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{{Original research|date=November 2008}} |
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{{Peacock|date=September 2008}} |
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{{Infobox Music genre |
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{{Infobox Music genre |
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| name = West Coast hip hop |
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| name = West Coast hip hop |
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| bgcolor = darkblue |
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| Img = |
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| bgcolor = #BB0022 |
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| color = white |
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| color = white |
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| stylistic_origins = ]<br/>]<br/>]<br/>]<br/>]<br/>] |
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| stylistic_origins = ]<br/>]<br/>]<br/>]<br/>] |
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| cultural_origins = Mid-1980s, ], ] |
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| cultural_origins = Mid-1980s, ], ] |
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| instruments = Prominent ] - ] - ] - ] - ] |
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| instruments = Prominent ] - ] - ] - ] - ] |
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| popularity = Popular throughout the early and mid 1990s, declined during the remainder of the decade up to the 2000s with a small degree of mainstream exposure |
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| popularity = Popular throughout the early-to-mid 1990s, declined during the remainder of the decade up to the 2000s with a small degree of mainstream exposure |
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| derivatives = ] |
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| derivatives = ] |
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| subgenrelist = Hip hop music |
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| subgenrelist = Hip hop music |
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| subgenres = ] - ] - ] - ] - ] - ] - ] - ] - ] |
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| subgenres = ] - ] - ] - ] - ] - ] - ] |
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| fusiongenres = |
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| regional_scenes = ] - ] - ] - ] - ] - ] - ] |
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| regional_scenes = ] - ] - ] - ] - ] - ] - ] |
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'''West Coast hip hop''' is a style of ] that originated in ] in the early 1980s<ref>B-Boys.com. "Hip Hop Timeline and History." http://www.b-boys.com/classic/hiphoptimeline.html</ref>. It has since grown into a sub-genre of hip hop and has developed several creative centers, most of which are in communities in ]. Pioneers of the genre include ], ], ] and ], especially ], ], ], ], & ]. It dominated the hip-hop air waves in the early and mid-1990s with the popularity of ]. |
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'''West Coast hip hop''' is a style of ] that originated in ] in the early ]. It has since grown into a sub-genre of hip hop and has developed several creative centers, most of which are in ] communities in ]. Pioneers of the genre include ], ] and especially ], {{Fact|date=December 2008}} whose controversial album prompted a letter from the ]. It dominated the hip-hop air waves in the early and mid-1990s with the popularity of ]. {{Fact|date=December 2008}} |
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The two centers of West Coast hip hop are the ] and the ], but can also include the ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]. The Los Angeles area caught on early to the dance and graffiti elements of Hip Hop culture which began spreading from New York City in the late 1970's. Meanwhile in Northern California, the Bay Area bred independent musicians like Too Short, whose do-it-yourself marketing approach would affect the music industry for decades. |
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==Origins and early success (1980s–1992)== |
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{{seealso|Golden age hip hop}} |
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===1980s=== |
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The origins of West Coast hip hop can be traced back to the late 1970s. After its invention in ], hip hop music started to spread across the country. It quickly jumped coasts to California, where a strong presence of African Americans embraced hip-hop, prominently in block parties and some clubs. However, the West Coast scene became truly established during the 1980s as hip hop music first gained national appeal, and established itself in California in general (and in Los Angeles in particular). Early hardcore rap performers included ]'s ], who started rapping as early as 1983 and put out three independent albums beginning in 1985 before his 1987 major-label debut, '']'', went gold. Too Short would release 2 more albums before 1991 that went platinum and double platinum respectively. In Los Angeles during the same period, artists like ], Capitan Rapp, ], ], ], and ] gained prominence, while ], ], DJ Unknown, ] and the ] innovated a style called ] (or simply ''electro''), essentially a hybrid of ] and rap - following the lead of ], who had originally created hip hop by mixing together reggae, funk, and German techno. Electro hop was a less funky, more bass-heavy West Coast sound, similar to ] rap group ] and the ] scene. However, hip hop followers didn't fully accept electro hop in the long run, and it had all but disappeared by the mid-1990s. |
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===Gangsta rap=== |
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The "]" movement also originated in California in the 1980s, serving as a sharp contrast to electro hop and other lighter forms of hip hop. Ice-T's "6 In The Mornin'" (1987) received some national exposure while his 1987 recording '']'' was a landmark for the genre and could be considered one of the first purely gangsta rap albums. It managed to go gold. ]'s '']'' came out shortly thereafter. The CD was a compilation album of loosely connected rappers under the name "N.W.A." ("Niggaz With Attitude"). While not proving to be popular nor having a major effect on hip hop, it set up N.W.A. for their follow up album, which is credited for popularizing gangsta rap to this day. It was about a year after their first album that the group was shortened to the members ], ], ], ] and the addition of ]; along with continued contributions from unofficial members ] and ]. |
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In 1988, the ] released their blockbuster, '']'', and put the West Coast on the ] map. Their sound was influenced by hardcore, ]-tinged rap performers like Ice-T, and 1970s ] and ]. ''Straight Outta Compton'' united these sounds with minimalistic beats and blunt, hard-hitting lyrics filled with references to (and often promotions of) ], ], and the ]. Individual members also were able to write pages in hip-hop history. Shortly after ''Straight Outta Compton'' was released, ] released his wildly received debut album, '']'', in 1988, with most of the production done by Dr. Dre. In 1989, unofficial member ] (a ] native) released his solo debut album '']'' which managed to be released with critical acclaim, (including a 5 Mic rating from ]) and sold over a million copies. When Ice Cube left the group in 1989 his lyrics and delivery earned him two platinum and widely acclaimed (both gaining the highest ratings from The Source) albums in '']'' and '']'' released in 1990 and 1991 respectively. The remaining members of the group followed up by releasing '']'' which leaned more towards violent, criminal rap that became more growingly associated with hip-hop and became the first gangsta rap album to reach number 1 on the Billboard charts. After this the group would break up with Dr. Dre leaving the label to sign to ]. |
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===Early 1990s=== |
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However, like N.W.A., some of its individual members would go on to form moderate (ie. ] of ]) to successful (ie. ] of ]) solo careers, and continue to build upon West Coast rap. During ]'s early career, he would rap about many social and political issues with the albums '']'' and '']'' before his style began to lean towards gangsta/thug rap in the mid-1990s. |
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] also got its first start during this time. While previously being restricted to New York, West Coast artists like ] and ] were pioneers in the sub-genre. Although not popular at the time, these artists paved the way for the most successful Latin rap group/artist to ever come out, the ] natives, ]. |
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===Other contributions=== |
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West Coast hip hop also received early contributions from groups based in the ], and ] in particular. ] and ], for instance, were giants in the genre, and ] was one of the first "pop-rap" national superstars. Both artists began their rap careers on the streets of Oakland, and the radically different paths their careers have taken are indicative of the fracturing of hip hop culture into multiple sub-genres over the last twenty years. Its varied levels of success have never failed to make The Bay's music popular among its own people. ], although primarily being known as the center of ], has also had an active scene from early on, including the artist ]. |
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==History== |
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With the almost worldwide success of N.W.A., the West Coast had finally established a style that matched the intensity and grit of the hip hop that was coming from the ] at the time. In ], the West Coast scene had a voice that could compete with ], ], and other East Coast powerhouses. Although N.W.A. would eventually split, its remaining members continued to build, popularize, and revolutionize on the foundation the group had laid. |
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Three of N.W.A.'s most prominent members, ], ], and ], launched successful solo careers after the group's dissolution. Ice Cube's style was more ], angry, racially charged, and ], while Eazy-E's style was more violent gangsta rap mixed with some g-funk. |
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===G-funk=== |
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{{main|G-funk}} |
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]'s style, innovated with Dr. Dre, dubbed "]" or "gangsta funk" (also known as "ghetto funk"), was slower and more melodic, with heavy basslines topped by flutes and ] samples, and finished with a slurring, often whimsical lyrical delivery. The genre was characterized by a generally hedonistic subject matter including violence, sex, and drug use, and a slurred "lazy drawl" that was said to sacrifice lyrical complexity for clarity and rhythmic cadence. Dr. Dre's debut album, '']'' released in 1992, is widely considered to be a ] work in the genre and not only established the dominant sound of hip hop music for years to come, but also launched the careers of several key West Coast hip hop artists, including, ], ], ], ], ] and ]. Dr. Dre would continue to refine his work on Snoop Doggy Dogg's debut album '']'', which launched Snoop Dogg into one of the most well known rap careers ever. Furthermore, the album's success established ] as a dominant force in gangsta rap. G-funk also became the dominant genre of West Coast rap for years to come for new and veteran artists alike easily put the West on the map. |
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After the release of ''The Chronic'', many producers from the West Coast, and even some from the East Coast, began producing in the g-funk style or imitating it. Most notably, producers Warren G and ] produced their most well-known material in the g-funk era, Dr. Dre's fellow Death Row "inmate" Dat Nigga Daz produced ]'s debut album, '']'', in the same style. |
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Lasting influences in hip-hop that have carried on even to this day include heavy use of funk-style synthesizers, and hooks sung using a ] in a style pioneered by funk singer ]. |
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===East Coast vs. West Coast=== |
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{{main|East Coast-West Coast hip hop rivalry}} |
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While the beginnings of the rivalry between coastlines can be tracked back to N.W.A, ] was a ] rapper to start and take shots at the West Coast scene plus many rappers including N.W.A, Jamal Wright, ], ] and received response from not only them but also from other ] natives, ] and ]. While ] was working on his third album '']'' in 1994, he was shot by muggers in the lobby of a ] recording studio that friend ] was recording at. While serving prison time for sexual assault, 2Pac accused The Notorious B.I.G. and ], amongst others, of having prior knowledge of the shooting. This series of events sparked an inter coastal war between ] (owned by Puff Daddy) and ] (owned by ]). |
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The tension between Death Row and Bad Boy increased as both labels released a series of scathing tracks blatantly filled with insults, threats, and accusations targeted at the opposing labels. The rivalry ended when 2Pac was fatally shot in ] in 1996, a slaying that ] was suspected by the public to be involved in. The Notorious B.I.G. was also fatally shot in ], in a similar fashion to 2Pac, six months later. |
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===Popularity=== |
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The coastal rivalry raised Death Row Records to notorious status. Combined with the rise of g-funk, West Coast artists like ], ], ], and ] all released multi-platinum albums on Death Row Records. Although enjoying much success because of surrounding controversy, many critically acclaimed albums that are now considered classics in hip hop history were released during this time such as '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', and '']'' . At the height of its popularity, West Coast artists were selling three times more than their East Coast rivals. Meanwhile, other gangsta rap artists from California were also enjoying much success, if not as much as Death Row artists. ] amazed the hip hop scene with his outstanding 5x platinum album '']'' which was actually a diss album towards to ]. ], ], Ice Cube, and ] all debuted or continued to release gangsta rap/g-funk albums in the early and mid-1990s, which enjoyed at least moderate success.- |
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Non Death Row artists were also rising to popularity. ] released his platinum selling album '']'' and his multi-platinum and world famous album '']'' in 1994 and 1995 respectively. ] released his ] album in 1995 and managed to go gold. Too Short and newcomer ] pushed the Bay Area to a rare level of moderate success, with E-40 releasing his second album, ''In a Major Way'' in 1995, which went gold (and eventually went platinum 7 years after it was released). Too Short continued to release music about pimp lifestyle and drugs that helped him receive 4 platinum albums between 1992 and 1996 . ]'s ] held a string of artists on its roster matching the label's hardcore, violent style in artists such as ], ], ], ] and ]. The earliest success of ] also came from this time, as ] released a string of platinum selling albums in the early and mid-1990s while at the same time continuing to pioneer Latin rap set forth by fellow West Coast rapper ]. Their style mixed Latin rap with gangsta rap and g-funk to create a ] work in the genre and made them the first Latin rappers to have gold, platinum, and multi-platinum albums. Their first two albums (and to a lesser degree, their third) were met with great critical acclaim. |
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While not nearly as successful commercially, ] ] were also starting to emerge and contribute to West Coast ]. ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and many others began releasing a wide range of albums at this time. Though most of them were most popular in ]. |
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Following incidents with the two Coasts, Death Row Records' success diminished as Dr. Dre departed to form ], 2Pac had been murdered, and Snoop Dogg left to join ]. Gangsta rap disappeared from the national spotlight and the resulting void was filled by East Coast pop-rap acts such as Puff Daddy, ], and actor/musician ]. However it stayed popular within California. |
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===Underground development=== |
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In the late 1990s, the West Coast's ] scene began to gain prominence as underground hip hop started to boom as artists tried to stray away from the negativity gangsta rap brought the Coast. Artists like ], ], ], ], The BUMS, ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and others (most of whom self-identify as "conscious" artists, and all of whom include political, social, or insightful messages in their music) gained recognition without being signed to major labels. Other artists such as ] and ] while signed to major labels, failed to break out into the mainstream for lack of promotion or other reasons yet still had the same style and maintained an underground following. Eventually ] would later find success in the 2000s after releasing the album "Elephunk" with a more mainstream sound. |
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===Gangsta rap's decline=== |
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Despite the emergence of the underground movement as a factor at the turn of the century, gangsta rap was still the dominant genre of West Coast hip hop, although the sound and feel of the music had began to change since the g-funk era. Snoop Dogg, Ice Cube, and Dr. Dre continued to be major players in the national mainstream, but other artists from the 1990s and local gangsta rap artists continued to struggle for name recognition, having enjoyed less commercial success than their East Coast and Southern counterparts. While the West Coast still got some exposure such as Dr. Dre's second album '']'', ]'s introduction to the mainstream, and Snoop Dogg's work with ], most artists like ], ], ], ], ], and ], and the remaining veteran artists of the 1990s continued to rapidly lose recognition among music fans. While newer rappers like ], ], U.N.D, ], and ] were able to begin strong leads in California and trying to bring gangsta rap to a new level. |
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===Birth of hyphy music=== |
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{{Main|Hyphy}} |
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Hyphy music also began to develop around this time, originating in the ]. While The Bay was an early contributor to hip hop, like the rest of West Coast rap, it was on the decline in the late 1990s. Around the turn of the millennium, a new sub-genre of hip hop emerged and flourished almost exclusively in The Bay. While Bay Area music was still considered new hip hop to some, (despite success from Yukmouth, Too Short and E-40) it was continually building up since the early 1990s. The earliest pioneers included ] (who coined the word "hyphy") and ] (the purveyor of ] culture), with later push by ] (the "Ambassador of the Bay"). While some automatically associate The Bay with hyphy music and vice versa, the music from Bay Area isn't exclusively hyphy (although hyphy is almost exclusively in The Bay Area). The hyphy culture also grew with its music, creating a trend of dances, slang, and behaviour associated with it. Hyphy's style of exuberant energy, "going dumb" and excessive behaviour was a sharp contrast to the steryotypical ]'s style of music of gangs, violence, low riders and having a serious/cool persona, which dominated rap; hyphy's style didn't overwhelmingly associate itself with these topics. |
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==West Coast hip hop today (2004–present)== |
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<!-- Image with inadequate rationale removed: ]'' album, released in 2005, was a major success at a time when West Coast rap was almost dead to the outside world.]] --> |
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West Coast rap seems to be fighting to be part of the mainstream again as there is on going a third generation of artists. ]'s album '']'' along with a well publicized ] has received more attention to the West Coast, and he is said to be the driving force behind West Coast rap. The album sold 2.5 million copies in the USA and over 5 million records worldwide, becoming The Game's most successful album to date. It was also certified double platinum by the ]. |
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Since The Game released ''The Documentary'', artists like ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], Down a.k.a. Kilo, Bailey, ] (of ]), ], ]' album ], ], Hood Surgeon, and ] have all received increased attention with regard to future releases (as it should be since J.T. The Bigga Figga helped launch his star-studded career). The Bay Area is also picking up steam with their sub-genre of music hyphy music, promoted by long time veteran ]. While other artists like ], ], ], Freaks, ], ], and ], and Mykestro are also trying to help re-introduce West Coast rap to the world, the West Coast still has to compete with a market dominated by Southern artists that even East Coast rappers have trouble competing with. Combined with the continued growth of ] or commercialism, this has led to a mystery regarding which direction the current generation of rappers will go. As of right now,and with all this going the Underdogs of the I.E which is always kept in the dark shadows of L.A had heavy hitter artist like ], from MHEent who help devolpe artist like Tyga with south heavy hitter lil Wayne are trying to to add their own element. The Game, Snoop Dogg, Dr. Dre, E-40, Too Short, Nate Dogg, and Ice Cube seem to be the only artist who both drop albums s in 2006 that have created strong leads in mainstream hip hop. |
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<!-- Commented out because image was deleted: ]'s ] single (2006), featuring cameo appearances: |
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Top: ], Playa Hamm, ], ], ], ], ], Mykestro (partially hidden), ], Rakaa Iriscience (of ]), ], Krondon, ], Romeo, and ]. |
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Bottom: Daddy V, Crazy Toones, ], Mykestro's associate, ], ], and ].]] --> |
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After the success of his album '']'', Snoop Dogg convoked West Coast artists (about 65 people) into a meeting called the '']'' on ], ]. They agreed to join forces again and to end long standing arguments between each other in hopes of helping West Coast music back to its once reigning place through unity. It served as occasion for several members to announce cease-fires in their arguments including the reconciliation of ], Jayo Felony and Snoop Dogg, and The Game and JT the Bigga Figga. Snoop Dogg offered his label ] and his CEO position at ] to be an "engine" of the movement, and that he will promote with his name. Dr. Dre announced he will release his third and final album, '']'', in September 2007, later it got pushed back to mid-2008 and again pushed back to 2009. Currently the expected release date is 2009 Q1, after the release of ]'s ] and ]'s ]. |
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However, for much of the 2000s, the West Coast continued losing its appeal to the (then growing) ]. In particular, Southern rap experienced mainstream popularity in 2003. Since 2000, The Game remains the only rapper to sell a multi-platinum album on the West Coast (aside from The Black Eyed Peas, who do not follow traditional West Coast hip hop music and are often overlooked). |
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One of the popular underground styles of dancing called ] has started to become more mainstream due to the popularity of the ] film ]. West coast Hip Hop Radio station B.Fuzz-40 South central stated in an online chat show on august 26th that the L.A.X album made By Cedar blocks The Game has yet to be certified platinum by the riaa. |
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In an effort to spark the West Coast Hip-Hop revival and showcase up and coming talent from the region, <i>Yo! Raps Magazine</i> teamed up with Comfortably Funkie Music (]) to release the <i>West Coast Block Starz</i> ] on February 3, 2009. <i>West Coast Block Starz</i> features "New West" artists collaborating with platinum producers like ] and chart-topping superstars like ] and ]. |
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According to the compilation's producers, the effort is: |
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<i>More than a collection of obscure ] material, West Coast Block Starz is like taking a chest-thumping, hour-long drive down the ] in a two-seater with the roof back. An instant classic, this forward-thinking selection of tracks by editors and journalists from leading music publications vividly illustrates the burgeoning, multicultural "New West" movement.</i> |
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==Major Areas of Influence== |
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===Los Angeles=== |
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:''Main articles: ]'' |
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In the early 1980s, recorded hip hop from Los Angeles began in a kind of electronic dance music called ]; these included artist such as the ], ], ] and ]. The mid-to-late eighties would bring attention to the west coast, such as ] "6'n da Mornin'" (1986), which was one of the first ] songs. ] broke through with the groundbreaking ] and gave the West Coast it's first major ], ]. The departure of ], marked the release of ]. With ]'s break up, ] and ] established ], the most prominent West Coast record label. ] served as the showcase for ] era and the start of ] with ]. Other prominent Los Angeles artists are ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]. ] ] showed the peak of West Coast hip hop going 9X platinum. Despite Dr. Dre, Snoop Dogg and ]'s continued success into mainstream, and after the deaths of ] and ], West Coast soon fell out of the spot light. However recently the West Coast has made a comeback with ] rapper ] and ]. Also underground artist such as ], ], ], ], ], ] and ] has continued to make a buzz. |
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===Long Beach=== |
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Though technically a part of L.A.'s hip hop scene, ] has gained a name for itself. Led by ], artists like ], ], ] and ] have all seen major success. Though Long Beach hasn't produced any major new talent, ] has made a buzz around the Los Angeles Area. |
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===Inland Empire=== |
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This area of ] is part of the ] but it includes both ] and ]. Most of the rappers from this area are still considered to be underground and are building their buzz on mixtapes. Some of the most famous rappers that have emerged from the area so far include ], ], K. Real, ], ], ], ], 40 Glocc, and Sly Boogy. |
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===The Bay Area=== |
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] has been a major stage for hip hop since the early eighties, with ] being the first hip hop artist to showcase ] with his album, ]. In the early 90's, The Bay Area produced successful artists like ] and ]. ] acts such as ], and ] have also seen commercial success. Other rappers such as ], ], ], and ] have also seen moderate commercial success. After the death of 2Pac, the West Coast had fallen out of major commercial success, until the recent resurgence of ] hip hop scene, which set the stage for the successful ] with its most recognized artist, ], gaining widespread popularity until his untimely death in 2004. The ] has brought major success to artists like ], ], and ]. Other ] artist such as ], ], ], ], ], and ] has had popular hits. In addition, ] has put out many successful alternative acts that include the likes of ], ], and ]. |
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===Sacramento=== |
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] has brought out rappers like hardcore icon ], as well as currently imprisoned ] and ]. Along with rappers Zigg Zagg, Jack paper, Ballin A$$ Dame, C-Bo, Young Meek, Doey Rock with North Highlands rappers Hollow Tip, P-Folks, Lunasicc and Tall Cann G. Most of sacramento rappers are independently signed artists. |
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===San Diego=== |
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] has a small but active underground hip hop scene. The area has had some artists breakthrough to the mainstream with varying success. Veteran artist ] is a prominent West Coast mainstay. Rapper/Actor ] has enjoyed moderate success. Other hip hop performers such as ]pers ] have seen great success with ] and ] music outlets. ] is an underground hip hop artist who currently has a high level of popularity in the San Diego hip hop scene. DEEP ROOTED, Main Flow, and Grieves are several other Hip Hop artist receiving buzz. Many new San Diego hip hop artists have been labeled as part of the growing New West movement. |
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===Phoenix=== |
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] has never had a large hip hop scene, many of the rappers from Phoenix are just stepping onto the national spotlight. ] has made a name for himself throughout the area. ] rapper ] has had moderate success. Rapper Juice has signed to ]'s ]. ] & ] attained moderate success before disbanding in 2006. Also, Willy Northpole has found success with ]' ]. |
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===Seattle-Tacoma=== |
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] I has seen a small hip hop scene since the late eighties. Rapper ] has seen success with hits such as ] and ]. Yet throughout the 90's, no major rapper has came out of Seattle. Other rappers, such as ], ], ] ], ], ], ], and ] has seen moderate success. Also, Seattle-based rapper ] holds the ] record holder for the Fastest Rap MC. |
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===Portland=== |
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] has had a quiet hip hop scene trying to breakthrough. However there are some local hip hop artists such as ] and ]. Portland is also notable for generating ] and ]. World Rap Champion, ], is also from the city of Portland. |
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==West Coast hip hop record labels== |
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* ] founded by ] in 1987 |
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* ] founded by ] in 1991 |
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* ] founded by ] in 1994 |
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* ] founded by ] in 1995 |
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* ] founded by ] in 1995 |
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* ] founded by ] in 1996 |
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* ] founded by ] in 1996 |
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* ] founded by ] in 1996 |
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* ] founded by ] in 1997 |
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* ] founded by ] in 1997 |
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* ] founded by ] in 1998 |
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* ] founded by ] and ] in 2004 |
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* Street Muzik Entertainment founded by Lil Drift |
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* ] founded by ] |
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* ] founded by Jay Rock |
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==See also== |
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==See also== |
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==External links== |
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==External links== |
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==Notes== |
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<references /> |
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