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List of United States Presidential names contains lists of nicknames, name origins, and the first, middle, and last names of each President of the United States.

Presidential name origins

• Warren Gamaliel Harding - Named after his great-uncle, Rev. Warren Gamaliel Bancroft

• Grover Cleveland - Originally named Stephen Grover Cleveland after Rev. Stephen Grover

• Chester Alan Arthur - Named after Dr. Chester Abell, the physician who delivered him, and his paternal grandfather, Alan Arthur.

• Ulysses Simpson Grant - About a month after birth, he was originally named Hiram Ulysses Grant, Hiram was his maternal grandfather and Ulysses a Greek hero from mythology. He informally went by his middle name. When enrolling at West Point, congressional sponsor accidentally wrote his name as Ulysses Simpson Grant; Simpson was his mother’s maiden name. The school would not allow Grant to enroll by any other name than that which his sponsor had filled out, so Grant went along with the change. Furthermore, Grant was pleased with the change because he had disliked the fact that his original initials spelled "HUG."

Presidential nicknames

Barack Hussein Obama

• Barry, a childhood nickname
• No Shock Barack and No Drama Obama, for his laid-back and calm attitude.

George Walker Bush

• 43, Bush II, Bush Jr.
• Dubya, a self-chosen name based on the Texan pronunciation of "W."

William Jefferson Clinton (name at birth: William Jefferson Blythe III)

• Bill Generally went by his first name during his time in office and was only formally called 'William J. Clinton' or 'William Jefferson Clinton'.
• The First Black President Used by Toni Morrison in reference to Clinton's noted support from and rapport with African Americans.
• The Comeback Kid Coined by press after strong second place showing in 1992 New Hampshire primary, following polling slump due to Gennifer Flowers' revelation.
• Slick Willie Coined by Paul Greenberg, editorial page editor of the Arkansas Democrat-Gazette
• Teflon Bill Similar to "Teflon Ron" for Ronald Reagan: because none of the scandals afflicting his administration seemed to stick to him personally.
• Bubba Common nickname in the South.

George Herbert Walker Bush

• 41
• George I, Bush the Elder nicknames that arose after his son George Walker Bush became the 43rd president, to differentiate between the two
• Papa Bush, Daddy Bush and Bush père

Ronald Wilson Reagan

• The Gipper After his role as George "The Gipper" Gipp in the film Knute Rockne, All American. Gipp's exhortation to his teammates to "Win one for the Gipper" came in useful during Reagan's election campaigns.
• The Great Communicator In reference to Reagan's ability to connect verbally and visually with the American people.
• Dutch Because of his Dutch boy haircut when he was a youth.
• The Teflon President

James Earl Carter, Jr.

• Jimmy First President to use his nickname in an official capacity. He was known as ‘Jimmy Carter’, ‘James Earl Carter’, or ‘James Earl Carter, Jr.’. He was never called ‘James Carter’ or ‘James E. Carter’
• President Malaise - a reference to his speech on July 15, 1979, where he talked about a "crisis of confidence," and suggested that the US was in decline. Three days after the speech, Carter asked for the resignations of all of his Cabinet officers, and ultimately accepted five. By asking the entire Cabinet, it gave the appearance that the White House was falling apart.

Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr. (name at birth: Leslie Lynch King, Jr.)

• Jerry
• Mr. Nice Guy Because of his clean-cut and non-partisan image

Richard Milhous Nixon

• Dick When he announced his (short-lived) retirement from politics after failing to become Governor of California in 1962, he told the media, "You won't have Dick Nixon to kick around any more".
• Tricky Dick From a Democratic Party ad saying "Look at 'Tricky Dick' Nixon's Republican Record."
• The Mad Monk Given to him by White House aide John Ehrlichman.
• Iron Butt Law school nickname because he studied so hard
• Gloomy Gus Another nickname awarded by his fellow students at Duke University School of Law, referring to his serious nature

Lyndon Baines Johnson

• LBJ He liked to be known by this abbreviation, which was used in the slogan, "All the way with LBJ" Coincidentally, when he married Claudia Taylor, who had been nicknamed Lady Bird since infancy, her initials also became L.B.J. Their two daughters Lynda Bird and Luci Baines shared the initials, and he even called his dog "Little Beagle Johnson".
• Landslide Lyndon Sarcastic reference to the hotly-disputed 87-vote win that took him to the Senate in 1949
• Light-Bulb Lyndon Nicknamed so because he hated wasting electricity, and would often storm around the White House shutting off unnecessary lights.
• Uncle Cornpone Derogatory reference to him as an older man from the rural South.

John Fitzgerald Kennedy

• JFK Most prominent nickname and abbreviation of his full name.
• Jack Kennedy was usually referred to as either "John F. Kennedy" or "Jack Kennedy", only very rarely as "John Kennedy"
• The King of Camelot Two weeks after Kennedy’s assassination, his wife, Jacqueline, revealed that the score from the 1960 musical Camelot, had been one of her husband’s favorites to listen to. Parallels were then drawn between the “one brief shining moment” of King Arthur’s reign (in the musical) and the mood of idealism and optimism that had characterized Kennedy’s presidency.

Dwight David Eisenhower (name at birth: David Dwight Eisenhower)

• Ike
• The Kansas Cyclone His football nickname at West Point

Harry S. Truman

• Give 'Em Hell Harry
• High-Tax Harry
• The Senator from Pendergast Reference to his ties with Missouri political boss Tom Pendergast
• Mister Missouri"

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

• FDR
• The New Dealer Referring to the Roosevelt Administration's "New Deal for the American people".
• That Man in the White House, or That Man used by opponents who refused to say his name.

Herbert Clark Hoover

• The Great Engineer and The Great Humanitarian He was a civil engineer of some distinction and when the Mississippi burst its banks in 1927, engulfing thousands of acres of agricultural land, he volunteered his services and did extensive flood control work. The latter nickname would later be used facetiously in reference to his perceived indifference to the hardships faced by his constituents during the Great Depression. However, the nickname dates back to 1921, when the ARA under Hoover saved millions of Russians suffering from famine. "It was such considerations that Walter Lippmann took into account when he wrote of Hoover’s Russian undertaking in the New York World in May 1922: 'probably no other living man could have done nearly so much.'”
• Hoo-Yah A nickname that he picked up while in China

John Calvin Coolidge, Jr.

• Silent Cal
• Cool Cal His reelection campaign used the slogan, "Keep It Cool With Coolidge"
• Cautious Cal
• The Sphinx of the Potomac Suggesting that he was as enigmatic as the mythological creature

Thomas Woodrow Wilson

• The Schoolmaster in Politics He was a bespectacled academic; compare to Italian Prime Minister (and former President of the European Commission) Romano Prodi's nickname Il Professore (the professor/schoolteacher).
  
• The Phrase-Maker As an acclaimed historian, Wilson had no need of speech-writers to supply his oratorical eloquence

William Howard Taft

• Old Bill His nickname at Yale University
• Big Lub Boyhood nickname
• Big Chief

Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.

• TR He liked to sign communications this way. The first president to be known by his initials.
• The Cyclone Assemblyman Elected to the New York State Assembly at only 23, he campaigned energetically against political corruption and for civil service reform, becoming minority leader within a year
• The Hero of San Juan Hill He led his Rough Riders up San Juan Hill during the Battle of Santiago de Cuba in 1898
• The Lion
• Old Four Eyes He was so myopic that he could only function wearing glasses
• Theodore the Meddler He was too active and legislative a president for some people's tastes
• Teddy In the New York Times at least as early as 1900.
• The Trust Buster So called as a pioneer of trust-busting.

William McKinley, Jr.

• The Napoleon of Protection He was keen on protective tariffs
• The Major A reference to his American Civil War rank: used by friends and family rather than publicly

Benjamin Harrison

• The Human Iceberg Although he could warmly engage a crowd with his speeches, he was a very cold fish when you met him one-on-one
• Kid Gloves Harrison He was prone to skin infection and often wore kid gloves to protect his hands
  
• The Front Porch Campaigner During the 1888 election, he gave nearly ninety speeches from his front porch to crowds gathered in the yard of his Indianapolis home. This nickname has been widely but erroneously attributed to William McKinley

Stephen Grover Cleveland

• The Hangman of Buffalo As Sheriff of Erie County, New York, which has Buffalo as its county seat, he had personally hanged two men
  
• His Obstinacy He vetoed more bills than the first 21 presidents combined
• The Beast of Buffalo Because of false rumors that he was a wife beater, spread by political opponents during the 1888 election
  
• The Stuffed Prophet and The Elephantine Economist Given to him by hostile newspapers during the 1892 presidential election, by which time his weight had gone up to 250 pounds
  
• Uncle Jumbo

Chester Alan Arthur

• Prince Arthur, and The Dude President He was renowned for his fancy attire and indulgence in extravagant luxury
• Walrus for having strange looking facial hair mostly touted by children
• Gentleman Boss, as the dapper leader of New York State's Republican party.

Rutherford Birchard Hayes

• Granny Hayes and Queen Victoria in Riding Breeches Hayes did not drink, smoke, or gamble, and, together with his temperance-supporting wife, "Lemonade Lucy", maintained a very strait-laced White House– much to the disgust of some members of Washington society
  
• President De Facto Due to the disputed election against Tilden.

Ulysses S. Grant (name at birth: Hiram Ulysses Grant)

• Unconditional Surrender Grant His uncompromising demand for unconditional surrender during the Battle of Fort Donelson in 1862 got a lot of favorable publicity. The fact that his initials suggested the words "unconditional surrender" led to it being used as a nickname
• Sam Given to him at West Point because of his 'Uncle Sam' initials

Andrew Johnson

• The Tennessee Tailor He was apprenticed as a young boy to a tailor.

Abraham Lincoln

• Honest Abe
• The Rail Splitter
• The Great Emancipator and The Liberator For the emancipation of the slaves.
• Uncle Abe Lincoln was a kind and friendly man who in his later years came across as avuncular
• The Ancient One A nickname favored by White House insiders because of his "ancient wisdom"
• The Tycoon For the energetic and ambitious conduct of his Civil War administration

James Buchanan, Jr.

• Ten-Cent Jimmie A reference to his claim during the 1856 election campaign that ten cents a day was enough for a working man to live on

Franklin Pierce

• Young Hickory of the Granite Hills "Young Hickory" compared his military deeds (in the Mexican-American War) with those of Andrew Jackson. "The Granite Hills" were his home state of New Hampshire
• The Fainting General A sneering reference by political opponents to an incident during a Mexican War battle when an artillery blast blew the saddle off Pierce's horse and drove the saddle-horn hard into his abdomen, causing him to lose consciousness for a few minutes

Millard Fillmore

• The American Louis Philippe

Zachary Taylor

• "Old Rough and Ready"

James Knox Polk

• Young Hickory Because he was a particular protégé of "Old Hickory"– Andrew Jackson
• Polk the Plodder The validity of this nickname was disproved by his foreign policy when he became president.
• Napoleon of the Stump Because of his potent oratory during his campaign for the Tennessee state legislature.

John Tyler

• His Accidency Derisive nickname by his opponents (as opposed to "His Excellency", for example), who suggested he could not have achieved the presidency through his own merit, only by accident (succeeding from the Vice Presidency on the death of William Henry Harrison).

William Henry Harrison

• General Mum As in the expression, "keep it mum". Because of his avoidance of speaking out on controversial issues during his election campaign
• Tippecanoe or also Old Tippecanoe A reference to Harrison's victory at the 1811 Battle of Tippecanoe. This nickname was used in the campaign song Tippecanoe and Tyler Too during the 1840 Presidential election.
• Washington of the West A reference to Harrison's victories at the 1811 Battle of Tippecanoe and 1813 Battle of the Thames.

Martin Van Buren

• The Red Fox (of Kinderhook) A reference to his hair color and political astuteness.
• Old Kinderhook A reference to his birthplace, Kinderhook, New York. Often used in combination with other epithets e.g. "Sage of Kinderhook".
• The Little Magician He stood 5'6".
• The Enchanter
• The Careful Dutchman Van Buren's first language was Dutch.
• The Mistletoe Politician" "Nourished buy the sap of the hickory tree."
• The Great Manager
• The Master Spirit
• Matty Van From "Tippecanoe Songs of 1840"
• The American Talleyrand

Andrew Jackson

• Sharp Knife Given to him by the Creek Indians whom he fought in 1814
• Old Hickory Allegedly given to him by his soldiers for being as "tough as old hickory."

John Quincy Adams

• Old Man Eloquent or The Abolitionist famed for routinely bringing up the slavery issue against Congressional rules, and for his role later on in the Amistad case. He is the only American President to be elected to Congress (where he earned his nicknames) after his Presidency.

James Monroe

• The Era of Good Feelings President "The Era of Good Feelings" was the period following the War of 1812, during which America became less divided politically, to the extent that the only opponents of the ruling Democratic Republicans, the Federalist Party, went out of existence. It was not until resistance to Andrew Jackson's policies produced the Whig Party that oppositional politics resumed in the United States

James Madison, Jr.

• Little Jemmy or His Little Majesty At only 5' 4", he was the shortest president ever. The average adult male American at the beginning of the 19th century was about 5' 8"– an inch and a half shorter than today

Thomas Jefferson

• The Apostle of Democracy
  
• Mad Tom
• The Man of the People
• The Sage of Monticello
• The Negro President For his victory in the election of 1800, won because of the three-fifths compromise.

John Adams, Jr.

• The Duke of Braintree A sarcastic reference to his grandiose airs
• The Colossus of Debate Given to him by Thomas Jefferson for his ability to argue a political case
• Old Sink or Swim For the speech in which he vowed "To sink or swim; to live or die; survive or perish with my country"

George Washington

• The Father of His Country
• The American Fabius For his military strategy during the Revolutionary War
• The American Cincinnatus Like the famous Roman, he won a war, then became a private citizen instead of seeking power or riches as a reward. He became the first President General of the Society of the Cincinnati, formed by Revolutionary War officers who also "declined offers of power and position to return to his home and plough."

See also

• List of British Prime Ministers by nicknames

References

1. "Warren G. Harding--the man"
2. First Presbyterian Church Graveyard - Caldwell, NJ
3. Chester Arthur
4. People & Events: Ulysses S. Grant, 1822-1885
5. http://www.newsweek.com/id/128633
6. Babington, Charles (20 Jan 2009). "On eve of his presidency, Obama is cool and calm". AP. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
7. Elizabeth Drew , The Nation, posted February 12, 2004 (March 1, 2004 issue). Accessed 16 October 2006.
8. Dubya's nickname could be worse
9. Encyclopedia Britannica Online, Article– ' Bill Clinton' describes "Bill" as the "byname of William Jefferson Clinton, original name William Jefferson Blythe III".
10. "Clinton as the First Black President". The New Yorker. 1998-10-05.
11. Amy Herstek (2001-01-11). "Clinton thanks New Hampshire for making him the 'Comeback Kid'". CNN. Retrieved 2007-04-29.
    Julian Borger (2004-10-26). "Thinner and frailer, the Comeback Kid puts heart into Kerry's campaign". The Guardian (UK). Retrieved 2007-04-29.
12. "The Choice '96: Stories of Bill". PBS Frontline. 1996?. Retrieved 2007-04-29. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
13. http://www.slate.com/id/3665/device/html30/entry/24006/Slate, Dialogues, Reagan vs. Clinton, Dinesh D’Souza, “My point is that while the media speculate about "Teflon Bill" and "Teflon Ron," there is a world of difference in the motives that guided the two men into the scandals that plagued their administrations”.
14. "RUDY BOPS BUBBA - New York Post". Nypost.com. November 7, 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-07.
15. "American Experience | George H.W. Bush | PBS". Pbs.org. Retrieved 2008-11-07.
16. "The Skinny: Father Knows Best, Rumsfeld Is Out And Bush The Elder Is In At The News Mags - CBS News". Cbsnews.com. Retrieved 2008-11-07.
17. Neuman, Johanna (January 20, 2009), "Bush to Obama: A private letter", Los Angeles Times
18. Pilkington, Ed (January 6, 2009), "The ultimate power lunch - with friction on the menu", The Guardian
19. De Gustibus (January 16, 2009), "The Ex Files: George W. Bush Joins the Club", Wall Street Journal
20. ‘The Sydney Morning Herald’, has an article at http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/06/07/1086460230925.html entitled, ‘How Reagan got his Gipper nickname’.
21. CNN.com story covering his death
22. Schroeder, Patricia (June 6, 2004). "Nothing stuck to 'Teflon President'". USA Today. Retrieved 2008-01-08.
23. CNN.com, Ronald Reagan, 1911–2004. ‘Small Town to Tinseltown’
24. http://www.amazon.com/Camelot-Teflon-President-Presidential-Contributions/dp/0313263930 Review of the book, From Camelot to the Teflon President: Economics and Presidential Popularity Since 1960 (Contributions in Political Science) by David J. Lanoue (Greenwood Press, October 20 1988, ISBN-10: 0313263930, ISBN-13: 978-0313263934): “and concluding with a look at Ronald Reagan, who has often been termed the "Teflon President."
25. High Sidey (1977-12-12}accessdate=2007-04-20). "The Question Now: Who Carter?". {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
26. Q&A with Steven F. Hayward on Jimmy Carter on National Review Online (http://www.nationalreview.com/interrogatory/hayward200407260700.asp), Jimmy Carter: a bitter irrelevant man (http://www.renewamerica.us/columns/vernon/050802), (http://www.commonconservative.com/parent/parent050.html), The Real Jimmy Carter (http://www.papillonsartpalace.com/rejal.htm)
27. POTUS– Presidents of the United States, Gerald Rudolph Ford (http://www.potus.com/grford.html) “38th President of the United States (August 9, 1974 to January 20, 1977).”
28. In "The Stranger: Seattle's Only Newspaper" (December 27, 2006), Paul Constant
29. The USA Online: Interactive Website about the United States, Richard Nixon
30. http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/m/mitchell-tricky.html
31. The Education Forum: A Forum for Teachers and Educators (http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKehrlichman.htm) containing an extract from H. R. Haldeman’s The Ends of Power,. A web page (http://fornits.com/anonanon/my-mud.htm) by Herb Taylor of the Galveston Daily News (Texas), written on November 5, 2000
32. The ‘New York Times’ of November 16, 2003 had an article by Ted Widmer entitled ‘The Man in the Mask (http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950CE1D81539F935A25752C1A9659C8B63&n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes+Topics%2FPeople%2FN%2FNixon%2C+Richard+Milhous) which reviewed ‘Nixon’s Shadow: The History of an Image’ by David Greenberg, W.W. Norton & Company, New York, which described young Nixon as “a law student working so hard to better himself that he earned the nickname Iron Butt
33. ‘Spectrum: Home and School Network’ has an article of May 2, 2007 called ‘Richard M. Nixon’ (http://www.incwell.com/Biographies/Presidents/Nixon,RichardM.html) which states that: “While a student at the Duke University Law School, Nixon was given the nickname of “Gloomy Gus” by his classmates because he was always so serious”
34. Beschloss, Michael. "Lady Bird Johnson : Documentary Transcript– Part Two". Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved 2008-07-02. Three years later, came Luci Baines. Now there were 4 LBJs. The Johnson dog was named Little Beagle Johnson But there was no doubt who the most important LBJ was in that household. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
35. 'Lyndon Johnson: Ruthless Senate Leader' by John Grizzi, November 4, 2002 Findarticles.com 2002
36. Presidency project at ucsb
37. "Lyndon Baines Johnson, 37th Vice President (1961-1963)". United States Senate. 2006-05-26. Retrieved 2008-07-01. ...the president's young aides, mostly ivy leaguers, snickered about Uncle Cornpone. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
38. Miller Center for Public Affairs, University of Virginia, Academic Programs, American President: An Online Resource– In-depth information reviewed by prominent scholars on each president and administration, has full biographical information on Polk, (http://www.millercenter.virginia.edu/academic/americanpresident/kennedy) including, Nicknames: "FK, Jack
39. Miller Center for Public Affairs, University of Virginia, Academic Programs, American President: An Online Resource– In-depth information reviewed by prominent scholars on each president and administration, has full biographical information on Polk, (http://www.millercenter.virginia.edu/academic/americanpresident/kennedy) including, Nicknames: JFK, Jack
40. "Camelot: One Brief Shining Moment". Bard.org. Retrieved 2008-11-07.
41. Elizabeth R. Snoke (1990). "Dwight D. Eisenhower: a centennial biography". Command and General Staff College, United States Army. Retrieved 2008-11-03.
42. ‘All About Ike’ says, “As a star defensive back on the West Point football team, Eisenhower was known as the Kansas Cyclone”
43. ^ Baily, Thomas A.; & Kennedy, David M. (1994). The American Pageant (10th ed.). D.C. Heath and Company. ISBN 0-669-33892-3.
44. "Senate". Harry S. Truman: His Life and Times. www.trumanlibrary.org. Retrieved 2008-06-23.
45. "Ambassador' Truman - Free Preview - The New York Times". Select.nytimes.com. Retrieved 2008-11-07.
46. Miller Center for Public Affairs, University of Virginia, Academic Programs, American President: An Online Resource– In-depth information reviewed by prominent scholars on each president and administration, has full biographical information on Polk, (http://www.millercenter.virginia.edu/academic/americanpresident/fdroosevelt) including, “Nickname: "FDR"”
47. Fleming ,Thomas J. "The New Dealer's War: FDR and the War Within World War II" (Basic Books, April 10, 2001. ISBN 13: 078-046502)
48. Kearns Goodwin, Doris (December 31, 1999). "Franklin Delano Roosevelt". Time. Retrieved 2008-11-07.
49. Jackson, Robert (2003). John Q Barrett (ed.). That Man: An Insider's Portrait of Franklin D. Roosevelt. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195177576.
50. The U. S. Department of the Interior’s site for the Bureau of Reclamation, Lower Colorado Region (http://www.usbr.gov/lc/hooverdam/History/articles/hhoover.html) says that Hoover, “known early in his career as “The Great Engineer”, was now popularized as “The Great Humanitarian” for his “relief efforts in America’s stricken heartland”.
51. "Hoover Institution - Hoover Digest - The Big Show in Bololand". Hoover.org. Retrieved 2008-11-07.
52. "The Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum". Hoover.archives.gov. Retrieved 2008-11-07.
53. Review of Calvin Coolidge (David Greenberg) - H.W. Brands, Washington Post, 21 January 2007
54. 'Silent Cal' Revisited - Library of Congress, 30 October 1995
55. ‘Rebirth of Cool Cal’, December 1998, Reason Magazine, review of two books on Coolidge’s presidency by John Miller (http://www.reason.com/news/printer/30803.html)
56. ‘Wilsonian Progressivism at Home and Abroad’ (http://www.course-notes.org/chptoutlines/apoutlines/chapter32.htm) by M. Pecot summarizes the “Wilsonian Progessivism at Home and Abroad, 1912–1916” chapter of “The American Pageant” by David M. Kennedy, Lizabeth Cohen and Thomas A. Bailey (2002, ISBN-13: 9780618103492; ISBN-10: 061810349X) and refers to this nickname. ‘Taqrir Washington’ has an article on The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (http://www.taqrir.org/eng/showarticle.cfm?id=128) by Andrew Masloski which also mentions the “Schoolmaster in Politics’ nickname
58. The Arlington National Cemetery Website page on William Howard Taft provides the full text of his ‘New York Times’ obituary of March 9, 1930, which states that “His standing among his college mates is indicated by the fact that he was known by them while at Yale and forever afterward as "Old Bill" Taft”.
59. "William Howard Taft". Hoover.archives.gov. Retrieved 2008-11-07.
60. Renstrom, Peter G. The Taft Court. p. 186. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
61. "The American Experience/TR's Legacy/Environment". Pbs.org. Retrieved 2008-11-07.
62. The President Gerald R. Ford Library and Museum online has an article on Theodore Roosevelt (http://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/museum/exhibits/TR/light.htm) with states that “At age 23, TR was elected to the State Assembly, its youngest member. He battled political corruption, pushed for civil service reform, became minority leader in a year, and earned the nickname of the Cyclone Assemblyman. “I rose like a rocket,” he later wrote”.
63. The Amazon.com review (http://www.amazon.com/Teddy-Roosevelt-San-Juan-University/dp/0890967717) of “Teddy Roosevelt at San Juan: The Making of a President” by Peggy and Harold Samuels (Texas a & M University Military History Series, September 1997 ISBN-13: 978-0890967713) by Peggy and Harold Samuels, says that “The authors reexamine the "Hero of San Juan Hill" to find that the heroic legend was manufactured”
64. Non-Fiction Book Page have a review by Harry Merritt of ‘The Lion's Pride: Theodore Roosevelt and His Family in Peace and War’ by Edward J. Renehan, Jr. (Oxford University Press, ISBN 0195127196) (http://www.bookpage.com/9810bp/nonfiction/lions_pride.html) which says, “Within six months, Roosevelt, "the Lion" was dead”
65. The official website for the town of Medora, North Dakota has an article on Theodore Roosevelt (http://www.medora.org/History/tr.html) which mentions that “Roosevelt earned the respect of his peers, who eventually dropped the nickname "Old Four Eyes"”
66. Popularized by journalist James Creelman (1859–1915) who so entitled his article on President Roosevelt in ‘Pearson’s Magazine’ ed. Arthur W. Little (The Pearson Publishing Company; New York, January 1907). This information was found on web pages (http://www.philsp.com/homeville/FMI/t807.htm) and (http://www.philsp.com/homeville/FMI/s438.htm#A15324) . The cover of that edition featured a portrait of T.R. by George Burroughs Torrey
67. http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9F06E5DD143FE433A2575BC2A9649D946197D6CF&oref=slogin
68. "Theodore Roosevelt: Icon of the American Century". Retrieved 2009-01-14.
69. The Northeast Ohio Journal of History has an article (http://www3.uakron.edu/nojh/issues/spring_2005/reviews/dematteo_01.htm) in its ‘Book Reviews’ section featuring “William McKinley and His America, Revised Edition”, by H. Wayne Morgan (Kent: Kent State University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-87338-765-1.). The review of this book states, “Known to contemporaries as “The Napoleon of Protection,” Representative McKinley was an unabashed champion of high tariffs”.
70. (http://www.military.com/Content/MoreContent?file=ML_mckinley_bkp) Military.com has an article on McKinley by Bethanne Kelly Patrick which states that “By war’s end, he had become a brevet major in the volunteers. For the rest of his life, many called him simply "The Major."”
71. http://fs6.depauw.edu:50080/~jkochanczyk/president/harrison.html “He was known as the "Human Iceberg" because he was stiff and formal when dealing with people”.
72. http://fs6.depauw.edu:50080/~jkochanczyk/president/harrison.html “The wearing of kid gloves to protect his hands from skin infection earned him the nickname of "Kid Gloves" Harrison”.
73. The President Benjamin Harrison Home: From White House Studies, 2/22/2001. Author: Moore, Anne (http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-82492373.html) states that “He was called the "front porch campaigner" for giving nearly 90 impromptu speeches from his front door to enthusiastic crowds gathered in his front yard”.
74. http://www.presidentprofiles.com/Grant-Eisenhower/Cleveland-Grover.html Profiles of US Presidents, Grover Cleveland, A Swift Rise to the Presidency, First Presidential Term
75. ‘Tall, Slim and Erect: Grover Cleveland’ by Alex Forman (http://www.januaryriver.net/presidents/24.html)
76. “Hail to the Chiefs: Presidential Mischief, Morals, and Malarkey from George W. to George W” by Barbara Holland (Permanent Press, New York, January 1 2003. ISBN-10: 1579620817. ISBN-13: 978-1579620813) is quoted by an Amazon.com review of the book (http://www.amazon.com/Hail-Chiefs-Presidential-Mischief-Malarkey/dp/1579620817) as writing of Cleveland, "People called him 'the Beast of Buffalo.'
    http://humanitiesweb.org/human.php?s=h&p=c&a=b&ID=214 Humanities Web, History, Grover Cleveland, Biography
77. http://www.bgsu.edu/departments/acs/1890s/cleveland/election.html Grover Cleveland and the 1892 Election, 1997, by Cliff Vaughn, “Courting everyone from eastern capitalists to southerners, Cleveland used the press as a public relations tool. However, he fought an uphill battle since the editors of papers such as the Washington Post and New York Sun derided him on account of his weight, publicly referring to him as "the Stuffed Prophet" and "the elephantine economist"”.)
78. http://www.bgsu.edu/departments/acs/1890s/cleveland/election.html Grover Cleveland and the 1892 Election, 1997, by Cliff Vaughn
79. American President: An Online Reference Resource
80. ^ MSN Encarta, Chester A. Arthur Quick Facts (http://encarta.msn.com/media_461577502/Chester_A_Arthur_Quick_Facts.html) “Chester Arthur was fond of fine clothes and entertainment, earning him the nicknames 'Dude President,' 'Elegant Arthur,' and 'Prince Arthur'”
81. Reeves, Thomas C. (1975). Gentleman Boss. NY, NY: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 418. ISBN 0-394-46095-2. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
82. “President Hayes did not drink, smoke, or gamble. His critics derisively called him “Granny” Hayes and “Queen Victoria in breeches.”” Search View: Rutherford B. Hayes– MSN Encarta (http://encarta.msn.com/text_761560844__1/Rutherford_B_Hayes.html)
83. He was also, inexplicably, referred to as “Queen Victoria in Riding Breeches” in some prominent journals of the time.” The Stanford Daily, February 16 2007, “Hayes: He’s no ‘fraud’ in the art of love’ by Kat Lewin (http://www-daily.stanford.edu/article/2007/2/16/hayesHesNoFraudInTheArtOfLove “President Hayes did not drink, smoke, or gamble. His critics derisively called him “Granny” Hayes and “Queen Victoria in breeches.”” Search View: Rutherford B. Hayes– MSN Encarta (http://encarta.msn.com/text_761560844__1/Rutherford_B_Hayes.html)
84. “The public gave him the razzing of a lifetime, calling him mean names like “Rutherfraud” and “President De Facto.””The Stanford Daily, February 16 2007, “Hayes: He’s no ‘fraud’ in the art of love’ by Kat Lewin (http://www-daily.stanford.edu/article/2007/2/16/hayesHesNoFraudInTheArtOfLove)
85. "unconditional surrender" Grant
86. “His classmates dubbed him “U.S.”, ”Sam,” and “Uncle Sam” Grant”. Ulysses S. Grant, Encyclopedia Article, MSN Encarta. (http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761555289/Ulysses_S_Grant.html)
87. Tennessee Tales the Textbooks Don't Tell : Jennie Ivey, Calvin Dickinson, Lisa Rand , The Overmountain Press, 2002 ISBN 1570722358 200 pages page 50
88. ^ Dr. Paul Boyer, Dr. Sterling Stuckey (2005). American Nation: In the Modern Era. Holt, Rinehart, & Winston. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
89. http://www.ihr.org/jhr/v13/v13n5p-4_Morgan.html Journal of Historical Review: The 'Great Emancipator' and the Issue of Race
90. ^ http://www.lincolnpresenters.org/Quotes.htm Association of Lincoln Presenters, Lincoln Quotes, “LINCOLN had many nicknames such as Honest Abe, the Railsplitter, the Liberator, the Emancipator, the Ancient One, the Martyr”.
91. Library of Congress Presents ‘America’s Story from America’s Library’, U.S. Presidents, Abraham Lincoln (http://www.americaslibrary.gov/cgi-bin/page.cgi/aa/presidents/lincoln/humor_2), refers to a song about Lincoln called, “Hey! Uncle Abe, are you joking yet?”
92. http://www.sparknotes.com/biography/lincoln/section12.rhtml SparkNotes: Today’s Most Popular Study Guides, Abraham Lincoln Study Guide, 1862-1864 – Part 2 “During a time of war, the executive always plays a stronger role than usual, and Lincoln was no exception to this rule. His uncompromising style as commander- in-chief, coupled with his ambitious domestic program to preserve and further the Union, earned him the nickname of "the tycoon".”
93. http://www.britannicaindia.com/biographies_newtry.asp?id=238 Encyclopedia Britannica India, Born on this day, James Buchanan April 23 1791 “During the campaign Republican speakers harped on Buchanan's seemingly heartless statement that ten cents a day was adequate pay for a workingman. They jeered him as "Ten-Cent Jimmy."”
94. This was used in the title of Roy Nichols’ biography, “Franklin Pierce: Young Hickory of the Granite Hills” (American Political Biography Press, August 1993) ISBN-10: 0945707061. ISBN-13: 978-0945707066)
95. Online News Hour, ‘Old Wounds’, August 24, 2004, (http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/politics/july-dec04/vietnam_8-25.html)
96. http://www.potus.com/mfillmore.html
97. Thornton, An American Glossary, Lipincott 1912 v.2 page 627
98. Miller Center for Public Affairs, University of Virginia, Academic Programs, American President: An Online Resource– In-depth information reviewed by prominent scholars on each president and administration, has full biographical information on Polk, (http://www.millercenter.virginia.edu/academic/americanpresident/polk) including, “Nickname: "Young Hickory"”
99. History on NRO Weekend, September 30–October 1 2000: ‘The Veep’s Underwear: Getting nasty on the campaign trail’ by David Kopel of the Independence Institute (http://www.nationalreview.com/weekend/history/history-kopelprint093000.html) mentions that in the face of scurrilous allegations from the Democrats about Whig candidate Henry Clay, the Democratic contender, "Polk the Plodder" had led too dull a life for the Whigs to respond in kind”
100. Humanities Web - James K. Polk Biography
101. http://johntyler.org
102. ‘Historynet.com: From the World’s Largest History Magazine Publisher’, American History: 1840 U.S. Presidential Campaign by David Johnson (http://www.historynet.com/magazines/american_history/3026611.html) says that, “While the Democrats adopted a platform denouncing federal assumption of state debts, opposing internal improvements, and calling for separation of public money from banking institutions, Weed decided to keep Harrison quiet and emphasize his war-hero record and humble character. The Democrats took aim at Harrison's silence, calling him "General Mum."”
103. ^ Latham, Edward (1904). A Dictionary of Names, Nicknames and Surnames, of Persons, Places and Things, p.220. G. Routledge & Sons, Ltd.,
104. ^ Widmer, Ted; Widmer, Edward L. (2005). Martin Van Buren: The American Presidents Series. Macmillan. p. 4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
105. Wise, Henry Alexander (1876). [Seven Decades of the Union: The Humanities and Materialism. J.B. Lippincott & Co. p. 121.
106. Norton, The Great Revolution of 1840, 1888 page 74
107. Boller, Jr., Paul F. Presidential Diversions. p. 63. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
108. "hist0528". Nativenewsonline.org. Retrieved 2008-11-07.
109. http://books.google.com/books?id=n27rzCedDy8C&pg=PA106&dq=%22john+quincy+adams%22+nickname&lr=#PPA106,M1
110. Miller Center for Public Affairs, University of Virginia, Academic Programs, American President: An Online Resource– In-depth information reviewed by prominent scholars on each president and administration, has full biographical information on Monroe (http://www.millercenter.virginia.edu/academic/americanpresident/monroe) including, his nicknames of the "Era-of-Good-Feelings President"
111. ^ “The enemies of the fourth President of the U.S. called him "little Jemmy," or "his little majesty," or "withered little apple-John."” Time Magazine Online, November 3 1961, ‘Mr. Madison’s War’ (http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,897919-1,00.html)
112. Historic Families of Kentucky by Thomas Marshall Green, Cincinnati, 1889, reprinted Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc. 1959. pp. 72–76. . Samuel McDowell of Mercer County, Kentucky
113. Encyclopedia Britannica Online shows a political cartoon from 1801 (http://www.britannica.com/eb/art-12069?articleTypeId=1) attacking the Jefferson Administration, which depicts Thomas Jefferson with the Devil, entitled, “Mad Tom in a Rage”.
114. Miller Center for Public Affairs, University of Virginia, Academic Programs, American President: An Online Resource (http://www.millercenter.virginia.edu/academic/americanpresident/jefferson)
115. Dumas Malone (1981). The Sage of Monticello. Little, Brown. ISBN 0316544639. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |subtitle= ignored (help)
116. Langguth, A.J. Union 1812. p. 90. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
117. ‘John Adams Second President’, says “Nickname: Duke of Braintree”
118. Humanities Web, American Founders, John Adams, by John Lord, LLD. (http://humanitiesweb.org/human.php?s=h&p=c&a=b&ID=503) writes that, “Jefferson spoke of him as "the colossus of debate"”.
119. (http://library.thinkquest.org/4321/j_adams.htm)
120. He has gained fame around the world as a quintessential example of a benevolent national founder. Gordon Wood concludes that the greatest act in his life was his resignation as commander of the armies—an act that stunned aristocratic Europe. Gordon Wood, The Radicalism of the American Revolution (1992), pp 105–6; Edmund Morgan, The Genius of George Washington (1980), pp 12–13; Sarah J. Purcell, Sealed With Blood: War, Sacrifice, and Memory in Revolutionary America (2002) p. 97; Don Higginbotham, George Washington (2004); Ellis, 2004. The earliest known image in which Washington is identified as such is on the cover of the circa 1778 Pennsylvania German almanac (Lancaster: Gedruckt bey Francis Bailey).
121. Rediscovering George Washington - pbs.org
122. The True George Washington, Soldier, Strategy (http://www.infoplease.com/t/history/true-washington/courage.html) quotes Timothy Pickering as writing, "His great caution in respect to the enemy, acquired him the name of the American Fabius”.
123. ‘Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus: The Perfect Leader?’, “It's easy to see why history sometimes refers to George Washington as "the American Cincinnatus". Washington too did great things then went back to his farm”.
124. "Anderson House History". Societyofthecincinnati.org. Retrieved 2008-11-07.

• Paleta, Lu Ann, and Fred Worth. The World Almanac of Presidential Facts. Pharos Books, 1993.
• DeGregario, William A. The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents. Barricade Books, 1991.
• The White House website

Presidential lists

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• Lists relating to the United States presidency
• Lists of United States politicians
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