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| '''Trade sanctions''' are ] penalties imposed by one or more countries on one or more other countries. Typically the sanctions take the form of import ]s (duties), licensing schemes or ]. They tend to arise in the context of an unresolved ], such as a disagreement about the fairness of some policy affecting international trade (imports or exports). | |||
| For example, one country may conclude that another is unfairly subsidising exports of one or more products, or unfairly ] some sector from ] (from imported goods or services). The first country may retaliate by imposing import duties, or some other sanction, on goods or services from the second. | |||
| Trade sanctions are distinguished from ], which are used as a punitive measure in international relations (examples being recent US or multilateral sanctions against ], ], or ]). | |||
| ==Politics of trade sanctions== | |||
| Trade sanctions is frequently retaliatory in nature. For example, in ] the ] ] in an effort to protect its industry from more efficient foreign producers, such as ] and ]. The ] ruled that these tariffs were illegal. The ] threatened retaliatory tariffs on a range of US goods, forcing the US government to remove the steel tariffs in early 2004. Economic sanctions frequently result in ]s. The ] is the world governing body for trade disputes. | |||
| Sanctions can be a coercive measure for achieving particular policy goals (such as ] sanctions against ] over ] law in the late 1980s). | |||
| Sanctions can be include a software that may not be downloaded or otherwise exported or re-exported to any country subject to U.S. trade sanctions governing the software: countries including Cuba, Iran, Iraq, Libya, North Korea, Sudan, and Syria. | |||
| ==Recent historical examples of trade sanctions== | |||
| Worldwide there have been many examples of such disputes and associated sanctions. For example, American ] companies requested, and were at times granted, protection from steel imports that they claimed enjoyed an unfair advantage due to the economic policy of the steel exporting country. At times it was asserted that the exporting company was dumping steel overseas (in the USA) at below cost. See ] | |||
| Again, as the Asian economies became more and more effective competitors on the international stage, achieved largely via export-led growth, many countries imposed import tariffs and other measures aimed at protecting domestic industries. The intention was not always permanent protection (of the threatened industry) but sometimes an attempt to give the domestic firms time to adjust to a changed competitive context. | |||
| The disagreements that occur are not only bi-lateral and can be fundamental to the working of the global economy and e.g. to the alleviation of global poverty. As of September, 2003, World Trade Organisation talks in ] broke down between the advanced nations and the developing world. Unresolved issues include that of whether the advanced nations are unfairly subsidising their agricultural sectors to the detriment of the developing world (that might otherwise sell more agricultural produce into e.g. the USA and Europe). | |||
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Latest revision as of 21:57, 22 February 2009
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