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Dunedin Ōtepoti (Māori)
Metropolitan Area
Country	New Zealand
Region	Otago
Territorial authority	Dunedin City
Settled by the UK	1848
Incorporated	1855
Electorates	Dunedin North Dunedin South
Government
• Mayor	Peter Chin
Area
• Territorial	3,314 km (1,280 sq mi)
Population
• Territorial	130,500
Time zone	UTC+12 (NZST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+13 (NZDT)
Area code	03
Website	http://www.dunedin.govt.nz/

Dunedin (Template:PronEng En-nz-dunedin.ogg), Ōtepoti in Maori, is the second-largest city in the South Island of New Zealand, and the principal city of the region of Otago. It is New Zealand's fifth largest city in population, the largest in size of council boundary area, and the hub of the fifth-largest urban area. For historical and cultural reasons and its location, Dunedin is considered one of the country's four main centres, although Hamilton has overtaken it in urban-area population and Tauranga has a slightly larger urban-area population.

The city stands on the hills and valleys surrounding the head of Otago Harbour. The harbour and hills are the remnants of an extinct volcano. It is the home of the University of Otago.

History

Māori settlements

Modern archaeology favours a date round AD 1100 for the first human (Māori) occupation of New Zealand with population concentrated along the south east coast. A camp site at Kaikai's Beach, near Otago Heads, has been dated from about that time. There are numerous Archaic (moa hunter) sites in what is now Dunedin, several of them large and permanently occupied, particularly in the fourteenth century. Population contracted but expanded again with the evolution of the Classic culture which saw the building of several pa, fortified settlements, notably Pukekura at (Taiaroa Head), about 1650. There was a settlement in what is now central Dunedin (Ōtepoti) occupied as late as about 1785 but abandoned by 1826.

Maori tradition tells first of people called Kahui Tipua living in the area, then Te Rapuwai, semi-legendary but considered to be historical. The next arrivals were Waitaha followed by Kati Mamoe late in the sixteenth century and then Kai Tahu (Ngai Tahu in modern standard Māori) who arrived in the mid seventeenth century. These migration waves have often been represented as 'invasions' in European accounts but modern scholarship has cast doubt on that. They were probably migrations like those of the European which incidentally resulted in bloodshed.

The sealer John Boultbee recorded in the 1820s that the 'Kaika Otargo' (settlements around and near Otago Harbour) were the oldest and largest in the south.

European settlement

Captain James Cook stood off what is now the coast of Dunedin between February 25 and March 5 1770, naming Cape Saunders on the Otago Peninsula and Saddle Hill. He reported penguins and seals in the vicinity, which led sealers to visit from the beginning of the 19th century. The early years of sealing saw a feud between sealers and local Maori, from 1810-1823,'The Sealers' War' sparked by an incident on Otago Harbour, but William Tucker became the first European to settle in the area in 1815. Permanent European occupation dates from 1831 when the Weller brothers founded their whaling station at Otago, modern Otakou on the Otago Harbour. Epidemics reduced the Maori population. By the late 1830s the harbour was an international whaling port. Johnny Jones established a farming settlement and a mission station, the South Island's first, at Waikouaiti in 1840.

The Lay Association of the Free Church of Scotland founded Dunedin at the head of Otago Harbour in 1848 as the principal town of its Scottish settlement. The name comes from Dùn Èideann, the Scottish Gaelic name for Edinburgh, the Scottish capital. Charles Kettle the city's surveyor, instructed to emulate the characteristics of Edinburgh, produced a striking, 'Romantic' design. The result was both grand and quirky streets as the builders struggled and sometimes failed to construct his bold vision across the challenging landscape. Captain William Cargill, a veteran of the war against Napoleon, was the secular leader. The Reverend Thomas Burns, a nephew of the poet Robert Burns, was the spiritual guide.

Gold rush era

In 1852, Dunedin became the capital of the Otago Province, the whole of New Zealand from the Waitaki south. In 1861 the discovery of gold at Gabriel's Gully, to the southwest, led to a rapid influx of population and saw Dunedin become New Zealand's first city by growth of population in 1865. The new arrivals included many Irish, but also Italians, French, Germans, Jews and Chinese. The Southern Cemetery was established in 1858, the Northern Cemetery in 1872.

Dunedin and the region industrialised and consolidated, and the Main South Line connected the city with Christchurch in 1878 and Invercargill in 1879. The University of Otago, the oldest university in New Zealand, was founded in Dunedin in 1869. Otago Girls' High School (1871) is said to be the oldest state secondary school for girls in the Southern Hemisphere. Between 1881 and 1957, Dunedin was home to cable trams, being both one of the first and last such systems in the world. Early in the 1880s the inauguration of the frozen meat industry, with the first shipment leaving from Port Chalmers in 1882, saw the beginning of a later great national industry.

After ten years of gold rushes the economy slowed but Julius Vogel's immigration and development scheme brought thousands more especially to Dunedin and Otago before recession set in again in the 1880s. In these first times of prosperity many institutions and businesses were established, New Zealand's first daily newspaper, art school, medical school and public art gallery Dunedin Public Art Gallery among them. There was also a remarkable architectural flowering producing many substantial and ornamental buildings. R.A. Lawson's First Church of Otago and Knox Church are notable examples, as are buildings by Maxwell Bury and F.W. Petre. The other visual arts also flourished under the leadership of W.M. Hodgkins. The city's landscape and burgeoning townscape were vividly portrayed by George O'Brien 1821-1888. From the mid 1890s the economy revived. Institutions such as the Otago Settlers Museum and the Hocken Collections – the first of their kind in New Zealand – were founded. More notable buildings such as the Railway Station and Olveston were erected. New energy in the visual arts represented by G.P. Nerli culminated in the career of Frances Hodgkins.

Early Modern era

By 1900, Dunedin was no longer the country's biggest city. Influence and activity moved north to the other centres ("the drift north"), a trend which continued for much of the following century. Despite this, the university continued to expand, and a student quarter became established. At the same time people started to notice Dunedin's mellowing, the ageing of its grand old buildings, with writers like E.H. McCormick pointing out its atmospheric charm. In the 1930s and early 1940s a new generation of artists such as M.T. (Toss) Woollaston, Doris Lusk, Anne Hamblett, Colin McCahon and Patrick Hayman once again represented the best of the country's talent. The Second World War saw the dispersal of these painters, but not before McCahon had met a very youthful poet, James K. Baxter, in a central city studio.

Post War developments

After World War II, prosperity and population growth revived, although Dunedin trailed as the fourth 'main centre'. A generation reacting against Victorianism started demolishing its buildings, and many were lost, notably the Stock Exchange in 1969. Although the university continued to expand, the city's population growth slowed and then contracted, notably from 1976 to 1981. This was, however, a culturally vibrant time with the university's new privately endowed arts fellowships, bringing such luminaries as James K Baxter, Ralph Hotere, Janet Frame, and Hone Tuwhare to the city.

During the 1980s the city's popular music scene blossomed, with many acts, such as The Chills, The Clean, The Verlaines, and Straitjacket Fits, gaining national and international recognition. The term "The Dunedin Sound" was coined to describe the 1960s-influenced guitar-led music which came out of the city at this time. The music scene continues to thrive today , with bands and musicians playing and recording in many styles, from electronica to reggae to folk.

By 1990, population decline had steadied and Dunedin had re-invented itself as a 'heritage city' with its main streets refurbished in Victorian style and R.A. Lawson's Municipal Chambers in the Octagon handsomely restored. It was also recognised as a centre of excellence in tertiary education and research. The university and polytechnic's growth accelerated. The city has continued to refurbish itself, embarking on major developments and redevelopments of the art gallery, railway station, and Otago Settlers Museum.

Dunedin has flourishing niche industries including engineering, software engineering, bio-technology and fashion. Port Chalmers on Otago Harbour provides Dunedin with deep-water port facilities. The port is served by the Port Chalmers Branch, a branch line railway that diverges from the Main South Line that runs from Christchurch via Dunedin to Invercargill.

The cityscape glitters with gems of Victorian and Edwardian architecture - the legacy of the city's gold-rush affluence - many including First Church, Otago Boys High School and Larnach Castle are designed by one of New Zealand's most eminent architects R A Lawson. Other prominent buildings include Olveston and Dunedin Railway Station. Other attractions include Baldwin Street, the world's steepest street; the famous Captain Cook Tavern; and the local Speight's brewery.

Dunedin is also notable now as centre for ecotourism. Uniquely, the world's only mainland Royal Albatross colony and several penguin and seal colonies lie within the city boundaries on Otago Peninsula. To the south, on the western side of Lake Waihola, lie the Sinclair Wetlands.

The thriving tertiary student population has led to a vibrant youth culture (so named 'Scarfies'), consisting of the before mentioned music scene, and more recently a burgeoning boutique fashion industry. A strong visual arts community also lives in Dunedin and its environs, notably in Port Chalmers and the other settlements which dot the coast of the Otago Harbour, and also in communities such as Waitati.

Sport is catered for in Dunedin by the floodlit rugby and cricket venue of Carisbrook, the New Caledonian Ground soccer and athletics stadium near the University at Logan Park, the large Edgar Centre indoor sports centre, the University Oval cricket ground, and numerous golf courses and parks. There are also Forbury Park horseracing circuit in the south of the city and several others within a few kilometres. St Clair Beach is a well-known surfing venue. Dunedin has four public swimming pools: Moana Pool, Port Chalmers Pool, Mosgiel, and St Clair Salt Water Pool.

Geography

Dunedin City has a land area of 3,314.8 square kilometres (1,279.9 sq mi), slightly larger than the American state of Rhode Island or the English county of Cambridgeshire, and a little smaller than Cornwall. It is the largest city in land area in New Zealand. The Dunedin City Council boundaries since 1989 have extended to Middlemarch in the west, Waikouaiti in the north, the Pacific Ocean in the east and south-east, and the Waipori/Taieri River and the township of Henley in the south-west.

Dunedin is the most remote city in the world from London at 19,100 km (11,870 mi) (90 km (56 mi) more than Invercargill, and 100 km (62 mi) more than Christchurch), and from Berlin at 18,200 km (11,310 mi). Its antipodes are some 300 km (190 mi) north of the Spanish city of La Coruña, in the Bay of Biscay.

Inner city

The heart of the city lies on the relatively flat land to the west of the head of the Otago Harbour. Here is The Octagon - once a gully, it was filled in the mid nineteenth century to create the present plaza. The initial settlement of the city took place to the south on the other side of Bell Hill, a large outcrop which had to be reduced in order to provide easy access between the two parts of the settlement. The central city stretches away from this point in a largely northeast-southwest direction, with the main streets of George Street and Princes Street meeting at The Octagon. Here they are joined by Stuart Street, which runs orthogonal to them, from the Dunedin Railway Station in the southeast, and steeply up to the suburb of Roslyn in the northwest. Many of the older, more established buildings in the city are located in the southern part of this area and on the inner ring of lower hills which surround the central city (most of these hills, such as Maori Hill, Pine Hill, and Maryhill, rise to some 200 metres (660 ft) above the plain).

Dunedin is home to Baldwin Street, which, according to the Guinness Book of Records, is the steepest street in the world. Its gradient is 1 in 2.9. The long since abandoned Maryhill Cablecar route had a similar gradient close to its Mornington depot.

Beyond the inner range of hills lie Dunedin's outer suburbs, notably to the northwest, beyond Roslyn. This direction contains Taieri Road and Three Mile Hill, which between them formed the original road route to the Taieri Plains. The modern State Highway 1 follows a different route, passing through Caversham in the west and out past Saddle Hill. Lying between Saddle Hill and Caversham are the outer suburbs of Green Island and Abbotsford. Between Green Island and Roslyn lies the steep-sided valley of the Kaikorai Stream, which is today a residential and light industrial area. Suburban settlements – mostly regarded as separate townships – also lie along both edges of the Otago Harbour. Notable among these are Portobello and Macandrew Bay, on the Otago Peninsula coast, and Port Chalmers on the opposite side of the harbour. Port Chalmers provides Dunedin's main deep-water port, including the city's container port.

The Dunedin skyline is dominated by a ring of (traditionally seven) hills which form the remnants of a volcanic crater. Notable among them are Mount Cargill (700 m (2,300 ft)), Flagstaff (680 m (2,230 ft)), Saddle Hill (480 m (1,570 ft)), Signal Hill (390 m (1,280 ft)), and Harbour Cone (320 m (1,050 ft)).

Hinterland

The hinterland within Dunedin city encompasses a variety of different landforms. To the southwest lie the Taieri Plains, the broad, fertile lowland floodplains of the Taieri River and its major tributary the Waipori. These are moderately heavily settled, and contain the towns of Mosgiel, East Taieri, and Allanton. They are separated from the coast by a range of low hills rising to some 300 metres (980 ft). Inland from the Taieri Plain is rough hill country. Close to the plain, much of this is forested, notably around Berwick and Lake Mahinerangi, and also around the Silverpeaks Range which lies northwest of the Dunedin urban area. Beyond this, the land becomes drier and opens out into grass and tussock-covered land. A high, broad valley, the Strath-Taieri lies in Dunedin's far northwest, containing the town of Middlemarch, one of the area's few concentrations of population.

To the north of the city's urban area is undulating hill country containing several small, mainly coastal, settlements, including Waitati, Warrington, Seacliff and Waikouaiti. State Highway 1 winds steeply through a series of hills here, notably the Kilmog . These hills can be considered a coastal extension of the Silverpeaks Range.

To the east, Dunedin City includes the entirety of the Otago Peninsula, a long finger of land that formed the southeastern rim of the Dunedin Volcano. The peninsula is lightly settled, almost entirely along the harbour coast, and much of it is maintained as a natural habitat by the Otago Peninsula Trust. The peninsula contains several fine beaches, and is home to a considerable number of rare species, such as penguins, seals, and shags. Most importantly, it contains the world's only mainland breeding colony of Royal Albatross, at Taiaroa Head on the peninsula's northeastern point.

List of suburbs

Inner suburbs

(clockwise from the city centre, starting at due north)
Woodhaugh; Glenleith; Ross Creek; Dalmore; Pine Hill; Mt Cargill; Normanby; Mt Mera; North East Valley; Opoho; Dunedin North; Ravensbourne; Highcliff; Shiel Hill; Waverley; Vauxhall; Ocean Grove (Tomahawk); Tainui; Andersons Bay; Musselburgh; South Dunedin; St Kilda; St Clair; Corstorphine; Kew; Forbury; Caversham; Concord; Maryhill; Mornington; Kaikorai Valley; Belleknowes; Roslyn; Kaikorai; Wakari; Maori Hill; Anderson's Bay; Halfway Bush; Fernhill; Kenmure.

Outer suburbs

(clockwise from the city centre, starting at due north)
Burkes; St. Leonards; Broad Bay; Company Bay; Macandrew Bay; Burnside; Green Island; Waldronville; Saddle Hill; Sunnyvale; Fairfield; Abbotsford; Bradford; Glenross; Brockville; Halfway Bush; Helensburgh.

Towns within city limits

(clockwise from the city centre, starting at due north)
Waitati; Waikouaiti; Karitane; Seacliff; Warrington; Purakanui; Long Beach; Aramoana; Deborah Bay; Carey's Bay; Port Chalmers; Sawyers Bay; Roseneath; Otakou; Portobello; Brighton; Taieri Mouth; Henley; Allanton; East Taieri; Momona; Outram; Mosgiel; West Taieri; Waipori; Middlemarch; Hyde.

Technically, since local council reorganisation in the late 1980s, these are suburbs, but it is rare for Dunedinites to describe these places as suburbs. They are usually regarded locally as towns or townships, and none has the usual qualities associated with suburbs. All are separated by a considerable distance of open countryside from the central Dunedin urban area.

Climate

The climate of Dunedin in general is temperate, however the city is recognised as having a large number of microclimates and the weather conditions often vary between suburbs mostly due to the city's topographical layout. It is also greatly modified by its proximity to the ocean. This leads to warm summers and cool winters. Winter can be frosty, but significant snowfall is uncommon (perhaps every two or three years), except in the inland hill suburbs such as Halfway Bush and Wakari, which tend to receive a few days of snowfall each year. Spring can feature "four seasons in a day" weather, but from November to April it is generally settled and mild. Temperatures during summer can top 30 °C (86 °F), but temperatures in the high 30s are rare.

Dunedin has relatively low rainfall in comparison to many of New Zealand's cities, with only some 750 millimetres (30 in) recorded per year. Despite this fact it is regarded by many as a damp city, probably due to its rainfall occurring in drizzle over a larger number of days (northern centres such as Auckland and Wellington receive more rain overall through heavy downpours on relatively fewer days). Dunedin is one of the cloudiest centres in the country, recording approximately 1650 hours of bright sunshine per annum Prevailing winds in the city come from two directions, with cool, damp southwesterlies tending to alternate with northeasterlies. Warmer, dry northwest winds are also characteristic Foehn winds from the northwest. The circle of hills surrounding the inner city shelters the inner city from much of Otago's prevailing weather, often resulting in the main urban area having completely different weather conditions to the rest of Otago.

Inland, beyond the heart of the city, the climate is sub-continental: winters are quite cold and dry, summers hot and dry. Thick freezing ground fogs are common in winter in the upper reaches of the Taieri River's course around Middlemarch, and in summer the temperature frequently reaches into the mid-30s Celsius.

Transport

Dunedin features the world's most southern motorway, the ten-kilometre (6.2 mi) section of State Highway One (SH1) from the centre of the city towards the southern suburb of Mosgiel. Dunedin is the northeastern terminus of the Southern Scenic Route tourist highway to The Catlins, Invercargill and Fiordland.

Although Dunedin's railway station, once the nation's busiest, is no longer served by regular commercial passenger trains, it is used by local tourist services. The most prominent of these is the Taieri Gorge Limited, a popular and famous train operated daily by the Taieri Gorge Railway along the former Otago Central Railway through the scenic Taieri Gorge. Taieri Gorge Railway also operates to Palmerston once weekly. The station is also sometimes visited by excursions organised by other heritage railway societies, and by trains chartered by cruise ships docking at Port Chalmers.

Dunedin International Airport is located southwest of the city on the Taieri Plains at Momona. It is primarily a domestic terminal, with regular flights to and from Auckland, Christchurch, Wellington, Rotorua, Palmerston North, and seasonal flights to and from Queenstown, Wanaka, and Fiordland, but it also has regular international flights arriving from and departing to Sydney, Brisbane, Melbourne, and Coolangatta.

Media

Print

Local media in Dunedin include the daily newspaper, The Otago Daily Times, which is the country's oldest daily newspaper and is part of the Allied Press group of newspapers. Allied Press also produces a free weekly community newspaper, The Star. There are several other local weekly and bi-weekly community newspapers, including Fairfax Media's Taieri Herald in Mosgiel, and D Scene published in association with the Ashburton Guardian.

Radio and TV

There are numerous local radio stations, among them MediaWorks' local station Radio Dunedin and the University's station, Radio One. Dunedin has one locally-run television station, Channel 9, part of the Allied Press group.

Panoramas

Notable people

Events

Annual events

• January - Whare Flat Folk Festival ends
• January - Southern Festival of Speed classic car road-race
• February - New Zealand Masters Games (Biennial event)
• February - University of Otago & Otago Polytechnic Orientation Weeks
• February - Dunedin Summer Festival
• March - Id Dunedin Fashion Show
• May - Capping Week (University of Otago)
• May - Dunedin Film Festival
• May - Otago Rally
• May - Regent Theatre 24-hour book sale (reputedly the southern hemisphere's largest regularly-held second-hand book sale)
• July - New Zealand International Science Festival (every second year)
• July - Taste Otago Dunedin Food and Wine Festival
• July - Cadbury Chocolate Carnival
• July - International Film Festival
• September - Samstock Music Festival
• October - Otago Festival of the Arts (and Fringe Festival) - every second year (even numbered years)
• October - Rhododendron Week
• December - Santa Parade
• December - Whare Flat Folk Festival begins
• December - New Years Eve Party Octagon

Past events

• 1865 - New Zealand Exhibition (1865)
• 1889 - New Zealand and South Seas Exhibition (1889)
• 1898 - Otago Jubilee Industrial Exhibition (1898)
• 1925 - New Zealand and South Seas International Exhibition (1925)

Notable buildings and landmarks

• Dunedin Railway Station
• Larnach Castle
• Cargill's Castle
• Moana Pool
• Cadbury World
• Olveston
• Speight's Brewery
• Carisbrook
• Otago Boys' High School
• Otago Girls' High School
• University of Otago Registry Building
• Regent Theatre
• Fortune Theatre
• Municipal Chambers
• Allied Press Building
• Dunedin Public Hospital
• Meridian Mall
• The Octagon
• Dunedin Chinese Garden

Museums, art galleries, and libraries

• Otago Museum
• Otago Settlers Museum
• Dunedin Public Art Gallery
• Dunedin Public Libraries
• Hocken Library

Churches

• St. Paul's Cathedral
• First Church
• Knox Church
• St. Joseph's Cathedral
• Kaikorai Presbyterian Church
• Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
• Hanover Street Baptist Church — now the Monkey Bar
• Trinity Wesleyan Church — now the Fortune Theatre
• SouthLife Church

Places of education

Tertiary

• University of Otago
• Otago Polytechnic
• Aoraki Polytechnic (Dunedin campus)
• Dunedin College of Education

Secondary

• Bayfield High School
• Otago Boys' High School
• Otago Girls' High School
• Columba College
• St. Hilda's Collegiate School
• John McGlashan College
• Kavanagh College
• Logan Park High School
• Kaikorai Valley College
• King's High School
• Queen's High School
• Taieri College

Sport

Major teams

• The Highlanders - Super 14 rugby team
• Otago Rugby Football Union - Air New Zealand Cup rugby
• Otago Volts and Otago Sparks - men's and women's cricket teams
• Southern Steel - ANZ Championship netball team
• Otago United - football (soccer) team in the New Zealand Football Championship
• Otago Nuggets - National Basketball League basketball team

Major grounds and stadia

• Carisbrook
• University Oval
• The Edgar Centre
• Awatea Street Stadium (proposed)
• Logan Park
• Dunedin Ice Stadium
• Forbury Park Raceway

Twinning

Dunedin is twinned with several cities throughout the world. These include:

Trivia

This article contains a list of miscellaneous information. Please relocate any relevant information into other sections or articles. (May 2008)

• Dunedin was the city in which Speights beer was first brewed.
• In the H. P. Lovecraft horror classic The Call of Cthulhu, the evil cult expedition into the Pacific to awaken the dark god Cthulhu sets out from Dunedin.

Further reading

• Herd, J. & Griffiths, G. J. (1980). Discovering Dunedin. Dunedin: John McIndoe. ISBN 0-86868-030-3.
• Smallfield, J. & Heenan, B. (2006) Above the belt: A history of the suburb of Maori Hill. Dunedin: Maori Hill History Charitable Trust. ISBN 1-877139-98-X.

Notes

1. Dunedin Town Board
2. "Mayor Peter Chin". Dunedin City Council. Retrieved 2008-09-06.
3. "Subnational Population Estimates: At 30 June 2019". Statistics New Zealand. 22 October 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2020. For urban areas, "Subnational population estimates (UA, AU), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996, 2001, 2006–18 (2017 boundaries)". Statistics New Zealand. 23 October 2018. Retrieved 23 October 2018.
4. (Hamel 2001); (Anderson, Allingham & Smith 1996); (Anderson 1998)
5. (Anderson 1983)
6. (Anderson, Allingham & Smith 1996) & (Hamel 2001)
7. (Anderson 1998)
8. Turton, Hanson 'Introductory' in (Bathgate 1890); (Entwisle 2005)
9. ^ (McLintock 1949)
10. (Anderson 1983) & (Anderson 1998)
11. Boultbee, J in (Begg & Begg 1979)
12. Cook, James in (Beaglehole (ed) & 1955-67) harv error: no target: CITEREFBeaglehole_(ed)1955-67 (help)
13. (Entwisle 2005)
14. (Entwisle 1998)
15. (Hocken 1898)
16. (McLintock 1949); (McDonald 1965)
17. Betteridge, Chris (28 July 2004). "Landscapes of Memory – breathing new life into old cemeteries" (PDF). NZ Historic Places Trust. p. p.2. Retrieved 2008-05-14. {{cite web}}: |page= has extra text (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
18. (Morrell 1969)
19. (McLintock 1951)
20. (McLintock 1949); (McDonald 1965); (Entwisle 1984)
21. (Entwisle 1984)
22. (Collins & Entwisle 1986)
23. (McCormick 1954); (Entwisle 1984); (Entwisle, Dunn & Collins 1988); (Dunn 2005)
24. (McCormick 1959)
25. Dunedin City council page
26. Thread fashion magazine article
27. New Zealand Herald article
28. "Steepest Streets in Dunedin". Dunedin City Council. Retrieved 2008-05-16.
29. ^ (Dann & Peat 1989)
30. (Bishop & Hamel 1993)
31. Lambert, M. (ed.) (1988) Air New Zealand almanac. Wellington, NZ: New Zealand Press Association, p. 394-5. Long-term average, 1951-1980.
32. A Descriptive Atlas of New Zealand, A.H. McLintock (ed), New Zealand Government Printer, 1959 (see Map 8)
33. "CliFlo data Musselburgh (5402, 15752)". NIWA. Retrieved 2007-10-15. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)

References

• Anderson, Atholl (1983), When All the Moa-Ovens Grew Cold : nine centuries of changing fortune for the southern Maori, Dunedin, NZ: Otago Heritage Books
• Anderson, Atholl (1998), The Welcome of Strangers : an ethnohistory of southern Maori A.D. 1650-1850, Dunedin, NZ: University of Otago Press with Dunedin City Council, ISBN 1-877133-41-8 pb {{citation}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
• Anderson, Atholl; Allingham, Brian; Smith, Ian W G (1996), Shag River Mouth : the archaeology of an early southern Maori village, Canberra, Australia: Australian National University, ISBN 0-7315-0342-1, OCLC 34751263 {{citation}}: Check |isbn= value: checksum (help)
• Bathgate, Alexander (ed) (1890), Picturesque Dunedin, Dunedin, NZ: Mills, Dick & Co., OCLC 154535977 {{citation}}: |first= has generic name (help)
• Beaglehole, J C (ed) (1955–67), The Journals of Captain James Cook, London, UK: The Hakluyt Society {{citation}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: date format (link)
• Begg, A Charles; Begg, Neil Colquhoun (1979), The world of John Boultbee : including an account of sealing in Australia and New Zealand, Christchurch, NZ: Whitcoulls, ISBN 0723306044
• Bishop, Graham; Hamel, Antony (1993), From sea to silver peaks, Dunedin: John McIndoe, ISBN 0-86868-149-0
• Collins, Roger; Entwisle, Peter (1986), Pavilioned in Splendour, George O'Brien's Vision of Colonial New Zealand, Dunedin, NZ: Dunedin Public Art Gallery, ISBN ISBN 0-9597758-1-1 {{citation}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
• Dann, Christine; Peat, Neville (1989), Dunedin, North and South Otago, Wellington: GP Books, ISBN 0-477-01438-0
• Dunn, Michael (2005), Nerli an Italian Painter in the South Pacific, Auckland University Press., ISBN 1-86940-335-5
• Entwisle, Peter (1984), William Mathew Hodgkins & his Circle, Dunedin, NZ: Dunedin Public Art Gallery, ISBN 0-473-00263-0 {{citation}}: Check |isbn= value: checksum (help)
• Entwisle, Peter (1998), Behold the Moon, the European Occupation of the Dunedin District 1770-1848, Dunedin, NZ: Port Daniel Press., ISBN 0-473-05591-0
• Entwisle, Peter (2005), Taka, a Vignette Life of William Tucker 1784-1817, Dunedin, NZ: Port Daniel Press., ISBN 0-473-10098-3
• Entwisle, Peter; Dunn, Michael; Collins, Roger (1988), Nerli An Exhibition of Paintings & Drawings, Dunedin, NZ: Dunedin Public Art Gallery, ISBN 0-9597758-4-6
• Hamel, J (2001), The Archaeology of Otago, Wellington, NZ: Department of Conservation, ISBN 0-478-22016-2
• Hocken, Thomas Moreland (1898), Contributions to the Early History of New Zealand (Settlement of Otago), London, UK: Sampson Low, Marston and Company, OCLC 3804372
• McCormick, E H (1954), The Expatriate, a Study of Frances Hodgkins, Wellington, NZ: New Zealand University Press., OCLC 6276263
• McCormick, E H (1959), The Inland Eye, a Sketch in Visual Autobiography, Auckland, NZ: Auckland Gallery Associates, OCLC 11777388
• McDonald, K C (1965), City of Dunedin, a Century of Civic Enterprise, Dunedin, NZ: Dunedin City Corporation, OCLC 10563910
• McLintock, A H (1949), The History of Otago; the origins and growth of a Wakefield class settlement, Dunedin, NZ: Otago Centennial Historical Publications, OCLC 154645934
• McLintock, A H (1951), The Port of Otago, Dunedin, NZ: Otago Harbour Board
• Morrell, W P (1969), The University of Otago, a Centennial History, Dunedin, NZ: University of Otago Press., OCLC 71676

External links

• City of Dunedin official website
• Template:Wikitravel
• LiveDunedin - Art, Culture and Lifestyle events in Dunedin (weekly listing)
• Profiles of relevant websites categorised geographically
• Tourism Dunedin
• Dunedin Directory and Information website
• Dunedin Street Map

45°52′0″S 170°30′0″E / 45.86667°S 170.50000°E / -45.86667; 170.50000

• Articles with minor POV problems from October 2008
• Articles with trivia sections from May 2008
• Dunedin
• Otago
• Cities, towns and communities in New Zealand
• Port cities in New Zealand
• University towns
• Scottish names
• Settlements established in 1848