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{The term pedophilia (also spelled paedophilia) has a range of definitions. In psychology, it is defined as a sexual preference for prepubescent children. According to the DSM, pedophilia is a form of paraphilia and mental disorder in which a person either has acted on intense sexual urges towards children, or has sexual urges towards and fantasies about children that cause distress or interpersonal difficulty. The term "pedophile" is also sometimes used to describe those accused or convicted of child sexual abuse under sociolegal definitions of child (including both prepubescent children and adolescents younger than the local age of consent). Some researchers believe this usage improperly confuses seperate concepts.

The causes of pedophilia have not been determined, though there are a variety of theories ranging from biological to psychological, and research is ongoing. Most pedophiles are men, though pedophilia occurs in women as well. In psychology and law enforcement, there have been a variety of typologies suggested to categorize pedophiles according to behavior and motivations. There is no known treatment or cure for pedophilia, however there are therapies that can reduce the incidence of pedophilic behaviors that result in child sexual abuse.

History of the term

The word comes from the Greek paidophilia (παιδοφιλία): pais (παις, "child") and philia (φιλία, "love, friendship"). Paidophilia was coined by Greek poets either as a substitute for "paiderastia" (pederasty), or vice versa.

The classic Latinized spelling is with ae or æ, to avoid confusion with pedophilia, which etymologically means attraction to the ground (πέδον). The term should also not be confused with podophilia either, which is attraction to feet (πούς > octopus / ποδός / πηδόν > pedal).

Today the American (among others) pronunciation has changed into the more germanic English form using the "ped" as in "pediatrician," not as in "pedestrian" despite the fact the original Greek spelling contained an ai, which is pronounced as in "eye". English has not fully developed the sounds of the vowels in the original form due to the phonetics of the vastly different languages. The correct terminology of the modern word Paedophile uses the ae or æ, which is the Latinized form of the Greek original, this happened a lot in the adoption of more of the classical languages into modern English and other European languages as detailed below.

The term paedophilia erotica was coined in 1886 by the Viennese psychiatrist Richard von Krafft-Ebing in his writing Psychopathia Sexualis. He gave the following characteristics:

• The sexual interest is toward pre-pubescent youth only. This interest does not extend to the first signs of pubic hair.
• The sexual interest is toward pre-pubescent youths only and does not include teenagers.
• The sexual interest remains over time.

Adults sexually attracted to pre-pubescent youths were placed into three categories by Krafft-Ebing:

• a.) pedophile
• b.) surrogate (that is, the pre-pubescent youths are regarded as a substitute object for a preferred, non-available adult object)
• c.) sadistic

Other researchers used their own terms for the Krafft-Ebing categories:

• a.) preferential/structured/fixed (i. e. pedophile) type,
• b.) situational/opportunistic/regressed/incest (i. e. surrogate) type
• c.) sadistic (no change)

This three-type model as well as the fundamental mental and behavioural differences of the three types were empirically evidenced, among others, by Kinsey; Howells 1981; Abel, Mittleman & Becker 1985; Knight et al. 1985; McConaghy 1993; Ward et al. 1995; Hoffmann 1996; Seikowski 1999.

Diagnosis

The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (F65.4) defines pedophilia as "a sexual preference for children, boys or girls or both, usually of prepubertal or early pubertal age."

The APA's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th edition, Text Revision gives the following as its "Diagnostic criteria for 302.2 Pedophilia":

• A. Over a period of at least 6 months, recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving sexual activity with a prepubescent child or children (generally age 13 years or younger);
• B. The person has acted on these sexual urges, or the sexual urges or fantasies cause marked distress or interpersonal difficulty;
• C. The person is at least age 16 years and at least 5 years older than the child or children in Criterion A.
• Specify if: Limited to incest
• Specify type: Exclusive Type (attracted only to children) Nonexclusive Type

Neither the ICD or the APA diagnostic criteria require actual sexual activity with a pre-pubescent youths. The diagnosis can therefore be made based on the presence of fantasies or sexual urges alone, provided the subject meets the remaining criteria. "For individuals in late adolescence with pedophilia, no precise age difference is specified, and clinical judgment must be used" (p. 527 DSM).

Nepiophilia, also called infantophilia, is used to refer to a sexual preference for toddlers and infants (usually ages 0–3).

Etiology

The cause or causes of pedophilia are not known. The experience of sexual abuse as a child was previously thought to be a strong risk factor, but research does not show a causal relationship, as the vast majority of sexually abused children do not grow up to be adult offenders, nor do the majority of adult offenders report childhood sexual abuse. The US Government Accountability Office concluded, "the existence of a cycle of sexual abuse was not established." Prior to 1996, there was greater belief in the theory of a "cycle of violence," because most of the research done was retrospective—abusers were asked if they had experienced past abuse. Even the majority of studies found that most adult sex offenders said they had not been sexually abused during childhood, but studies varied in terms of their estimates of the percentage of such offenders who had been abused, from 0 to 79 percent. More recent prospective longitudinal research—studying children with documented cases of sexual abuse over time to determine what percentage become adult offenders—has demonstrated that the cycle of violence theory is not an adequate explanation for why people molest children.

Biological findings

Several researchers have reported correlations between pedophilia and certain psychological characteristics, such as low self-esteem and poor social skills. Until recently, many pedophilia researchers believed that pedophilia was actually caused by those characteristics. Beginning in 2002, other researchers, most notably Canadian sexologists James Cantor and Ray Blanchard and their colleagues, began reporting a series of findings linking pedophilia with brain structure and function: Pedophilic (and hebephilic) men have lower IQs, poorer scores on memory tests, greater rates of non-right-handedness, greater rates of school grade failure over and above the IQ differences, lesser physical height, greater probability of having suffered childhood head injuries resulting in unconsciousness, and several differences in MRI-detected brain structures. They report that their findings suggest that there are one or more neurological characteristics present at birth that cause or increase the likelihood of being pedophilic. Evidence of familial transmittability "suggests, but does not prove that genetic factors are responsible" for the development of pedophilia.

Another study, using structural MRI, shows that pedophilic men have a lower volume of white matter than non-sexual criminals.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has shown that child molesters diagnosed with pedophilia have reduced activation of the hypothalamus as compared with non-pedophilic individuals when viewing sexually arousing pictures of adults. A 2008 functional neuroimaging study notes that central processing of sexual stimuli in heterosexual "paedophile forensic inpatients" may be altered by a disturbance in the prefrontal networks, which "may be associated with stimulus-controlled behaviours, such as sexual compulsive behaviours." The findings may also suggest "a dysfunction at the cognitive stage of sexual arousal processing."

Blanchard, Cantor, and Robichaud (2006) reviewed the research that attempted to identify hormonal aspects of pedophiles. They concluded that there is some evidence that pedophilic men have less testosterone than controls, but that the research is of poor quality and that is it difficult to draw any firm conclusion from it.

While not causes of pedophilia itself, comorbid psychiatric illness—such as personality disorders and substance abuse—are risk factors for acting on pedophilic urges. Blanchard, Cantor, and Robichaud (2006) noted about comorbid psychiatric illnesses that, "The theoretical implications are not so clear. Do particular genes or noxious factors in the prenatal environment predispose a male to develop both affective disorders and pedophilia, or do the frustration, danger, and isolation engendered by unacceptable sexual desires—or their occasional furtive satisfaction—lead to anxiety and despair?" They indicated that because they previously found mothers of pedophiles to be more likely to have undergone psychiatric treatment, the genetic possibility is more likely.

Dissenting opinions

Others state that pedophiles exhibit no clinically pathological traits other than the direction of their sexual preference, a fact that is very rare among all other classified paraphilias and mental illnesses where the pathological aetiological characteristics causing deviant behavior are commonly subject to therapy. As these pathological aetiological characteristics cannot be evidenced in fair samples of pedophiles, it is argued that common therapy models fail on them.

Vogt 2006 states that even on an international scale only 2 scientific studies have ever been made on distinctly pathological mental characteristics of pedophiles before 2006 that were methodologically correct and representatively sampled, naming these as Bernard 1982; Wilson & Cox 1983. Vogt 2006 re-confirmed identical results as Bernard 1982; Wilson & Cox 1983. No pathological characteristics could be found for pedophiles other than the direction of their sexual preference which all three studies explicitly suggest to be up for debate as not pathological especially in light of their findings. The only significant deviance from the norm other than sexual preference that could be found by all three studies was higher mean level of education of pedophiles compared to the average population.

Scientists supporting the declassification of pedophilia as paraphilia and mental illness due to the findings of the first two studies include Howitt 1998a; Green 2002; Ng 2002; Fiedler 2004.

Also Langevin 1983 and Okami & Goldberg 1992; ("consistent" findings with Langevin 1983) found no pathological characteristics in pedophiles other than their sexual preference and that "None of the commonly held hypotheses were supported."

Psychopathology and cognitive distortions

According to one theory, child sex offenders use cognitive distortions to justify their behaviours. This, according to some others can also be seen in the beliefs of pedophiles who have not necessarily offended. For example, the Encyclopedia of Psychology states that these defense mechanisms reflect one of the most salient features of the condition, with cognitive distortions being a hallmark feature of the pedophilia; used to maximize the pedophiles subjective self-regard, justify their thoughts and behavior, rarely have basis in objective reality as they're entirely self-serving.

Personality impairment in male pedophiles

This study states that pedophiles have impaired interpersonal functioning and elevated passive-aggressiveness, as well as impaired self-concept. Regarding disinhibitory traits, pedophiles demonstrate elevated sociopathy and propensity for cognitive distortions. Pathologic personality traits in pedophiles lend support to a hypothesis that such pathology is related to both motivation for and failure to inhibit pedophilic behavior.

Other texts

A review of qualitative research studies published between 1982 and 2001 concluded that pedophiles use cognitive distortions to meet personal needs, justifying abuse by making excuses, redefining their actions as love and mutuality, and exploiting the power imbalance inherent in all adult-child relationships. Other cognitive distortions include the idea of "children as sexual beings," "uncontrollability of sexuality," and "sexual entitlement-bias."

A United States Department of Justice manual lists five of these common psychological defenses commonly used by pedophiles to justify their actions. 1) Denial(is it wrong to hug a child?), 2) Minimization (it only happened once), 3) Justification (I'm a boy lover, not a child molester), 4) Fabrication (activities were for a scholarly research project), and 5) Attack (character attacks on child, accusers, and others.)

Criticism

Cognitive distortion theories have been criticised, sometimes on the basis of an "ideological bias" where the therapist is always right. For example, Agner Fog, Ph.D, writes that "The rationale behind cognitive therapy is that the world view of the therapist is believed to be right and when the world view of the patient is different he is said to suffer from cognitive distortion". Shadd and Mann (2006) cast doubt on whether cognitive distortions lead to offending or reoffending. They also argue that the pathologization of cognitive distortions is inappropriate. In their view, excuses are a normal and healthy aspect of human behavior. Gannon and Polaschek claim that "the popularity of the cognitive distortion hypothesis is due to factors other than its empirical validity."

Types

Exclusive vs. nonexclusive

Although defined as an exclusive sexual preference by some experts and sexologists, pedophilia may be better understood if separated into two categories. Exclusive pedophiles are attracted to children, and children only. They show little erotic interest in adults their own age and in some cases, can only become aroused while fantasizing or being in the presence of prepubescent children. Nonexclusive pedophiles are attracted to both children and adults, and can be sexually aroused by both. According to a U.S. study on 2429 adult male pedophiles, only 7% identified themselves as exclusive; indicating that many or most pedophiles fall into the nonexclusive category.

See Also: Child Sexual Offender Types

Prevalence

While the prevalence of pedophilia is not known with any certainty, some authors cite phallometric recordings of sexual response to children and self-reports of attraction to children as indicators.

Prevalence among child sex offenders

In papers by Paul Okami and Amy Goldberg (1992), and Kevin Howells (1981), the authors stated that most data they had reviewed suggests that pedophiles make up a minority of incarcerated child sex offenders. A behavioral analysis report by the FBI states that a "high percentage of acquaintance child molesters are preferential sex offenders who have a true sexual preference for children (i.e., pedophiles)." A Mayo Clinic report cites a book published by Xlibris as finding that approximately 95% of child sexual abuse incidents are committed by the 88% of child molestation offenders who meet the diagnostic criteria for pedophilia.

The term pedophile is commonly used to describe all child sexual offenders, including those who do not meet the clinical diagnosis standards. This use is seen as problematic by some people. Some researchers, such as Howard E. Barbaree, have endorsed the use of actions as a sole criterion for the diagnosis of pedophilia as a means of taxonomic simplification, rebuking the American Psychiatric Association's standards as "unsatisfactory".

A perpetrator of child sexual abuse is commonly assumed to be and referred to as a pedophile; however, there may be other motivations for the crime (such as stress, marital problems, or the unavailability of an adult partner), Child sexual abuse may or may not be an indicator that its perpetrator is a pedophile; or a subtype of pedophile. Many terms have been used to disntiguish "true pedophiles" from nonpedophilic offenders, or to distinguish among types of pedophiles on a continuum according to strength and exclusivity of pedophilic interest. Some of the terms used to describe incest offenders are regressed, situational, and intrafamilial.

A review article in the British Journal of Psychiatry notes the overlap between extrafamilial and intrafamilial offenders. One study found that around half of the fathers and stepfathers in its sample who were referred for committing extrafamilial abuse had also been abusing their own children.

As noted by Abel, Mittleman, and Becker (1985) and Ward et al. (1995), there are generally large distinctions between the two types of offenders' characteristics. Situational offenders tend to offend at times of stress; have a later onset of offending; have fewer, often familial victims; and have a general preference for adult partners. Pedophilic offenders, however, often start offending at an early age; often have a large number of victims who are frequently extrafamilial; are more inwardly driven to offend; and have values or beliefs that strongly support an offense lifestyle. Research suggests that incest offenders recidivate at approximately half the rate of extrafamilial child molesters, and one study estimated that by the time of entry to treatment, nonincestuous pedophiles who molest boys had committed an average of 282 offenses against 150 victims.

Treatment

Although pedophilia has no cure at this time, various treatments are available that can help to reduce or prevent the expression of pedophilic behavior, thereby reducing the prevalence of child sexual abuse. Treatment of pedophilia is considered a form of primary prevention and often requires collaboration between law enforcement and health care professionals.

A number of proposed treatment techniques for pedophilia have been developed. In 1981, writer David Crawford reported that the success rate of these therapies was very low. Dr. Fred Berlin, founder of the Johns Hopkins Sexual Disorders Clinic, believed pedophilia could "indeed be successfully treated," if only the medical community would give it more attention.

Some psychologists, such as Dr. Fred S. Berlin, assert sexual attraction to pre-pubescent youths to be a sexual orientation in itself, but Berlin also states "The psychiatric profession still correctly considers pedophilia to be a mental disorder." In one article, Berlin writes "it is likely that no one would choose voluntarily to develop a pedophilic sexual orientation. Those with such an orientation have no more decided to have it than have any of us decided as children to be either heterosexual or homosexual." Berlin also defends the classification of pedophilia as a mental disorder, however, stating "In our society, to have a pedophilic sexual orientation can create both psychological burdens and impairments."

Medical therapies

Cognitive behavioral therapy has been shown to reduce recidivism in contact sex offenders. Applied behavior analysis is used with mentally disabled sex offenders. Some treatment programs use covert sensitization and odor aversion, which are both forms of aversion therapy. While such programs are effective in lowering recidivism by 15-18 percent, they do not represent a cure. A study by the Council on Scientific Affairs found that the success rate of aversion therapy was parallel to that of homosexual conversion therapy; that is to say, extremely low. This method is rarely used on pedophiles who have not offended.

Anti-androgenic medications such as Depo Provera may be used to lower testosterone levels in offending pedophiles. These treatments, commonly referred to as "chemical castration", are often used in conjunction with the non-medical approaches noted above. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues, which last longer and have less side effects, are also effective in reducing libido and may be used. According the Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers, "Anti-androgen treatment should be coupled with appropriate monitoring and counseling within a comprehensive treatment plan." In a controlled Depo-Provera treatment study of forty sex offenders--including 23 pedophiles--who received Depo, and 21 sex offenders who received psychotherapy alone, outcome follow-up of the treated group v. the untreated group demonstrated that the reoffense rate for the Depo-treated group was significantly lower. Eighteen percent reoffended while receiving medication; 35 percent reoffended after stopping medication. In contrast, 58 percent of the control patients, who received psychotherapy alone reoffended. Patients defined as regressed were much more likely to reoffend off therapy than the patients defined as fixated.

Klaus M. Beier of the Institute of Sexology and Sexual Medicine at Charité , a university hospital in Berlin, reported success in a preliminary study using role-play therapy and "impulse-curbing drugs" to help pedophiles avoid sexually assaulting a child. According to researchers, contact child sex offenders were better able to control their urges once they understood the pre-pubescent youth's view. Although these results are relevant to the prevention of re-offending in contact child sex offenders, there is no empirical suggestion that such therapy is a cure for pedophilia.

Related activism

Pro-pedophile activism

Pro-pedophile activism, is a small fringe movement that was most active from the 1950s to the early 1990s and is now maintained mostly through several websites. One of its goals - summed up by a supporter, Frits Bernard - is advocating the acceptance of pedophilia as a sexual orientation rather than a psychological disorder.

Anti-pedophile activism

Anti-pedophile activism encompasses opposition to pedophiles, pro-pedophile activism, and other phenomena that are seen as related to pedophilia, such as child pornography and child sexual abuse. Much of the direct action classified as anti-pedophile involves demonstrations against sex offenders, groups advocating legalization of sexual activity between adults and children, and internet users who solicit sex from teens.

See also

• Child sexual abuse
• Child pornography
• Ephebophilia
• Pederasty
• Roman Catholic sex abuse cases

Notes and references

Notes

1. ^ World Health Organization, International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems: ICD-10 Section F65.4: Paedophilia (online access via ICD-10 site map table of contents)
2. ^ Okami, P. & Goldberg, A. (1992) "Personality correlates of pedophilia: Are they reliable indicators?," Journal of Sex Research, 29, 297-328. Cite error: The named reference "okami" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
3. ^ Freund, K. (1981). Assessment of pedophilia. In M. Cook & K. Howells (Eds.), Adult sexual interest in children (pp. 139–179). London: Academic.
4. ^ Blanchard, R., Kolla, N. J., Cantor, J. M., Klassen, P. E., Dickey, R., Kuban, M. E., & Blak, T. (2007). IQ, handedness, and pedophilia in adult male patients stratified by referral source. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 19, 285-309.
5. medem.com
6. ^ ""pedophilia" (n.d.)". The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary. May 06, 2008. The act or fantasy on the part of an adult of engaging in sexual activity with a child or children. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
7. Finkelhor, David (1986). A Sourcebook on Child Sexual Abuse: Sourcebook on Child Sexual Abuse. Sage Publications. pp. p90. ISBN 0803927495. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
8. Burgess, Ann Wolbert (1978). Sexual Assault of Children and Adolescents. Lexington Books. pp. p9-10, 24, 40. ISBN 0669018929. the sexual misuse and abuse of children constitutes pedophilia {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
9. ^ Fagan, P.J.; et al. "Pedophilia". Journal of the American Medical Association. 2002 Nov 20, 288(19):2458-65. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |last= (help)
10. ^ "pedophilia". Encyclopædia Britannica.
11. ""pedophile" (n.d.)". The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. May 06, 2008. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
12. ^ Ames, MA. "Legal, social, and biological definitions of pedophilia". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 1990 Aug, 19(4):333-42. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
13. ^ ""Pedophilia"". Psychology Today. Sussex Publishers, LLC. 07 Sept 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
14. Goldman, Howard H. (2000). Review of General Psychiatry. McGraw-Hill Professional Psychiatry. p. 374. ISBN 0838584349.
15. ^ Mayo Clinic Procedings "A Profile of Pedophilia"Mayo Clinic Procedings Accessed June 2, 2008
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18. Liddell, H.G., and Scott, Robert (1959). Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon. ISBN 0-19-910206-6.
19. Anonymous (probably Geigel, Alois. 1869) Das Paradoxon der Venus Urania ("The paradox of man-manly love"), p. 6. OCLC 68582227 OCLC 77768935 Reprinted as a complete facsimile in Hohmann, Joachim S. (1977). Der unterdrückte Sexus ("Historical oppression of sexuality"). ISBN 3879587124 Template:De icon. The anonymous 1869 author had harshly rejected the theories of early LGBT activist Karl Heinrich Ulrichs whose "filthy pederasty" he contrasted with chaste, "sublime paedophilia" basing both definitions on the classical meaning boy for παις instead of the non-classical meaning child, and εραστια ("erastia") as pure "sexual desire", contrasted with more sublime φιλία.
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60. Encyclopedia of Psychology "Pedophilia"
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64. Gieles, F., (2005). "What has got into those people?", Human Being, on line, http://www.humanbeing.demon.nl/humanbeingsweb/Library/what/what_2.htm#denken
65. Fog, A., “Paraphilias and Therapy,” Nordisk Sexologi, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 236-242, 1992.
66. Gieles, F, (2006). "There must be a scapegoat", Presentation in Prague, June 2006 at the Congress of the European Federation of Sexologists
67. Howitt, D., (1995). "Paedophiles and Sexual Offences against Children", John Wiley and Sons, Quoted: "There are dangers, of course, in promoting the view that all child abusers lie and distort. The obvious one is the problem of how to deal with an honest offender."
68. Shadd, M. & Mann, R. (2006). "A fundamental attribution error? Rethinking cognitive distortions," Legal and Criminology Psychology, 11(2), 155-177.
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76. Howells, K. (1981). "Adult sexual interest in children: Considerations relevant to theories of aetiology," in Cook, M. & Howells, K. (eds.), Adult sexual interest in children, 55-94.
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78. Feierman, J. (1990). "Introduction" and "A Biosocial Overview," Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions, 1-68.
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80. Howells, K. (1981). "Adult sexual interest in children: Considerations relevant to theories of aetiology," Adult sexual interest in children. 55-94.
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97. EUX.TV - Berlin hospital says therapy helped 20 paedophiles
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99. Stanton, Domna C. (1992). Discourses of Sexuality: From Aristotle to AIDS. University of Michigan Press. pp. p405. ISBN 0472065130. not many people have been prepared to support the emancipatory potential of the pedophile movement. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
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101. Jenkins, Philip (1992). Intimate Enemies: Moral Panics in Contemporary Great Britain. Aldine Transaction. pp. p75. ISBN 0202304361. In the 1970s, the pedophile movement was one of several fringe groups whose cause was to some extent espoused in the name of gay liberation. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
102. Jenkins, Philip (2006). Decade of Nightmares: The End of the Sixties and the Making of Eighties America. Oxford University Press. pp. p120. ISBN 0195178661. at the fringes of the gay movement, some voices were pushing for more radical changes, including the abolition of the age of consent, and were extolling 'man-boy love.' {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
103. Dr. Frits Bernard,. "The Dutch Paedophile Emancipation Movement". Paidika: The Journal of Paedophilia. volume 1 number 2, (Autumn 1987), p. 35-4. Heterosexuality, homosexuality, bisexuality and paedophilia should be considered equally valuable forms of human behavior. {{cite journal}}: |volume= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
104. Global Crime Report | INVESTIGATION | Child porn and the cybercrime treaty part 2 |BBC World Service
105. Families flee paedophile protests August 92000, retrieved Jan 242008
106. Dutch paedophiles set up political party, May 302006, retrieved Jan2008

References

• Abel GG: Behavioral treatment of child molesters, in Perspectives on Behavioral Medicine. Edited by Stunkard AJ, Baum A. New York, Lawrence Erlbaum, 1989, pp 223-242
• Abel GG, Blanchard EB: The role of fantasy in the treatment of sexual deviation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 30:467-475, 1974
• Abel GG, Osborn CA: Clinical syndromes of adult psychiatry: the paraphilias, in The Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry. New York, Oxford University Press, in press.
• Abel GG, Rouleau J-L: Male sex offenders, in Handbook of Outpatient Treatment of Adults. Edited by Thase ME, Edelstein BA, Hersen M. New York, Plenum, 1990, pp 271-290
• Levine, Judith. (2002). Harmful to Minors: The Perils of Protecting Children From Sex. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Discusses the perception and reality of pedophilia. ISBN 0-8166-4006-8.
• Pryor, Douglass, Unspeakable Acts: Why Men Sexually Abuse Children, New York Univ. Press, 1996.
• Rind et al. (1998). "A meta-analytic examination of assumed properties of child sexual abuse using college samples." Psychological Bulletin. 124 (1), 22-53.
• Scruton, Roger, Sexual Desire: A Moral Philosophy of the Erotic, Free, 1986.
• Wilson, Paul R. (1981). The Man They Called a Monster. Melbourne: Cassell Australia. ISBN 0-7269-9282-8. (Book about a court reporter who had sexual relationships with 2500 adolescent males; includes interviews with the later adults who reflect on these relationships.)

External links

• WebMd: Explaining Pedophillia - from a medical point of view
• Diagnostic criteria for Pedophilia in DSM-IV

• Greek loanwords
• Paraphilias
• Pedophilia