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| ] Hominoid family tree]] | ] Hominoid family tree]] | ||
| All species except '']'' (modern humans) are extinct. '']'', traditionally considered the last surviving relative, died out 24,000 years ago while a recent discovery suggests that another species, ''],'' may have lived as recently as 12,000 years ago. | All species except '']'' (modern humans) are extinct. '']'', traditionally considered the last surviving relative, died out 24,000 (or evolved to and live) years ago while a recent discovery suggests that another species, ''],'' may have lived as recently as 12,000 years ago. | ||
| A minority of zoologists consider that the two species of ]s (usually treated in the genus ''Pan''), and maybe the ]s (usually treated in the genus ''Gorilla'') should also be included in the genus based on genetic similarities. Most scientists argue that chimpanzees and gorillas have too many anatomical differences between themselves and humans to be part of ''Homo''. Given the large number of morphological similarities exhibited, ''Homo'' is closely related to several extinct hominin genera, most notably '']'', '']'' and '']''. {{As of|2007}}, there is no universally accepted recognition of which ] ''Homo'' radiated from. | A minority of zoologists consider that the two species of ]s (usually treated in the genus ''Pan''), and maybe the ]s (usually treated in the genus ''Gorilla'') should also be included in the genus based on genetic similarities. Most scientists argue that chimpanzees and gorillas have too many anatomical differences between themselves and humans to be part of ''Homo''. Given the large number of morphological similarities exhibited, ''Homo'' is closely related to several extinct hominin genera, most notably '']'', '']'' and '']''. {{As of|2007}}, there is no universally accepted recognition of which ] ''Homo'' radiated from. | ||
| The word ''homo'' is ] for "]", in the original sense of "human being", or "person". The word "]" itself is from Latin ''humanus'', an adjective cognate to ''homo'', both derived from ] ''{{PIE|dhǵhem-}}'' "earth". Cf. Hebrew '']'', meaning "human", cognate to ''adamah'', meaning "ground". (And cf. Latin ''humus'', meaning "soil".) | The word ''homo'' is ] for "]", in the original sense of "human being", or "person". The word "]" itself is from Latin ''humanus'', an adjective cognate to ''homo'', both derived from ] unexisted reconstructed word ''{{PIE|*dhǵhem-}}'' "earth"<ref> The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000.</ref>. Cf. Hebrew '']'', meaning "human", cognate to ''adamah'', meaning "ground". (And cf. Latin ''humus'', meaning "soil".) | ||
| ==Species== | ==Species== | ||
Revision as of 00:42, 16 September 2008
For other uses, see Homo.
| Homo | |
|---|---|
| |
| Skull of Homo neanderthalensis | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Primates |
| Family: | Hominidae |
| Subfamily: | Homininae |
| Tribe: | Hominini |
| Subtribe: | Hominina |
| Genus: | Homo Linnaeus, 1758 |
| Species | |
|
Homo sapiens | |
Homo is the genus that includes modern humans and their close relatives. The genus is estimated to be about 2.5 million years old, evolving from Australopithecine ancestors with the appearance of Homo habilis. Appearance of Homo coincides with the first evidence of stone tools (the Oldowan industry), and thus by definition with the beginning of the Lower Paleolithic.
All species except Homo sapiens (modern humans) are extinct. Homo neanderthalensis, traditionally considered the last surviving relative, died out 24,000 (or evolved to and live) years ago while a recent discovery suggests that another species, Homo floresiensis, may have lived as recently as 12,000 years ago.
A minority of zoologists consider that the two species of chimpanzees (usually treated in the genus Pan), and maybe the gorillas (usually treated in the genus Gorilla) should also be included in the genus based on genetic similarities. Most scientists argue that chimpanzees and gorillas have too many anatomical differences between themselves and humans to be part of Homo. Given the large number of morphological similarities exhibited, Homo is closely related to several extinct hominin genera, most notably Kenyanthropus, Paranthropus and Australopithecus. As of 2007, there is no universally accepted recognition of which taxon Homo radiated from.
The word homo is Latin for "man", in the original sense of "human being", or "person". The word "human" itself is from Latin humanus, an adjective cognate to homo, both derived from Proto-Indo-European language unexisted reconstructed word *dhǵhem- "earth". Cf. Hebrew adam, meaning "human", cognate to adamah, meaning "ground". (And cf. Latin humus, meaning "soil".)
Species
| Lineages | Temporal range (kya) |
Habitat | Adult height | Adult mass | Cranial capacity (cm) |
Fossil record | Discovery | Publication of name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H. habilis membership in Homo uncertain |
2,100–1,500 | Tanzania | 110–140 cm (3 ft 7 in – 4 ft 7 in) | 33–55 kg (73–121 lb) | 510–660 | Many | 1960 | 1964 |
| H. rudolfensis membership in Homo uncertain |
1,900 | Kenya | 700 | 2 sites | 1972 | 1986 | ||
| H. gautengensis also classified as H. habilis |
1,900–600 | South Africa | 100 cm (3 ft 3 in) | 3 individuals | 2010 | 2010 | ||
| H. erectus | 1,900–140 | Africa, Eurasia | 180 cm (5 ft 11 in) | 60 kg (130 lb) | 850 (early) – 1,100 (late) | Many | 1891 | 1892 |
| H. ergaster African H. erectus |
1,800–1,300 | East and Southern Africa | 700–850 | Many | 1949 | 1975 | ||
| H. antecessor | 1,200–800 | Western Europe | 175 cm (5 ft 9 in) | 90 kg (200 lb) | 1,000 | 2 sites | 1994 | 1997 |
| H. heidelbergensis early H. neanderthalensis |
600–300 | Europe, Africa | 180 cm (5 ft 11 in) | 90 kg (200 lb) | 1,100–1,400 | Many | 1907 | 1908 |
| H. cepranensis a single fossil, possibly H. heidelbergensis |
c. 450 | Italy | 1,000 | 1 skull cap | 1994 | 2003 | ||
| H. longi | 309–138 | Northeast China | 1,420 | 1 individual | 1933 | 2021 | ||
| H. rhodesiensis early H. sapiens |
c. 300 | Zambia | 1,300 | Single or very few | 1921 | 1921 | ||
| H. naledi | c. 300 | South Africa | 150 cm (4 ft 11 in) | 45 kg (99 lb) | 450 | 15 individuals | 2013 | 2015 |
| H. sapiens (anatomically modern humans) |
c. 300–present | Worldwide | 150–190 cm (4 ft 11 in – 6 ft 3 in) | 50–100 kg (110–220 lb) | 950–1,800 | (extant) | —— | 1758 |
| H. neanderthalensis |
240–40 | Europe, Western Asia | 170 cm (5 ft 7 in) | 55–70 kg (121–154 lb) (heavily built) |
1,200–1,900 | Many | 1829 | 1864 |
| H. floresiensis classification uncertain |
190–50 | Indonesia | 100 cm (3 ft 3 in) | 25 kg (55 lb) | 400 | 7 individuals | 2003 | 2004 |
| Nesher Ramla Homo classification uncertain |
140–120 | Israel | several individuals | 2021 | ||||
| H. tsaichangensis possibly H. erectus or Denisova |
c. 100 | Taiwan | 1 individual | 2008(?) | 2015 | |||
| H. luzonensis |
c. 67 | Philippines | 3 individuals | 2007 | 2019 | |||
| Denisova hominin | 40 | Siberia | 2 sites | 2000 |
2010 |
Species status of Homo rudolfensis, H. ergaster, H. georgicus, H. antecessor, H. cepranensis, H. rhodesiensis and H. floresiensis remains under debate. H. heidelbergensis and H. neanderthalensis are closely related to each other and have been considered to be subspecies of H. sapiens, but analysis of mitochondrial DNA from Homo neanderthalensis fossils shows that H. neanderthalensis is more closely related to chimpanzees than H. sapiens is, thereby suggesting that H. sapiens is the more derived of the two.
References
- Serre; et al. (2004). "No evidence of Neandertal mtDNA contribution to early modern humans". PLoS Biology. 2 (3): 313–7. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020057. PMID 15024415.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
- dhghem The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000.
- Schrenk F, Kullmer O, Bromage T (2007). "The Earliest Putative Homo Fossils". In Henke W, Tattersall I (eds.). Handbook of Paleoanthropology. Vol. 1. In collaboration with Thorolf Hardt. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 1611–1631. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-33761-4_52. ISBN 978-3-540-32474-4.
- DiMaggio EN, Campisano CJ, Rowan J, Dupont-Nivet G, Deino AL, Bibi F, et al. (March 2015). "Paleoanthropology. Late Pliocene fossiliferous sedimentary record and the environmental context of early Homo from Afar, Ethiopia". Science. 347 (6228): 1355–9. Bibcode:2015Sci...347.1355D. doi:10.1126/science.aaa1415. PMID 25739409. S2CID 43455561.
- Curnoe D (June 2010). "A review of early Homo in southern Africa focusing on cranial, mandibular and dental remains, with the description of a new species (Homo gautengensis sp. nov.)". Homo. 61 (3): 151–77. doi:10.1016/j.jchb.2010.04.002. PMID 20466364.
- Haviland WA, Walrath D, Prins HE, McBride B (2007). Evolution and Prehistory: The Human Challenge (8th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-495-38190-7.
- Ferring R, Oms O, Agustí J, Berna F, Nioradze M, Shelia T, et al. (June 2011). "Earliest human occupations at Dmanisi (Georgian Caucasus) dated to 1.85-1.78 Ma". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (26): 10432–6. Bibcode:2011PNAS..10810432F. doi:10.1073/pnas.1106638108. PMC 3127884. PMID 21646521.
- Indriati E, Swisher CC, Lepre C, Quinn RL, Suriyanto RA, Hascaryo AT, et al. (2011). "The age of the 20 meter Solo River terrace, Java, Indonesia and the survival of Homo erectus in Asia". PLOS ONE. 6 (6): e21562. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...621562I. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021562. PMC 3126814. PMID 21738710.
- Hazarika M (2007). "Homo erectus/ergaster and Out of Africa: Recent Developments in Paleoanthropology and Prehistoric Archaeology" (PDF). EAA Summer School eBook. Vol. 1. European Anthropological Association. pp. 35–41.
Intensive Course in Biological Anthrpology, 1st Summer School of the European Anthropological Association, 16–30 June, 2007, Prague, Czech Republic
- Muttoni G, Scardia G, Kent DV, Swisher CC, Manzi G (2009). "Pleistocene magnetochronology of early hominin sites at Ceprano and Fontana Ranuccio, Italy". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 286 (1–2): 255–268. Bibcode:2009E&PSL.286..255M. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.06.032.
- Ji Q, Wu W, Ji Y, Li Q, Ni X (25 June 2021). "Late Middle Pleistocene Harbin cranium represents a new Homo species". The Innovation. 2 (3): 100132. doi:10.1016/j.xinn.2021.100132. PMC 8454552. PMID 34557772.
- Ni X, Ji Q, Wu W, Shao Q, Ji Y, Zhang C, Liang L, Ge J, Guo Z, Li J, Li Q, Grün R, Stringer C (25 June 2021). "Massive cranium from Harbin in northeastern China establishes a new Middle Pleistocene human lineage". The Innovation. 2 (3): 100130. doi:10.1016/j.xinn.2021.100130. PMC 8454562. PMID 34557770.
- Dirks PH, Roberts EM, Hilbert-Wolf H, Kramers JD, Hawks J, Dosseto A, et al. (May 2017). "Homo naledi and associated sediments in the Rising Star Cave, South Africa". eLife. 6: e24231. doi:10.7554/eLife.24231. PMC 5423772. PMID 28483040.
- Callaway, Ewan (7 June 2017). "Oldest Homo sapiens fossil claim rewrites our species' history". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2017.22114. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
- Posth C, Wißing C, Kitagawa K, Pagani L, van Holstein L, Racimo F, et al. (July 2017). "Deeply divergent archaic mitochondrial genome provides lower time boundary for African gene flow into Neanderthals". Nature Communications. 8: 16046. Bibcode:2017NatCo...816046P. doi:10.1038/ncomms16046. PMC 5500885. PMID 28675384.
- Bischoff JL, Shamp DD, Aramburu A, et al. (March 2003). "The Sima de los Huesos Hominids Date to Beyond U/Th Equilibrium (>350 kyr) and Perhaps to 400–500 kyr: New Radiometric Dates". Journal of Archaeological Science. 30 (3): 275–280. doi:10.1006/jasc.2002.0834. ISSN 0305-4403.
- Dean D, Hublin JJ, Holloway R, Ziegler R (May 1998). "On the phylogenetic position of the pre-Neandertal specimen from Reilingen, Germany". Journal of Human Evolution. 34 (5): 485–508. doi:10.1006/jhev.1998.0214. PMID 9614635.
- Chang CH, Kaifu Y, Takai M, Kono RT, Grün R, Matsu'ura S, et al. (January 2015). "The first archaic Homo from Taiwan". Nature Communications. 6: 6037. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.6037C. doi:10.1038/ncomms7037. PMC 4316746. PMID 25625212.
- Détroit F, Mijares AS, Corny J, Daver G, Zanolli C, Dizon E, et al. (April 2019). "A new species of Homo from the Late Pleistocene of the Philippines" (PDF). Nature. 568 (7751): 181–186. Bibcode:2019Natur.568..181D. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1067-9. PMID 30971845. S2CID 106411053.
- Zimmer C (10 April 2019). "A new human species once lived in this Philippine cave – Archaeologists in Luzon Island have turned up the bones of a distantly related species, Homo luzonensis, further expanding the human family tree". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
- "Neanderthal DNA illuminates split with humans". NewScientist.com. 2006-10-11. Retrieved 2006-12-21.
External links
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| Taxonomy (Hominins) |
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| Extant species of family Hominidae (great apes) | |||||||||||||||
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| Hominidae |
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| Apes | ||
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| Extant ape species |
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| Study of apes | ||
| Legal and social status | ||
| Related |
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