Only groups with more than 0.5% of respondents are shown''</small><ref></ref>
===Religion===
Quebec is unique among the provinces in its overwhelmingly ] population. This is a legacy of colonial times when only Roman Catholics were permitted to settle in ].

The 2001 census showed the population to be 83.4% ] (including 83.2% ]); 4.7% ] (including 1.2% ], 0.7% ]; and 0.5% ]); 1.4% ] (including 0.7% ]); and 0.8% ]; as well as 1.5% ]; 1.3% ]; 0.6% ]; 0.3% ]; and 0.1% ]. An additional 5.8% of the population said they had no religious affiliation (including 5.6% who stated that they had no religion at all).<br />
<small>''Percentages are calculated as a proportion of the total number of respondents (7,125,580)''</small><ref></ref>

===Mother tongues===
Of the 7,546,131 population counted by the 2006 census, 7,435,905 people completed the section about language. Of these 7,339,495 gave singular responses to the question regarding ]. The languages most commonly reported were the following:

{| class="wikitable" align="left"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
!Language
!Number of <br />native speakers
!Percentage of <br />singular responses
|-
|]
|5,877,060
|80.1%
|-
|English
|575,555
|7.8%
|-
|Italian
|124,820
|1.7%
|-
|Spanish
|108,790
|1.5%
|-
|Arabic
|108,105
|1.5%
|-
|Chinese
|63,415
|0.9%
|-
|Creole
|44,145
|0.6%
|-
|Greek
|41,845
|0.6%
|-
|Portuguese
|34,710
|0.5%
|-
|Romanian
|27,180
|0.4%
|-
|Vietnamese
|25,370
|0.3%
|-
|Russian
|19,275
|0.3%
|-
|German
|17,855
|0.2%
|-
|Polish
|17,305
|0.2%
|-
|Armenian
|15,520
|0.2%
|-
|Persian (Farsi)
|14,655
|0.2%
|-
|Cree
|13,340
|0.2%
|-
|Panjabi (Punjabi)
|11,905
|0.2%
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" align="left"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
!Language
!Number of <br />native speakers
!Percentage of <br />singular responses
|-
|Tagalog (Filipino)
|11,785
|0.2%
|-
|Tamil
|11,570
|0.1%
|-
|Urdu
|9,685
|0.1%
|-
|Bengali
|9,660
|0.1%
|-
|Inuktitut
|9,615
|0.1%
|-
|Montagnais-Naskapi
|9,335
|0.1%
|-
|Khmer (Cambodian)
|8,250
|0.1%
|-
|Yiddish
|8,225
|0.1%
|-
|Hungarian (Magyar)
|7,750
|0.1%
|-
|Gujarati
|6,050
|0.1%
|-
|Turkish
|5,865
|0.1%
|-
|Ukrainian
|5,395
|0.1%
|-
|Atikamekw
|5,245
|0.1%
|-
|Bulgarian
|5,215
|0.1%
|-
|Lao
|4,785
|0.1%
|-
|Hebrew
|4,110
|0.1%
|-
|Korean
|3,970
|0.1%
|-
|Dutch (Nederlands)
|3,620
|~
|-
|}
<br clear=left>
Numerous other languages were also counted, but only languages with more than 3,000 native speakers are shown. <br />(Figures shown are for the number of single language responses and the percentage of total single-language responses)<ref>{{cite paper|url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/topics/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?ALEVEL=3&APATH=3&CATNO=&DETAIL=0&DIM=&DS=99&FL=0&FREE=0&GAL=0&GC=99&GK=NA&GRP=1&IPS=&METH=0&ORDER=1&PID=89186&PTYPE=88971&RL=0&S=1&ShowAll=No&StartRow=1&SUB=701&Temporal=2006&Theme=70&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&GID=837953 | title=Detailed Mother Tongue (148), Single and Multiple Language Responses (3) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census – 20% Sample Data |date=2007}}</ref>
== National symbols<ref>http://www.drapeau.gouv.qc.ca/ Justice Québec – Drapeauet et symboles nationaux {{fr}}</ref> ==
]

=== Coat of Arms ===
In 1939, the ] unilaterally ratified its coat of arms to reflect ]: French rule (gold lily on blue background), British rule (lion on red background) and Canadian rule (maple leaves) and with Quebec's motto below "Je me souviens".

=== Motto ===
{{main|Je me souviens}}
] was first carved under the coat of arms of Quebec's ] façade in 1883. It is an official part of the coat of arms and has been the official license plate motto since 1978, replacing "'']''" (the beautiful province). The expression ''La belle province'' is still used mostly in tourism as a nickname for the province.

=== Flag ===
{{main|Flag of Quebec}}
The fleur-de-lis, the ancient symbol of the ], first arrived on the shores of the ] in 1534 with ] on his first voyage. In 1900, Quebec finally sought to have its own uniquely designed flag. By 1903, the parent of today's flag had taken shape, known as the "'']''". The flag in its present form with its 4 white "]" lilies on a blue background with a white cross replaced the ] on Quebec's ] on ] ].

=== Other official symbols ===
*The floral emblem of Quebec is the '']''.<ref name="Qsymbols"/>
]), official bird of Quebec.]]
*Since 1987 the avian emblem of Quebec has been the ].<ref name="Qsymbols"/>
*An official tree, the ] (''bouleau jaune'', ''merisier''), symbolises the importance Quebecers give to the forests. The tree is known for the variety of its uses and commercial value, as well as its autumn colours.<ref name="Qsymbols"/>

In 1998 the ] sponsored a poll to choose an official insect. The ] butterfly (''Limenitis arthemis'') won with 32&nbsp;% of the 230&nbsp;660 votes against the Spotted ] (''Coleomegilla maculata lengi''), the ] ] (''Calopteryx maculata''), a species of ] (''Bombus impatiens'') and the six-spotted ] (''Cicindela sexguttata sexguttata'').

=== Quebec's National Holiday ===
{{main|Fête nationale du Québec}}
In 1977, then premier ] declared ] to be Quebec's National Holiday. Historically June 24 was a holiday honouring one of Quebec's patron saints, ], which is why it is commonly known as ''La Saint-Jean-Baptiste'' (often shortened to ''La St-Jean''). On this day, the song "]" by ] is often heard and commonly regarded as Quebec's unofficial anthem.

==Sports teams==

*]
**]

*]
**]

*]
**]

*]
**] (currently on hiatus)
**] (currently on hiatus)

*]
**]

===Former sports teams===

*]
**] (moved to ] and are now the ])
**] (moved to ] and became the ] for the rest of the team's existence)
**] (defunct)
**] (defunct)

*]
**] (moved to ] and are now the ])

*]
**] (merged with the ])
**] (moved to ] and became the ] for the rest of the team's existence)

*]
**] (defunct)

*]
**Quebec Braves/Alouettes/Athletics (defunct)
**Trois-Rivieres Royals (defunct)

== See also ==
* ]

==Footnotes==
{{reflist|2}}

==Books==
*Armony, Victor (2007). Le Québec expliqué aux immigrants. Montréal, VLB Éditeur, 208 pages, ISBN 9782890059856.<br />
*Lacoursière, Jacques, Jean Provencher et Denis Vaugeois (2000). Canada-Québec 1534–2000. Sillery, Septentrion. 591 pages, (ISBN 2-89448-156-X)
*Jacques Lacoursière, Histoire du Québec, Des origines à nos jours, Édition Nouveau Monde, 2005, ISBN 2-84736-113-8
*Linteau, Paul-André (1989). Histoire du Québec contemporain – Volume 1; De la Confédération à la crise (1867–1929), Histoire, coll. «Boréal Compact» n° 14, 758 pages, (ISBN 2-89052-297-8)
*Linteau, Paul-André (1989). Histoire du Québec contemporain – Volume 2; Le Québec depuis 1930, Histoire, coll. «Boréal Compact» n° 15, 834 pages, (ISBN 2-89052-298-5)
*Québec. Institut de la statistique du Québec (2007). Le Québec chiffres en main, édition 2007. 56 pages, (ISBN 2-550-49444-7)
*Venne, Michel (dir.) (2006). L'annuaire du Québec 2007. Montréal, Fides. 455 pages, (ISBN 2-7621-2746-7)

== External links ==
* {{en icon}}
* {{en icon}}
* {{en icon}} , Quebec government official tourist site
* {{en icon}}
* {{en icon}}
* {{fr icon}} , online encyclopaedia from Quebec
* {{en icon}}
* {{en icon}} {{wikitravel}}

'''History:'''
* {{en icon}} , online encyclopaedia made by Marianapolis College
* {{en icon}} , Images from the McCord Museum's collections
* {{fr icon}} , 5,000 digitized maps
<br/>{{Quebec topics}}
{{Quebec|regions=yes|cities=yes}}
{{Provinces and territories of Canada}}

<!--Interwiki-->

<!--Categories-->
]
]

{{Link FA|fr}}
{{Link FA|hr}}
{{Link FA|af}}
<!--Other languages-->

]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]

Revision as of 20:50, 30 April 2008

You stink because quebec sucks, loser

Quebec: Difference between revisions Add topic