| Revision as of 02:02, 1 October 2005 editHumus sapiens (talk | contribs)27,653 edits Please use denominationally neutral and commonly accepted BCE at least in articles directly related to Jewish history. Also some cp-ed, added 1948-1967← Previous edit | Revision as of 05:32, 1 October 2005 edit undoJguk (talk | contribs)15,849 edits rv change which was contrary to WP policy (as discussed ad infinitum), also this is the only standard generally understood worldwideNext edit → | ||
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| When the disruption took place at ], at first only the ] followed the house of David. But very soon after the ] joined the tribe of Judah, and ] became the capital of the new kingdom (] 18:28), which was called the kingdom of Judah. | When the disruption took place at ], at first only the ] followed the house of David. But very soon after the ] joined the tribe of Judah, and ] became the capital of the new kingdom (] 18:28), which was called the kingdom of Judah. | ||
| For the first sixty years the kings of Judah aimed at re-establishing their authority over the kingdom of the other ten tribes, so that there was a state of perpetual war between them. For the following eighty years there was no open war between them. For the most part they were in friendly alliance, co-operating against their common enemies, especially against ]. For about another century and a half Judah had a somewhat checkered existence after the termination of the kingdom of Israel till its final overthrow in the destruction of the temple (]) by Nebuzar-adan, who was captain of ]'s body-guard (] 25:8-21). | For the first sixty years the kings of Judah aimed at re-establishing their authority over the kingdom of the other ten tribes, so that there was a state of perpetual war between them. For the following eighty years there was no open war between them. For the most part they were in friendly alliance, co-operating against their common enemies, especially against ]. For about another century and a half Judah had a somewhat checkered existence after the termination of the kingdom of Israel till its final overthrow in the destruction of the temple (]) by Nebuzar-adan, who was captain of ]'s body-guard (] 25:8-21). | ||
| The kingdom maintained a separate existence for three hundred and eighty-nine years. It occupied an area of about ] (3,435 square miles). | The kingdom maintained a separate existence for three hundred and eighty-nine years. It occupied an area of about ] (3,435 square miles). | ||
| ==The Kings of Judah== | ==The Kings of Judah== | ||
| For this period, most historians follow the chronology established by ], by ], or by ], all of which are shown below. All dates are |
For this period, most historians follow the chronology established by ], by ], or by ], all of which are shown below. All dates are BC. | ||
| {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" | {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" | ||
| Line 165: | Line 165: | ||
| #'''Hezekiah''': contemporary with ] of Assyria, and ] of Babylon. | #'''Hezekiah''': contemporary with ] of Assyria, and ] of Babylon. | ||
| #'''Zedekiah''': rebelled twice - in the first rebellion (]), ] captured Jerusalem, and took most of its leaders into ]. In the second rebellion (]–]), Jerusalem was captured after a lengthy siege, the temple burnt, Zedekiah taken into exile and Judah was reduced to a province. Nebuchadnezzar had left ] as his governor, who was killed in one last revolt, and the few members of the ruling classes left from the kingdom of Judah took the prophets ] and ] with them as they fled to sanctuary in Egypt. | #'''Zedekiah''': rebelled twice - in the first rebellion (]), ] captured Jerusalem, and took most of its leaders into ]. In the second rebellion (]–]), Jerusalem was captured after a lengthy siege, the temple burnt, Zedekiah taken into exile and Judah was reduced to a province. Nebuchadnezzar had left ] as his governor, who was killed in one last revolt, and the few members of the ruling classes left from the kingdom of Judah took the prophets ] and ] with them as they fled to sanctuary in Egypt. | ||
| ==From the end of the Kingdom to Present Time== | ==From the end of the Kingdom to Present Time== | ||
| After the end of the ancient kingdom the area passed into foreign rule, apart from brief periods, under the following powers: | After the end of the ancient kingdom the area passed into foreign rule, apart from brief periods, under the following powers:- | ||
| ]–c. ]: ] | ]–c. ]: ] | ||
| ]–c. ]: ] | ]–c. ]: ] | ||
| ]–]: ] | ]–]: ] | ||
| ]–]: ]s | ]–]: ]s | ||
| ]–]: The ] established by the |
]–]: The ] in ] established by the Maccabees | ||
| The area was not known as Palestine at this time. | The area was not known as Palestine at this time. | ||
| ]–]: ] of ] | ]–]: ] of ] | ||
| ]–]: The ] of ], an autonomous realm within the Roman Empire. The last Herodian King, Agrippa II (c. 48 - 100), sided with the Romans in the ] of 66 - 73, which saw the Temple destroyed in ]. |
]–]: The ] of ], an autonomous realm within the Roman Empire. The last Herodian King, Agrippa II (c. 48 - 100), sided with the Romans in the first ] of 66 - 73, which saw the Temple destroyed in ]. | ||
| ]–]: ] (which, after 395, was split in two as the Western Roman Empire - ultimately giving its name to modernity as "Western Society" - and the Eastern Roman Empire, later called "Byzantine Empire," especially after the last Western Roman Emperor |
]–]: ] (which, after 395, was split in two as the Western Roman Empire - ultimately giving its name to modernity as "Western Society" - and the Eastern Roman Empire, later called "Byzantine Empire," especially after the last Western Roman Emperor is deposed in 476 | ||
| ]–]: Eastern Roman or ] | ]–]: Eastern Roman or ] | ||
| Line 195: | Line 195: | ||
| ]–]: ] ], having previously conquered the Byzantine Empire in 1453 | ]–]: ] ], having previously conquered the Byzantine Empire in 1453 | ||
| ]–]: ] under, first, |
]–]: ] mandate of Palestine under, first, ], then, successor ]; the Emirate of Trans-Jordan was separated from the rest of Palestine in 1922, and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan became independent upon the expiration of the League of Nations Mandate in 1946. | ||
| ] ] to present: independent ], and | ] ] to present: independent ], and | ||
| ] to present: semi-autonomous |
] to present: semi-autonomous Palestinian Authority, governing territories in the West Bank and Gaza Strip that otherwise have been occupied by Israel since the ] of ] | ||
| ==See Also== | ==See Also== | ||
Revision as of 05:32, 1 October 2005
The Kingdom of Judah (Hebrew מַלְכוּת יְהוּדָה, Standard Hebrew Malḫut Yəhuda, Tiberian Hebrew Malḵûṯ Yəhûḏāh) in the times of the Hebrew Bible, was the nation formed from the territories of the tribes of Judah, Simeon and Benjamin after the Kingdom of Israel was divided, and was named after Judah, son of Jacob (Israel). The name Judah itself means Praise of God.
Judah is often referred to as the Southern Kingdom to distinguish it from the Northern Kingdom (being the Kingdom of Israel) after the division of the Kingdom. Its capital was Jerusalem. See History of ancient Israel and Judah.
When the disruption took place at Shechem, at first only the tribe of Judah followed the house of David. But very soon after the tribe of Benjamin joined the tribe of Judah, and Jerusalem became the capital of the new kingdom (Joshua 18:28), which was called the kingdom of Judah.
For the first sixty years the kings of Judah aimed at re-establishing their authority over the kingdom of the other ten tribes, so that there was a state of perpetual war between them. For the following eighty years there was no open war between them. For the most part they were in friendly alliance, co-operating against their common enemies, especially against Damascus. For about another century and a half Judah had a somewhat checkered existence after the termination of the kingdom of Israel till its final overthrow in the destruction of the temple (586 BC) by Nebuzar-adan, who was captain of Nebuchadnezzar's body-guard (2 Kings 25:8-21).
The kingdom maintained a separate existence for three hundred and eighty-nine years. It occupied an area of about 8,900 km² (3,435 square miles).
The Kings of Judah
For this period, most historians follow the chronology established by William F. Albright, by Edwin R. Thiele, or by Gershon Galil, all of which are shown below. All dates are BC.
| Albright dates | Thiele dates | Galil dates | Common/Biblical Name | Regnal name and style | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 922–915 | 931–913 | 931–914 | Rehoboam | רחבעם בן-שלמה מלך יהודה Rehav’am ben Shlomoh, Melekh Yehudah |
Hitherto king of Israel |
| 915–913 | 913–911 | 914–911 | Abijam | אבים בן-רחבעם מלך יהודה ’Aviyam ben Rehav’am, Melekh Yehudah |
|
| 913–873 | 911–870 | 911–870 | Asah | אסא בן-אבים מלך יהודה ’As’a ben ’Aviyam, Melekh Yehudah |
|
| 873–849 | 870–848 | 870–845 | Jehoshaphat | יהושפט בן-אסא מלך יהודה Yehoshafat ben ’As’a, Melekh Yahudah |
|
| 849–842 | 848–841 | 851–843 | Jehoram | יהורם בן-יהושפט מלך יהודה Yehoram ben Yehoshafat, Melekh Yahudah |
Killed |
| 842–842 | 841–841 | 843–842 | Ahaziah | אחזיהו בן-יהורם מלך יהודה ’Ahazyahu ben Yehoram, Melekh Yehudah |
Killed by Yehu, King of Israel |
| 842–837 | 841–835 | 842–835 | Athaliah | עתליה בת-עמרי מלכת יהודה ‘Atalyah bat ‘Omri, Malkat Yehudah |
Queen Mother, wife of Jehoram; died in a coup |
| 837–800 | 835–796 | 842–802 | Jehoash | יהואש בן-אחזיהו מלך יהודה Yehoash ben ’Ahazyahu, Melekh Yehudah |
Killed by his servants |
| 800–783 | 796–767 | 805–776 | Amaziah | אמציה בן-יהואש מלך יהודה ’Amatzyah ben Yehoash, Melekh Yehudah |
Assassinated |
| 783–742 | 767–740 | 788–736 | Uzziah (Azariah) |
עזיה בן-אמציה מלך יהודה ‘Uziyah ben ’Amatzyah, Melekh Yehudah עזריה בן-אמציה מלך יהודה ‘Azaryah ben ’Amatzyah, Melekh Yehudah |
George Syncellus wrote that the First Olympiad took place in Uzziah's 48th regnal year |
| 742–735 | 740–732 | 758–742 | Jotham | יותם בן-עזיה מלך יהודה Yotam ben ‘Uziyah, Melekh Yehudah |
|
| 735–715 | 732–716 | 742–726 | Ahaz | אחז בן-יותם מלך יהודה ’Ahaz ben Yotam, Melekh Yehudah |
The Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser III records he received tribute from Ahaz; compare 2 Kings 16:7-9; Fate unknown |
| 715–687 | 716–687 | 726–697 | Hezekiah | חזקיה בן-אחז מלך יהודה Hizqiyah ben ’Ahaz, Melekh Yehudah |
Contemporary with Sennacherib of Assyria, and Merodach-baladan of Babylon (but see note 1, below) |
| 687–642 | 687–643 | 697–642 | Manasseh | מנשה בן-חזקיה מלך יהודה Menasheh ben Hizqiyah, Melekh Yehudah |
|
| 642–640 | 643–641 | 642–640 | Amon | אמון בן-מנשה מלך יהודה ’Amon ben Menasheh, Melekh Yehudah |
Assassinated |
| 640–609 | 641–609 | 640–609 | Josiah | יאשיהו בן-אמון מלך יהודה Yo’shiyahu ben ’Amon, Melekh Yehudah |
Died in battle at Megiddo against Necho II of Egypt. |
| 609 | 609 | 609 | Jehoahaz (Ahaz) |
יהואחז בן-יאשיהו מלך יהודה Yeho’ahaz ben Yo’shiyahu, Melekh Yehudah אחז בן-יאשיהו מלך יהודה ’Ahaz ben Yo’shiyahu, Melekh Yehudah |
|
| 609–598 | 609–598 | 609–598 | Jehoiakim | יהויקים בן-יהואחז מלך יהודה Yehoyaqim ben Yeho’ahaz, Melekh Yehudah |
The Battle of Carchemish occurred in the fourth year of his reign (Jeremiah 46:2) |
| 598 | 598 | 598–597 | Jehoiachin (Jeconiah) |
יהויכין בן-יהויקים מלך יהודה Yehoyakhin ben Yehoyaqim, Melekh Yehudah יכניהו בן-יהויקים מלך יהודה Yekhonyahu ben Yehoyaqim, Melekh Yehudah |
Perhaps reigned from March to May as 2 Chronicles 36:10 suggests. Called 'Jeconiah' in Jeremiah and Esther |
| 597–587 | 597–586 | 597–586 | Zedekiah | צדקיהו בן-יהויכין מלך יהודה Tzidqiyahu ben Yo’shiyahu, Melekh Yehudah |
The last king of Judah. Deposed, blinded and sent into exile; fate unknown. See note 2, below. |
Notes
- Hezekiah: contemporary with Sennacherib of Assyria, and Merodach-baladan of Babylon.
- Zedekiah: rebelled twice - in the first rebellion (597 BC), Nebuchadnezzar II captured Jerusalem, and took most of its leaders into exile. In the second rebellion (588–586 BC), Jerusalem was captured after a lengthy siege, the temple burnt, Zedekiah taken into exile and Judah was reduced to a province. Nebuchadnezzar had left Gedaliah as his governor, who was killed in one last revolt, and the few members of the ruling classes left from the kingdom of Judah took the prophets Jeremiah and Baruch with them as they fled to sanctuary in Egypt.
From the end of the Kingdom to Present Time
After the end of the ancient kingdom the area passed into foreign rule, apart from brief periods, under the following powers:-
587 BC–c. 539 BC: Babylonian Empire
539 BC–c. 332 BC: Persian Empire
141 BC–63 BC: The Hasmonean State in Israel established by the Maccabees
The area was not known as Palestine at this time.
63 BC–31 BC: Roman province of Judaea
37 BC–AD 100: The Herodian Kingdom of Judaea, an autonomous realm within the Roman Empire. The last Herodian King, Agrippa II (c. 48 - 100), sided with the Romans in the first Jewish Revolt of 66 - 73, which saw the Temple destroyed in AD 70.
31 BC–AD 395: Roman Empire (which, after 395, was split in two as the Western Roman Empire - ultimately giving its name to modernity as "Western Society" - and the Eastern Roman Empire, later called "Byzantine Empire," especially after the last Western Roman Emperor is deposed in 476
395–634: Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire
634–1516: Arab Caliphates with Crusader state intervals; period of the Arab Empire
1516–1917: Ottoman Turks, having previously conquered the Byzantine Empire in 1453
1918–1948: British mandate of Palestine under, first, League of Nations, then, successor United Nations; the Emirate of Trans-Jordan was separated from the rest of Palestine in 1922, and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan became independent upon the expiration of the League of Nations Mandate in 1946.
May 1948 to present: independent State of Israel, and 1994 to present: semi-autonomous Palestinian Authority, governing territories in the West Bank and Gaza Strip that otherwise have been occupied by Israel since the Six Day War of 1967
See Also
External links
- Complete Bible Genealogy A synchronized chart of the kings of Judah and Israel