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| image = Movses_Khorenatsi_Matenadaran.jpg | image = Movses_Khorenatsi_Matenadaran.jpg
| imagesize =175px | imagesize =175px
| caption = Movses Khorenatsi's statue in front of the ] in ]. | caption = statue of Moses of Chorene in front of the ] in ].
| birth_date = ] 410 AD <sup>1</sup><br> | birth_date =
| death_date = 490s AD | death_date =
| birth_place = ], ]<sup>2</sup><br> | birth_place =
| death_place = Armenia | death_place =
|known_for = '']'' |known_for = '']''
|occupation = ] |occupation = ]
|religion = ]<sup>3</sup><br> |religion = ]<sup>1</sup><br>
|footnotes = |footnotes =
<sup>1</sup>Some scholars have dated him to the seventh to eighth centuries.<br> <sup>1</sup>See Malkhasyants. "Introduction" in ''History of Armenia'', pp. 13-14.<br>
<sup>2</sup>It has also been suggested that Movses was born in ].<br>
<sup>3</sup>See Malkhasyants. "Introduction" in ''History of Armenia'', pp. 13-14.<br>
}} }}


'''Moses of Chorene''' (also '''Moses of Khoren'''; ] '''''Movses Khorenatsi''''' {{lang|hy|Մովսես Խորենացի}}, also transliterated ''{{lang|hy-Latn|Movsēs Xorenac‘i}}'', ''{{lang|hy-Latn|Movses Khorenats'i}}'') was an early ] scholar, author of a '''''History of Armenia''''', in reference to which Movses has been dubbed the "father of Armenian history" (''patmahayr'') and the "Armenian ]."<ref>Chahin, Mack. ''The Kingdom of Armenia: A History''. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2001, p. 181 ISBN 0-7007-1452-9.</ref> Nothing is known of his life apart from disputed autobiographical assertions contained in this work. Traditionally believed to date to the 5th century, he is mostly dated to between the 7th and 9th centuries by historians.<ref>]</ref>
'''Movses Khorenatsi''' ({{lang-hy|Մովսես Խորենացի}}, {{IPA-hy|movsɛs χoɹɛnɑtsʰi}}, '''Moses of Chorene''' or '''Movses of Khoren'''; also written ''Movsēs Xorenac‘i'', ''Movses Khorenats'i''; ] 410 &ndash; 490s AD<ref>{{hy icon}} Sargsyan, Gagik Kh. "Երկու Խոսք" ("Two Words") in Movses Khorenatsi's ''History of Armenia, 5th Century'' (''Հայոց Պատմություն, Ե Դար''). Gagik Kh. Sargsyan (ed.) Yerevan: Hayastan Publishing, 1997, pp. 332-334. ISBN 5-5400-1192-9.</ref><ref>Hacikyan, Agop Jack, Gabriel Basmajian, Edward S. Franchuk, and Nourhan Ouzounian. ''The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From the Oral Tradition to the Golden Age, Vol. I''. Detroit: Wayne State University, 2000, pp. 306-307. ISBN 0-8143-2815-6.</ref>) was an ] ] and author of the '']''. He is credited with the earliest known historiographical work on the history of Armenia, but was also a ], or ], and a ]. Although other Armenians, such as ], had written histories of Armenia, Movses' work holds particular significance because it contains unique material on the old oral traditions in Armenia during its pagan era and, more importantly, traces Armenian history from Movses' day to its origins. For this, he is considered to be the "father of Armenian history" (''patmahayr''), and is sometimes referred to as the "Armenian ]."<ref>Chahin, Mack. ''The Kingdom of Armenia: A History''. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2001, p. 181 ISBN 0-7007-1452-9.</ref>


The ''History'' contains unique material on ancient Armenian legends, and such information on pagan (]) Armenian as has survived. It also contains plentiful data on the history and culture of contiguous countries. The book had an enormous impact on Armenian historiography.
Movses identified himself as a young disciple of Saint Mesrop, although many scholars have noted internal discrepancies in his work which lead them to assign later dates (see below).<ref>Robert Benedetto, James O. Duke. The New Westminster Dictionary of Church History. Westminster John Knox Press, 2008. ISBN 0664224164, 9780664224165, p. 448
In the text, the author self-identifies as a disciple of ], and states that he composed his work at the request of Isaac (Sahak), the ] prince who fell in battle in ].
</ref> He composed his work at the behest of Prince Sahak ]. The book has had an enormous impact on Armenian historiography and was used and quoted extensively by later medieval Armenian authors.
==Date==
19th century scholarship first cast doubt on the fifth century date due to historical inconsistencies. Since the author self-identifies as a disciple of ] (d. 440), he came to be known as "Pseudo-Movses".


The work is dated to between the 7th and 9th centuries in current scholarship. The traditional date has been established as untenable since at least 1961, when C. Toumanoff summarized the arguments already presented by A. Carriere in the 1890s.<ref>]. Reviewed work(s): "Moses Khorenats'i": History of the Armenians by Robert W. Thomson. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 42, No. 3 (1979), pp. 574-575</ref><ref>]. "On the Date of Pseudo-Moses of Chorene." ''Handes Amsorya''. № 9 (75), 1961.</ref>
==Biography==
===Early life and education===
Movses' biographical details are given at the very end of the ''History of Armenia'' but additional information provided by later medieval Armenian historians have allowed modern scholars to piece together additional information on him. Movses was believed to have been born in the village of Khorni (also spelled as Khoron and Khoronk) in the Armenian province of ] sometime in 410.<ref>For this reason, some have also referred to him as Movses of Taron.</ref> However, some scholars contend that if he was born here, he would have then been known as Movses of '''Khorneh''' or '''Khoron'''.<ref>{{hy icon}} ]. "Introduction" in Movses Khorenatsi's ''History of Armenia, 5th Century'' (''Հայոց Պատմություն, Ե Դար''). Gagik Kh. Sargsyan (ed.) Yerevan: Hayastan Publishing, 1997, p. 7. ISBN 5-5400-1192-9.</ref> They instead move the location of his birth from Taron to the Armenian province of ], in the village of Khorena in the region of Harband.<ref>Malkhasyants. "Introduction" in ''History of Armenia'', p. 7.</ref>


When Harvard historian R. W. Thomson published a translation of Movses' work in 1978,<ref> ''History of the Armenians'', Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978.</ref> his account of the evidence of the later date than the traditionally assumed 5th century drew a lot of criticism from Soviet Armenian scholars.<ref>{{hy icon}} Hovhannisyan, Petros. "Review of ''History of the Armenians''." ''Banber Yerevan Hamalsarani''. № 3 (45), 1982, pp. 237-239.</ref><ref>{{hy icon}} ]. "Review of ''History of the Armenians''. '']''. № 1 (88), 1980, pp. 268-270.</ref><ref>]. "Review of ''History of the Armenians''." ''Journal of Ecclesiastical History''. Vol. 30: № 4, October 1979, pp. 479-480.</ref><ref>Sarkissian, Gaguik . ''The "History of Armenia" by Movses Khorenatzi''. Trans. by Gourgen A. Gevorkian. Yerevan: Yerevan University Press, 1991, pp. 58-59, 76ff.</ref><ref>Hacikyan et al. ''Heritage of Armenian Literature'', p. 306.</ref>
He received his education in Syunik and was later sent to be taught under the auspices of ], the creator of the ], and ] ]. In having considerable difficulty translating the ] from Greek to Armenian, Mesrop and Sahak felt the need to send Movses and several of their other students to ], ], at that time the center of education and learning, so that they themselves learn the ] and ], as well as to learn ], ], ] and ].<ref name="SAE">{{{hy icon}} Sargsyan, Gagik Kh. ''«Մովսես Խորենացի»'' (Movses Khorenatsi). ]. vol. viii. Yerevan, Armenian SSR: ], 1982, pp. 40-41.</ref>
It is a peculiarity of ] ] that it conflated ] including fierce critiques of any foreign historians who "attempted to question sacred assumptions in the canonical version of Armenian history."<ref>"Soviet Armenian scholars bitterly attacked Thomson's dating of Khorenatsi and his characterization of the author. In a sense, a foreigner had tampered with the soul of the nation. ... A young historian in post-Soviet Armenia, Armen Aivazian, begins his critical review of American historiography on his country by declaring, 'Armenian history is the inviolable strategic reserve of Armenia.' His views, hailed by his countrymen, provide a window into the particular form of historical reconstruction of Armenian identity and historical imagination that dominates post-Soviet Armenian historiography. His tone is militant and polemical, for his self-appointed task is to defend Armenia from its historiographical enemies." </ref>


The traditional 5th century dating of Moses of Chorene was called into question for a number of reasons. Thus, though it has traditionally been assumed that Moses of Chorene wrote in the fifth century, yet the earliest reference to his work is made by ] in his History of Armenia, a work written in the third decade of the tenth century.<ref>A. O. Sarkissian. On the Authenticity of Moses of Khoren's History. Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 60, No. 1 (Mar., 1940), pp. 73-81</ref> In addition, Moses of Chorene uses sources not available in Armenian at that time, and refers to persons and places attested only in the sixth or seventh centuries.<ref>Richard G. Hovannisian. The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century. St. Martin's Press, 1997 ISBN 0312101686, 9780312101688. Chapter 9. Robert Thomson. Armenian Literary Culture through the 11th Century.</ref>
===Return to Armenia===
Also, according to Robert Thomson, Moses of Chorene "alters many of his Armenian sources in a tendentious manner in order to extol his patrons, the ] family, who gained preeminence in the eighth century".<ref>Richard G. Hovannisian. The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century. St. Martin's Press, 1997 ISBN 0312101686, 9780312101688. Chapter 9. Robert Thomson. Armenian Literary Culture through the 11th Century.</ref>
The students left Armenia sometime between 432 to 435. After studying in Alexandria for five to six years, Movses and his fellow classmates returned to Armenia, only to find that Mesrop and Sahak had died. Movses expressed his grief in a ] at the end of ''History of Armenia'':


==Authorship==
{{quotation|While they awaited our return to celebrate their student’s accomplishments , we hastened from ], expecting that we would be dancing and singing at a wedding...and instead, I found myself grieving at the foot of our teachers' graves...I did not even arrive in time to see their eyes close nor hear them speak their final words.<ref>{{hy icon}} Movses Khorenatsi. '']'' (''Հայոց Պատմություն, Ե Դար''). Annotated translation and commentary by ]. Gagik Kh. Sargsyan (ed.) Yerevan: Hayastan Publishing, 1997, 3.68, p. 276. ISBN 5-5400-1192-9.</ref>}}
] Armenian manuscript.]]
The author of the ''History'' gives a number of auto-biographical details, posing as a disciple of ].<ref>"Since Moses was in fact a writer of the eighth century or thereabouts, he could easily have continued his narrative for another three hundred years, but this would have exposed his own literary deception, making nonsense of his claim to be a disciple of St Mesrop Mashtots, the inventor of the Armenian alphabet."
]. Reviewed work(s): "Moses Khorenats'i": History of the Armenians by Robert W. Thomson. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 42, No. 3 (1979), pp. 574-575.</ref>


The byname ''Khorenatsi'' was taken to place the author's origin in Khorni (also spelled as Khoron) in the Armenian province of ] sometime in 410.<ref>For this reason, some have also referred to him as Movses of Taron.</ref> However, some scholars contend that if he was born here, he would have then been known as Movses of ''Khorneh'' or ''Khoron''.<ref>Malkhasyants. "Introduction" in ''History of Armenia'', p. 7.</ref> They instead move the location of his birth from Taron to the Armenian province of ], in the village of Khorena in the region of Harband.<ref>Malkhasyants. "Introduction" in ''History of Armenia'', p. 7.</ref>
To further complicate their problems, the atmosphere in ] that Movses and the other students had returned to was one that was extremely hostile and they were viewed at with contempt by the native population. While later Armenian historians blamed this on an ignorant populace, Persian ideology and policy also lay at fault since its rulers "could not tolerate highly educated young scholars fresh from Greek centers of learning."<ref>Hacikyan et al. '' '' p. 307.</ref> Given this atmosphere and persecution by the Persians, Movses went into hiding in a village near ] and lived in relative seclusion for several decades.

Moses claims to have been taught under the auspices of ], the creator of the ], and ] ]. Mesrop and Sahak later sent Movses and several of their other students to ] in ].<ref>{{hy icon}} Sargsyan, Gagik. ''«Մովսես Խորենացի»'' (Movses Khorenatsi). ]. vol. viii. Yerevan, Armenian SSR: ], 1982, pp. 40-41.</ref>
The students left Armenia sometime between 432 to 435. After studying in Alexandria for five to six years, Movses and his fellow classmates returned to Armenia, only to find that Mesrop and Sahak had died. Movses expressed his grief in a ] at the end of ''History of Armenia'':
{{quotation|While they awaited our return to celebrate their student’s accomplishments , we hastened from ], expecting that we would be dancing and singing at a wedding...and instead, I found myself grieving at the foot of our teachers' graves...I did not even arrive in time to see their eyes close nor hear them speak their final words.<ref>{{hy icon}} Movses Khorenatsi. '']'' (''Հայոց Պատմություն, Ե Դար''). Annotated translation and commentary by ]. Gagik Sargsyan (ed.) Yerevan: Hayastan Publishing, 1997, 3.68, p. 276. ISBN 5-5400-1192-9.</ref>}}
Back in ], Movses and the other students faced the hostility and contempt of the native population.<ref>Hacikyan, Agop Jack, Gabriel Basmajian, Edward S. Franchuk, and Nourhan Ouzounian. ''The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From the Oral Tradition to the Golden Age, Vol. I''. Detroit: Wayne State University, 2000, p. 307. ISBN 0-8143-2815-6.</ref> Given this atmosphere and persecution by the Persians, Movses went into hiding in a village near ] and lived in relative seclusion for several decades.


] Armenian manuscript.]]
The ] Gyut (461-471) one day met Movses while traveling through the area and, unaware of his true identity, invited him to supper with several of his students. Movses was initially silent, but after Gyut's students encouraged him to speak, Movses made a marvelous speech at the dinner table. One of the Catholicos' students was able to identify Movses as a person Gyut had been searching for; it was soon understood that Gyut was one of Movses' former classmates and friends.<ref>Malkhasyants. "Introduction" in ''History of Armenia'', p. 15.</ref> Gyut embraced Movses and, being either a ] Christian or at least tolerant of them (since Movses was also Chalcedonian), brought his friend back from seclusion and appointed him to be a bishop in Bagrevan. The ] Gyut (461-471) one day met Movses while traveling through the area and, unaware of his true identity, invited him to supper with several of his students. Movses was initially silent, but after Gyut's students encouraged him to speak, Movses made a marvelous speech at the dinner table. One of the Catholicos' students was able to identify Movses as a person Gyut had been searching for; it was soon understood that Gyut was one of Movses' former classmates and friends.<ref>Malkhasyants. "Introduction" in ''History of Armenia'', p. 15.</ref> Gyut embraced Movses and, being either a ] Christian or at least tolerant of them (since Movses was also Chalcedonian), brought his friend back from seclusion and appointed him to be a bishop in Bagrevan.
Serving as a bishop, Movses was approached by Sahak ], who, having heard of Movses' reputation, asked him to write a history of the Armenians, especially the biographies of Armenian kings and the origins of the Armenian '']'' families.<ref>Malkhasyants. "Introduction" in ''History of Armenia'', p. 16.</ref> Movses agreed to do so and he finished his book sometime in the time period of 483-485. One of his primary reasons for taking up Sahak Bagratuni's request is given in the first part of ''Patmutyun Hayots'', or ''History of Armenia'': "For even though we are small and very limited in numbers and have been conquered many times by foreign kingdoms, yet too, many acts of bravery have been performed in our land, worthy of being written and remembered, but of which no one has bothered to write down."<ref>Movses Khorenatsi. ''History of Armenia'', 1.4., pp. 70-71.</ref> Movses' history also gives a rich description of the oral traditions that were popular among the Armenians of the time, such as the romance story of '']'' and the birth of the god ].


==Contents==
===''History of Armenia''===
The book is divided into three parts:
Serving as a bishop, Movses was approached by Prince Sahak ] (d. 482), who, having heard of Movses' reputation, asked him to write a history of the Armenians, especially the biographies of Armenian kings and the origins of the Armenian '']'' families.<ref>Malkhasyants. "Introduction" in ''History of Armenia'', p. 16.</ref> Movses agreed to do so and he finished his book sometime in the time period of 483-485. One of his primary reasons for taking up Sahak Bagratuni's request is given in the first part of ''Patmutyun Hayots'', or ''History of Armenia'': "For even though we are small and very limited in numbers and have been conquered many times by foreign kingdoms, yet too, many acts of bravery have been performed in our land, worthy of being written and remembered, but of which no one has bothered to write down."<ref>Movses Khorenatsi. ''History of Armenia'', 1.4., pp. 70-71.</ref> Movses' history also gives a rich description of the oral traditions that were popular among the Armenians of the time, such as the romance story of '']'' and the birth of the god ]. Movses lived for several more years, and he died sometime in the late 490s.
* "Genealogy of Armenia Major", embracing the history of Armenia from the beginning down to ];
* "History of the middle period of our ancestors", extending from Alexander to the death of ] and the reign of ] (AD ]);
* the third part brings the history down to the overthrow of the Arshakuni Dynasty (AD ]).


According to ], writing in the 10th century, there was also a fourth part which brings the history down to the time of the ] (474-491).
==Literary influence==
The first reference to Movses by an Armenian historian was in ]’s ''History of Armenia'', where the author details the persecution of several notable Armenian individuals, including the “blessed Movses the philosopher,” identified by some scholars as Movses Khorenatsi.<ref>{{hy icon}} Pogharian, Norayr. ''Յայ Գրողներ, Ե-Ժ դար'' (''Armenian Writers, 5th-10th centuries'') Jerusalem: St. James Printing Press, 1971.</ref><ref>{{hy icon}} Hasratyan, Murad. “Որ՞ն է Մովսես Խորենացու ծննդավայրը.” (“Where was Movses Khorenatsi’s Birthplace?”) ''Lraber Hasarakakan Gituyunneri''. № 12, 1969, pp. 81-90.</ref><ref name="HP">{{hy icon}} Hovhannisyan, Petros. "Review of ''History of the Armenians''." ''Banber Yerevan Hamalsarani''. № 3 (45), 1982, pp. 237-239.</ref> The information by Movses and traces of his writing style was later identified in the works by ],<ref name="HP"/> ], ] and later medieval Armenian authors.


===Genealogy===
==Authorship and works==
In 32 chapters, from Adam to Alexander the Great.
{{main|History of Armenia (Movses Khorenatsi)}}
List of the Armenian patriarchs according to Moses:
The orginal manuscript of Movses' ''History of Armenia'' does not exist and so the oldest extant manuscript of his work comes from the 14th century, which was based on a revised version dating to the seventh or eighth centuries.<ref>Hacikyan et al. ''Heritage of Armenian Literature'', pp. 309-310.</ref> Beginning in the 19th century, as a part of a general trend in those years to critically reexamine the validity of classical sources, Movses' ''History'' was cast into doubt after the discovery of historical inconsistencies and anachronisms. Scholars asserted that Movses used sources that were not available at that time, and referred to persons and places (such as the ] by the Byzantine Emperor ] in 536 and the Persian advance into ] in the early 600s) attested only in the sixth or seventh centuries. The conclusions reached by Alfred von Gutschmidt ushered in the hypercritical phase of the study of Movses' work and many European and Armenian scholars at the turn of the 20th century reduced its importance as a historical source and placed his writing of the work to sometime in the seventh to ninth centuries.<ref>Topchyan, Aram. ''The Problem of the Greek Sources of Movsēs Xorenacʻi's History of Armenia''. Leuven: Peeters Publishers, 2006, pp. 5-14, notes 21-22, 31-33.</ref> ], an Armenian ] and expert of ] literature, likened this early critical period from the late 19th to early 20th centuries to a "competition", whereby one scholar attempted to outperform the other in their criticism of Movses.<ref>Malkhasyants. "Introduction" in ''History of Armenia'', pp. 2-5.</ref>
*] (grandson of ]), Armenag, Aramais, Amassia, Gegham, Harma, ]
*], Ara Kardos, Anoushavan, Paret, Arbag, Zaven, Varnas, Sour, Havanag
*Vashtak, Haikak, Ampak, Arnak, Shavarsh, Norir, Vestam, Kar, Gorak, Hrant, Endzak, Geghak
*Horo, Zarmair, Perch, Arboun, Hoy, Houssak, Kipak, Skaiordi
These cover the 24th to 9th centuries BC in Moses' chronology, indebted to the '']'' of ].
There follows a list of legendary kings, covering the 8th to 4th centuries BC:
*Parouyr, Hratchia, Pharnouas, Pachouych, Kornak, Phavos, Haikak II, Erouand I, ], ], Aravan, Nerseh, Zareh, Armog, Bagam, Van, Vahé.
These gradually enter historicity with Tigran I (6th century BC), who is also mentioned in the ] of Xenophon (Tigranes Orontid , traditionally 560-535 BC; Vahagn 530-515 BC), but Aravan to Vahé are again otherwise unknown.


:chapter 1: letter to Sahak
In the early decades of the 20th century, however, a more balanced evaluation and approach was taken. The works of scholars such as ], ], and Malkhasyants refuted many of their arguments and reinstated Movses once more into the fifth century. Additionally, ethnographic and archaeological research confirmed information which was only found in Movses's work, and "much of the criticism" leveled against him today has been dismissed.<ref>Hacikyan et al. ''Heritage of Armenian Literature'', pp. 305-306.</ref> Despite these studies, these critical points were revived in the second half of the 20th century and many Western scholars continue to maintain the arguments raised by earlier scholars.<ref>See the points raised by ]. "On the Date of Pseudo-Moses of Chorene." ''Handes Amsorya''. № 10 (75), 1961, pp. 467-471.</ref><ref>Malkhasyants. "Introduction" in ''History of Armenia'', pp. 3-5, 47-50.</ref> Robert W. Thomson, the former holder of the chair in Armenian Studies at ] and the translator of several classical Armenian works, is one of the foremost of modern scholars to expound their conclusions.<ref>See Robert W. Thomson's introduction in his translation of Movses' work, ''History of the Armenians'', Cambridge, Ma.: Harvard University Press, 1978.</ref> Thomson's dating of Movses and his characterization of the author was criticized when the English translation of ''History of Armenia'' appeared in 1978.<ref name="HP"/><ref>{{hy icon}} ]. "Review of ''History of the Armenians''. '']''. № 1 (88), 1980, pp. 268-270.</ref><ref name=VN>]. "Review of ''History of the Armenians''." ''Journal of Ecclesiastical History''. Vol. 30: № 4, October 1979, pp. 479-480.</ref> ], the Curator of the Christian Middle East Section at the ], took issue with many of Thomson’s points, including his later dating of the writing and his contention that Movses was merely writing an apologist work for his Bagratuni sponsor at the height of their glory (in the eighth century):
:chapter 5: from Noah to Abraham and Belus
:chapters 10-12: about ]
:chapter 13: war against the ]
:chapter 14: war against Assyria
:chapters 15-16: Ara and ]
:chapters 17-19: Semiramis flees from ] to Armenia and is killed by her son.
:chapter 20: Ara Kardos and Anoushavan
:chapter 21: Parouyr, first king of Armenia at the time of ]
:chapter 22: kings from Pharnouas to Tigran
:chapter 23: ] and his sons
:chapters 24-30: about ]
:chapter 31: descendants of Tigran down to Vahé, who is killed in resistance against Alexander
:chapter 32: Hellenic wars


===Middle Period (332 BC - AD 330)===
{{quotation|If so, how does one explain then Moses’s complete preoccupation with the events preceding A.D. 440 and his silence regarding the events leading up the Arab incursions and occupation of Armenia between 640-642? Moreover, if the definite purpose of the ''History'' was for “boosting the reputation of the Bagratuni family” then these events should have been central theme of his history; the skilful handling of which brought the Bagratid pre-eminence….The ecclesiastical interests do not point to the eighth century. There is no echo of the ] which engaged the Armenians from 451 to 641 when the ecclesiastical unity formulated by the council of Theodosiopolis was renounced.<ref name=VN/>}}
{{see|List of Armenian Kings}}
92 chapters, from ] to ].


===Arsacid period AD 330-428===
Gagik Sargsyan, a leading scholar and biographer of Movses, admonished Thomson for anachronistic hypercriticism and for stubbornly rehashing and "even exaggerating the statements once put forward" by the late 19th and early 20th century scholars, and in particular, those of Grigor Khalatyants (1858-1912).<ref>Sarkissian, Gaguik . ''The "History of Armenia" by Movses Khorenatzi''. Trans. by Gourgen A. Gevorkian. Yerevan: Yerevan University Press, 1991, pp. 58-59.</ref> Sargsyan noted that Thomson, in condemning Movses' failure to mention his sources, ignored the fact that "an antique or medieval author may have had his own rules of mentioning the sources distinct from the rules of modern scientific ethics."<ref>Sarkissian. "History of Armenia" by Movses Khorenatzi'', p. 76.</ref> Thomson's allegation of Movses' ] and supposed distortion of sources was also countered by scholars, who contended that Thomson was "treating a medieval author with the standards” of 20th century ] and that numerous classical historians, Greek and Roman alike, engaged in this practice.<ref>Sarkissian. ''"History of Armenia" by Movses Khorenatzi'', p. 80.</ref><ref name=VN/> Aram Topchyan, a Research Fellow at the ] of Armenian Studies, concurred with this observation, and noted that it was odd that Thomson would fault Moves for failing to mention his sources because this was an accepted practice among all classical historians.<ref>Topchyan. ''Problem of the Greek Sources'', pp. 33-35.</ref>
{{see|Arsacid Dynasty of Armenia}}
68 chapters, from the death of Tiridates III to ].


==Editions and translations==
The following works are also attributed to Movses:<ref name="SAE"/>
*''editio princeps'', ], ];
*Letter on the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary
*], with a Latin translation, ]
*Homily on Christ's Transfiguration
*], ]
*History of ] and Her Companions
* Italian and French translations, Venice, 1841
*Hymns used in Armenian Church Worship
*Tiflis, 1913 (facsimile ed., intro. by R. W. Thomson, 1981 Caravan Books, ISBN 9780882060323).
*Commentaries on the Armenian Grammarians
*R. W. Thomson, English translation, 1978 (Harvard, ISBN 9780674395718).
*Explanations of Armenian Church Offices
*G. Kh. Sargsyn, Russian translation, 1991 (ISBN 9785808401853).
*R. W. Thomson, English translation, rev. ed. 2006 (Caravan Books, ISBN 9780882061115).


==Notes== ==Notes==
Line 67: Line 104:
*{{ru icon}} ]. ''Истории древнеармянской литературы''. Yerevan, Armenian SSR: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1975. *{{ru icon}} ]. ''Истории древнеармянской литературы''. Yerevan, Armenian SSR: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1975.
*]. ''Armenia in the Period of Justinian: the Political Conditions Based on the Naxarar System''. Translated with partial revisions, a bibliographical note, and appendices by Nina G. Garsoïan. Lisbon, 1970. *]. ''Armenia in the Period of Justinian: the Political Conditions Based on the Naxarar System''. Translated with partial revisions, a bibliographical note, and appendices by Nina G. Garsoïan. Lisbon, 1970.
*] "The Date of Moses of Khoren." ''Byzantinische Zeitschrift''. № 10 (1901). *] "The Date of Moses of Khoren." ''Bazmavep''. № 10 (1901).
*{{hy icon}} ]. ''Խորենացու առեղծված շուրջը'' (''About the Enigma of Khorenatsi''). Yerevan, Armenian SSR: Armfan Publishing, 1940. *{{hy icon}} ]. ''Խորենացու առեղծված շուրջը'' (''About the Enigma of Khorenatsi''). Yerevan, Armenian SSR, 1940.
*{{hy icon}} Sargsyan, Gagik Kh. ''Հելլենիստական դարաշրջանի Հայաստանը և Մովսես Խորենացին'' (''Armenia in the Hellenistic Age and Movses Khorenatsi''). Yerevan, Armenian SSR: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1966. *{{hy icon}} Sargsyan, Gagik. ''Հելլենիստական դարաշրջանի Հայաստանը և Մովսես Խորենացին'' (''Armenia in the Hellenistic Age and Movses Khorenatsi''). Yerevan, Armenian SSR: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1966.
*{{hy icon}} ______________. ''Մովսես Խորենացու «Հայոց Պատմության» ժամանակագրական համակարգը''. (''The Chronological Structure of Movses Khorenatsi's History of Armenia'').Yerevan, Armenian SSR: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1965. *{{hy icon}} ______________. ''Մովսես Խորենացու «Հայոց Պատմության» ժամանակագրական համակարգը''. (''The Chronological Structure of Movses Khorenatsi's History of Armenia'').Yerevan, Armenian SSR: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1965.
*Sarkissian, Gaguik . ''The "History of Armenia" by Movses Khorenatzi''. Trans. by Gourgen A. Gevorkian. Yerevan: Yerevan University Press, 1991 *Sarkissian, Gaguik . ''The "History of Armenia" by Movses Khorenatzi''. Trans. by Gourgen A. Gevorkian. Yerevan: Yerevan University Press, 1991
*Topchyan, Aram. ''The Problem of the Greek Sources of Movsēs Xorenacʻi's History of Armenia''. Leuven: Peeters Publishers, 2006. *Topchyan, Aram. ''The Problem of the Greek Sources of Movsēs Xorenacʻi's History of Armenia''. Peeters Publishers, 2006.
* Robert H. Hewson, ''"The Primary History of Armenia": An Examination of the Validity of an Immemorially Transmitted Historical Tradition'', History in Africa (1975).
*]. "On the Date of Pseudo-Moses of Chorene." ''Handes Amsorya''. № 10 (75), 1961, pp. 467-475.


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Revision as of 13:02, 18 April 2009

Moses of Chorene
statue of Moses of Chorene in front of the Matenadaran in Yerevan.
OccupationHistorian
Known forHistory of Armenia
Notes
See Malkhasyants. "Introduction" in History of Armenia, pp. 13-14.

Moses of Chorene (also Moses of Khoren; Armenian Movses Khorenatsi Մովսես Խորենացի, also transliterated Movsēs Xorenac‘i, Movses Khorenats'i) was an early Armenian scholar, author of a History of Armenia, in reference to which Movses has been dubbed the "father of Armenian history" (patmahayr) and the "Armenian Herodotus." Nothing is known of his life apart from disputed autobiographical assertions contained in this work. Traditionally believed to date to the 5th century, he is mostly dated to between the 7th and 9th centuries by historians.

The History contains unique material on ancient Armenian legends, and such information on pagan (pre-Christian) Armenian as has survived. It also contains plentiful data on the history and culture of contiguous countries. The book had an enormous impact on Armenian historiography. In the text, the author self-identifies as a disciple of Saint Mesrop, and states that he composed his work at the request of Isaac (Sahak), the Bagratuni prince who fell in battle in 482.

Date

19th century scholarship first cast doubt on the fifth century date due to historical inconsistencies. Since the author self-identifies as a disciple of Saint Mesrob (d. 440), he came to be known as "Pseudo-Movses".

The work is dated to between the 7th and 9th centuries in current scholarship. The traditional date has been established as untenable since at least 1961, when C. Toumanoff summarized the arguments already presented by A. Carriere in the 1890s.

When Harvard historian R. W. Thomson published a translation of Movses' work in 1978, his account of the evidence of the later date than the traditionally assumed 5th century drew a lot of criticism from Soviet Armenian scholars. It is a peculiarity of Soviet-era Armenian Armenology that it conflated historiography and nationalism including fierce critiques of any foreign historians who "attempted to question sacred assumptions in the canonical version of Armenian history."

The traditional 5th century dating of Moses of Chorene was called into question for a number of reasons. Thus, though it has traditionally been assumed that Moses of Chorene wrote in the fifth century, yet the earliest reference to his work is made by John Catholicos in his History of Armenia, a work written in the third decade of the tenth century. In addition, Moses of Chorene uses sources not available in Armenian at that time, and refers to persons and places attested only in the sixth or seventh centuries. Also, according to Robert Thomson, Moses of Chorene "alters many of his Armenian sources in a tendentious manner in order to extol his patrons, the Bagratuni family, who gained preeminence in the eighth century".

Authorship

Movses depicted in a 14th century Armenian manuscript.

The author of the History gives a number of auto-biographical details, posing as a disciple of Mesrop Mashtots.

The byname Khorenatsi was taken to place the author's origin in Khorni (also spelled as Khoron) in the Armenian province of Taron sometime in 410. However, some scholars contend that if he was born here, he would have then been known as Movses of Khorneh or Khoron. They instead move the location of his birth from Taron to the Armenian province of Syunik, in the village of Khorena in the region of Harband.

Moses claims to have been taught under the auspices of Mesrop Mashtots, the creator of the Armenian alphabet, and Catholicos Sahak Partev. Mesrop and Sahak later sent Movses and several of their other students to Alexandria in Egypt. The students left Armenia sometime between 432 to 435. After studying in Alexandria for five to six years, Movses and his fellow classmates returned to Armenia, only to find that Mesrop and Sahak had died. Movses expressed his grief in a lamentation at the end of History of Armenia:

While they awaited our return to celebrate their student’s accomplishments , we hastened from Byzantium, expecting that we would be dancing and singing at a wedding...and instead, I found myself grieving at the foot of our teachers' graves...I did not even arrive in time to see their eyes close nor hear them speak their final words.

Back in Persian Armenia, Movses and the other students faced the hostility and contempt of the native population. Given this atmosphere and persecution by the Persians, Movses went into hiding in a village near Vagharshapat and lived in relative seclusion for several decades.

The Catholicos of Armenia Gyut (461-471) one day met Movses while traveling through the area and, unaware of his true identity, invited him to supper with several of his students. Movses was initially silent, but after Gyut's students encouraged him to speak, Movses made a marvelous speech at the dinner table. One of the Catholicos' students was able to identify Movses as a person Gyut had been searching for; it was soon understood that Gyut was one of Movses' former classmates and friends. Gyut embraced Movses and, being either a Chalcedonian Christian or at least tolerant of them (since Movses was also Chalcedonian), brought his friend back from seclusion and appointed him to be a bishop in Bagrevan. Serving as a bishop, Movses was approached by Sahak Bagratuni, who, having heard of Movses' reputation, asked him to write a history of the Armenians, especially the biographies of Armenian kings and the origins of the Armenian nakharar families. Movses agreed to do so and he finished his book sometime in the time period of 483-485. One of his primary reasons for taking up Sahak Bagratuni's request is given in the first part of Patmutyun Hayots, or History of Armenia: "For even though we are small and very limited in numbers and have been conquered many times by foreign kingdoms, yet too, many acts of bravery have been performed in our land, worthy of being written and remembered, but of which no one has bothered to write down." Movses' history also gives a rich description of the oral traditions that were popular among the Armenians of the time, such as the romance story of Artashes and Satenik and the birth of the god Vahagn.

Contents

The book is divided into three parts:

  • "Genealogy of Armenia Major", embracing the history of Armenia from the beginning down to Alexander the Great;
  • "History of the middle period of our ancestors", extending from Alexander to the death of St. Gregory the Illuminator and the reign of King Terdat (AD 330);
  • the third part brings the history down to the overthrow of the Arshakuni Dynasty (AD 428).

According to Thomas Artsruni, writing in the 10th century, there was also a fourth part which brings the history down to the time of the Emperor Zeno (474-491).

Genealogy

In 32 chapters, from Adam to Alexander the Great. List of the Armenian patriarchs according to Moses:

  • Haik (grandson of Tiras), Armenag, Aramais, Amassia, Gegham, Harma, Aram
  • Ara Keghetzig, Ara Kardos, Anoushavan, Paret, Arbag, Zaven, Varnas, Sour, Havanag
  • Vashtak, Haikak, Ampak, Arnak, Shavarsh, Norir, Vestam, Kar, Gorak, Hrant, Endzak, Geghak
  • Horo, Zarmair, Perch, Arboun, Hoy, Houssak, Kipak, Skaiordi

These cover the 24th to 9th centuries BC in Moses' chronology, indebted to the Chronicon of Eusebius. There follows a list of legendary kings, covering the 8th to 4th centuries BC:

  • Parouyr, Hratchia, Pharnouas, Pachouych, Kornak, Phavos, Haikak II, Erouand I, Tigran I, Vahagn, Aravan, Nerseh, Zareh, Armog, Bagam, Van, Vahé.

These gradually enter historicity with Tigran I (6th century BC), who is also mentioned in the Cyropaedia of Xenophon (Tigranes Orontid , traditionally 560-535 BC; Vahagn 530-515 BC), but Aravan to Vahé are again otherwise unknown.

chapter 1: letter to Sahak
chapter 5: from Noah to Abraham and Belus
chapters 10-12: about Haik
chapter 13: war against the Medes
chapter 14: war against Assyria
chapters 15-16: Ara and Semiramis
chapters 17-19: Semiramis flees from Zoroaster to Armenia and is killed by her son.
chapter 20: Ara Kardos and Anoushavan
chapter 21: Parouyr, first king of Armenia at the time of Ashurbanipal
chapter 22: kings from Pharnouas to Tigran
chapter 23: Sennacherib and his sons
chapters 24-30: about Tigran I
chapter 31: descendants of Tigran down to Vahé, who is killed in resistance against Alexander
chapter 32: Hellenic wars

Middle Period (332 BC - AD 330)

Further information: List of Armenian Kings

92 chapters, from Alexander the Great to Tiridates III of Armenia.

Arsacid period AD 330-428

Further information: Arsacid Dynasty of Armenia

68 chapters, from the death of Tiridates III to Gregory the Illuminator.

Editions and translations

  • editio princeps, Amsterdam, 1695;
  • London, with a Latin translation, 1736
  • Venice, 1752
  • Italian and French translations, Venice, 1841
  • Tiflis, 1913 (facsimile ed., intro. by R. W. Thomson, 1981 Caravan Books, ISBN 9780882060323).
  • R. W. Thomson, English translation, 1978 (Harvard, ISBN 9780674395718).
  • G. Kh. Sargsyn, Russian translation, 1991 (ISBN 9785808401853).
  • R. W. Thomson, English translation, rev. ed. 2006 (Caravan Books, ISBN 9780882061115).

Notes

  1. Chahin, Mack. The Kingdom of Armenia: A History. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2001, p. 181 ISBN 0-7007-1452-9.
  2. Encyclopedia Britannica
  3. David M. Lang. Reviewed work(s): "Moses Khorenats'i": History of the Armenians by Robert W. Thomson. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 42, No. 3 (1979), pp. 574-575
  4. Toumanoff, Cyril. "On the Date of Pseudo-Moses of Chorene." Handes Amsorya. № 9 (75), 1961.
  5. History of the Armenians, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978.
  6. Template:Hy icon Hovhannisyan, Petros. "Review of History of the Armenians." Banber Yerevan Hamalsarani. № 3 (45), 1982, pp. 237-239.
  7. Template:Hy icon Ter-Petrosyan, Levon. "Review of History of the Armenians. Patma-Banasirakan Handes. № 1 (88), 1980, pp. 268-270.
  8. Nersessian, Vrej. "Review of History of the Armenians." Journal of Ecclesiastical History. Vol. 30: № 4, October 1979, pp. 479-480.
  9. Sarkissian, Gaguik . The "History of Armenia" by Movses Khorenatzi. Trans. by Gourgen A. Gevorkian. Yerevan: Yerevan University Press, 1991, pp. 58-59, 76ff.
  10. Hacikyan et al. Heritage of Armenian Literature, p. 306.
  11. "Soviet Armenian scholars bitterly attacked Thomson's dating of Khorenatsi and his characterization of the author. In a sense, a foreigner had tampered with the soul of the nation. ... A young historian in post-Soviet Armenia, Armen Aivazian, begins his critical review of American historiography on his country by declaring, 'Armenian history is the inviolable strategic reserve of Armenia.' His views, hailed by his countrymen, provide a window into the particular form of historical reconstruction of Armenian identity and historical imagination that dominates post-Soviet Armenian historiography. His tone is militant and polemical, for his self-appointed task is to defend Armenia from its historiographical enemies." Ronald Grigor Suny. Constructing Primordialism: Old Histories for New Nations. The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 73, No. 4 (Dec., 2001), pp. 862—896
  12. A. O. Sarkissian. On the Authenticity of Moses of Khoren's History. Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 60, No. 1 (Mar., 1940), pp. 73-81
  13. Richard G. Hovannisian. The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century. St. Martin's Press, 1997 ISBN 0312101686, 9780312101688. Chapter 9. Robert Thomson. Armenian Literary Culture through the 11th Century.
  14. Richard G. Hovannisian. The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century. St. Martin's Press, 1997 ISBN 0312101686, 9780312101688. Chapter 9. Robert Thomson. Armenian Literary Culture through the 11th Century.
  15. "Since Moses was in fact a writer of the eighth century or thereabouts, he could easily have continued his narrative for another three hundred years, but this would have exposed his own literary deception, making nonsense of his claim to be a disciple of St Mesrop Mashtots, the inventor of the Armenian alphabet." David M. Lang. Reviewed work(s): "Moses Khorenats'i": History of the Armenians by Robert W. Thomson. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 42, No. 3 (1979), pp. 574-575.
  16. For this reason, some have also referred to him as Movses of Taron.
  17. Malkhasyants. "Introduction" in History of Armenia, p. 7.
  18. Malkhasyants. "Introduction" in History of Armenia, p. 7.
  19. Template:Hy icon Sargsyan, Gagik. «Մովսես Խորենացի» (Movses Khorenatsi). Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia. vol. viii. Yerevan, Armenian SSR: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1982, pp. 40-41.
  20. Template:Hy icon Movses Khorenatsi. History of Armenia, 5th Century (Հայոց Պատմություն, Ե Դար). Annotated translation and commentary by Stepan Malkhasyants. Gagik Sargsyan (ed.) Yerevan: Hayastan Publishing, 1997, 3.68, p. 276. ISBN 5-5400-1192-9.
  21. Hacikyan, Agop Jack, Gabriel Basmajian, Edward S. Franchuk, and Nourhan Ouzounian. The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From the Oral Tradition to the Golden Age, Vol. I. Detroit: Wayne State University, 2000, p. 307. ISBN 0-8143-2815-6.
  22. Malkhasyants. "Introduction" in History of Armenia, p. 15.
  23. Malkhasyants. "Introduction" in History of Armenia, p. 16.
  24. Movses Khorenatsi. History of Armenia, 1.4., pp. 70-71.

Further reading

  • Template:Ru icon Abeghyan, Manuk. Истории древнеармянской литературы. Yerevan, Armenian SSR: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1975.
  • Adonts, Nicholas. Armenia in the Period of Justinian: the Political Conditions Based on the Naxarar System. Translated with partial revisions, a bibliographical note, and appendices by Nina G. Garsoïan. Lisbon, 1970.
  • Conybeare, F. C. "The Date of Moses of Khoren." Bazmavep. № 10 (1901).
  • Template:Hy icon Malkhasyants, Stepan. Խորենացու առեղծված շուրջը (About the Enigma of Khorenatsi). Yerevan, Armenian SSR, 1940.
  • Template:Hy icon Sargsyan, Gagik. Հելլենիստական դարաշրջանի Հայաստանը և Մովսես Խորենացին (Armenia in the Hellenistic Age and Movses Khorenatsi). Yerevan, Armenian SSR: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1966.
  • Template:Hy icon ______________. Մովսես Խորենացու «Հայոց Պատմության» ժամանակագրական համակարգը. (The Chronological Structure of Movses Khorenatsi's History of Armenia).Yerevan, Armenian SSR: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1965.
  • Sarkissian, Gaguik . The "History of Armenia" by Movses Khorenatzi. Trans. by Gourgen A. Gevorkian. Yerevan: Yerevan University Press, 1991
  • Topchyan, Aram. The Problem of the Greek Sources of Movsēs Xorenacʻi's History of Armenia. Peeters Publishers, 2006.
  • Robert H. Hewson, "The Primary History of Armenia": An Examination of the Validity of an Immemorially Transmitted Historical Tradition, History in Africa (1975).

External links

Medieval Armenian Historians and Chroniclers

AgatangeghosTemplate:•w Tovma ArtsruniTemplate:•w Vardan AreveltsiTemplate:•w Pavstos BuzandTemplate:•w Smbat GundustablTemplate:•w Hovhannes DraskhanakertsiTemplate:•w Kirakos GandzaketsiTemplate:•w Movses KaghankatvatsiTemplate:•w Moses of ChoreneTemplate:•w Aristakes LastivertsiTemplate:•w Stepanos OrbelianTemplate:•w Ghazar ParpetsiTemplate:•w SebeosTemplate:•w Stepanos Taronetsi (Asoghik)Template:•w Ukhtanes SebastatsiTemplate:•w Matevos UrhayetsiTemplate:•w Yeghishe

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