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The Independent is a British newspaper published by Tony O'Reilly's Independent News & Media. It is nicknamed the Indy, while the Sunday edition, The Independent on Sunday is the Sindy. Launched in 1986, it is one of the youngest UK national daily newspapers. The daily edition was named National Newspaper of the Year at the 2004 British Press Awards. Originally a broadsheet newspaper, since 2003 it has been published in a tabloid or "compact" format.

The Independent is regarded as leaning to the left politically, although it has not affiliated itself to any political party and a range of views can be found on its editorial and comment pages.

The paper had a certified average daily circulation of 215,504 copies in January 2009– a drop of 14.02% on January 2008, as compared to sales of 842,912 for The Daily Telegraph, 617,483 for The Times, and 358,844 for The Guardian.

History

Creation in 1986

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The Independent is the youngest British compact newspaper, first published on 7 October 1986 as a broadsheet. It was produced by Newspaper Publishing and created by Andreas Whittam Smith, Stephen Glover and Matthew Symonds. All three were former journalists at The Daily Telegraph who had left the paper towards the end of Lord Hartwell's ownership. Marcus Sieff was the first chairman of Newspaper Publishing and Whittam Smith took control of the paper.

The paper was created at a time of tension in British journalism. Rupert Murdoch was challenging long-accepted practices and fighting with the print unions. In this atmosphere the new paper attracted staff from Murdoch broadsheets who preferred not to move to Wapping. Launched with the advertising slogan "It is. Are you?", and challenging The Guardian for centre-left readers, and The Times as a newspaper of record, it reached a circulation of over 400,000 in 1989. Competing in a moribund market, The Independent sparked a general freshening of newspaper design as well as a price war. The market was tight and when The Independent launched an independent Sunday edition in 1990, sales were less than anticipated. Some aspects of production merged with the main paper, although with a largely distinct editorial staff.

In the 1990s, The Independent started an advertising campaign accusing The Times and The Daily Telegraph of reflecting the views of their proprietors, Rupert Murdoch and Conrad Black. It featured spoofs of their mastheads with the words 'THE RUPERT MURDOCH', 'The Conrad Black', and below, 'THE INDEPENDENT'.

Financial problems

By the 1990s, Newspaper Publishing had financial problems. Several other newspapers launched in the 1980s (the Sunday Correspondent being one) had collapsed without enough readers to ensure profitability, and The Independent was experiencing similar problems. Two European media groups took small stakes. A number of other media companies were interested in the paper. Sir Tony O Reilly's media group and Mirror Group Newspapers developed substantial stakes by mid-1994. In March 1995 Newspaper Publishing was restructured with a rights issue, splitting the shareholding into Independent News & Media (43%), MGN (43%), and Prisa (El Pais, 12%). In the same month, Whittam Smith left the paper.

In April 1996 there was another refinancing and in March 1998 O'Reilly bought the other 54% of the company for £30 million, and assumed the company's debt. Brendan Hopkins headed Independent News while Andrew Marr was appointed editor of The Independent and Rosie Boycott of The Independent on Sunday. Marr introduced a dramatic if short-lived redesign which won critical favour but was a commercial failure, partly as a result of a limited promotional budget. Marr admitted his changes were foolhardy in his semi-autobiographical, My Trade.

Boycott left in April 1998 to The Daily Express and Marr in May 1998, later to join the BBC as political editor. Simon Kelner was made editor. By this time the circulation had fallen below 200,000. Independent News spent heavily to improve circulation and the paper had a number of redesigns. While circulation improved it did not approach 1989 or restore profitability and job cuts and financial controls took their toll on the journalists and their morale. Ivan Fallon, on the board since 1995 and once a key figure at the Sunday Times, replaced Hopkins as head of Independent News & Media in July 2002. By mid 2004, the newspaper was losing £5million a year. A gradual improvement meant that by 2006, circulation was at a nine-year high.

Format changes

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The Independent was originally published in broadsheet but from September 2003 was produced in broadsheet and tabloid, with the same content in each. The tabloid was termed compact to distance itself from racy, down-market publications usually associated with "tabloid". The smaller format appeared gradually throughout the UK. Rupert Murdoch's Times introduced its own compact version. Prior to these changes, The Independent had a daily circulation of around 217,500, the lowest of any major national British daily, climbing to claim a 15% rise by March 2004 (to 250,000). Throughout much of 2006, circulation stagnated at a quarter of a million. On 14 May 2004, The Independent produced its last weekday broadsheet, having stopped producing a Saturday broadsheet edition in January. The Independent on Sunday published its last simultaneous broadsheet on 9 October 2005, and has since followed a compact design.

On 12 April 2005, The Independent redesigned its layout to a more European feel, similar to France's Libération. The redesign was out by a Barcelona design studio. The weekday second section was subsumed within the main paper, double-page feature articles became common in the main news pages, and there were revisions to front and back covers. It spent £1,000,000 on promotion.

On 25 April 2006, a new second section, Extra, was introduced. It is similar to The Guardian's G2 and The Times' Times2, containing features, reportage and games, including sudoku. In June 2007 The Independent on Sunday consolidated its content into a news section which included sports and business, and a magazine focusing on life and culture.

On 23 September 2008 the main newspaper became full-colour and "Extra" was replaced by a "Independent Life Supplement" focusing on different themes each day.

On 28 November 2008, following staff cuts, a move of production was announced to Northcliffe House, headquarters of Associated Newspapers. The two newspaper groups' editorial, management and commercial operations remained separate but shared services including security, IT, switchboard and payroll.

Political stance

When the paper was established in 1986, the founders intended its political stance to reflect the centre of the British political spectrum and thought that it would take readers primarily from The Times and The Daily Telegraph. However it is now seen as tending towards liberal or left-wing views, more a competitor to The Guardian. Although it still features right-wing columnists such as Bruce Anderson and Dominic Lawson, along with the Guardian its politics are considered the most left-wing of any national British daily. A MORI poll between April-June 2000 showed that 60% of readers were Labour voters. A 2004 poll by MORI showed 39% of readers were Liberal Democrat voters while 36% supported Labour.

In recent years, it has had critical, editorial-style front pages on George W. Bush, Tony Blair, and Israeli government policies. In 2006, Robert Fisk reported soil sample evidence that Israel might have used a "secret new uranium-based weapon" during the 2006 Lebanon War. United Nations and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) experts determined that as of February 2007 there was no evidence of depleted-uranium-ammunitions.

The Independent has run campaigns for electoral reform, against the introduction of ID cards and against the restriction of mass immigration to the UK. Originally, The Independent avoided Royal stories; Whittam Smith did this to protect the institution rather than out of republican motives. The newspaper still gives little attention to the British monarchy.

The Independent sponsors The Longford Prize, in memory of Lord Longford.

The Independent is frequently satirised, particularly by Private Eye for its front pages, often dominated by statistics on political issues or a politicised leader article rather than traditional news and photographs. Private Eye has ast referred to The Independent as The Indescribablyboring or The Irrelevant.

In 2007, Alan Rusbridger, editor of the The Guardian, said of The Independent: "The emphasis on views, not news, means that the reporting is rather thin, and it loses impact on the front page the more you do that." In a June 12, 2007 speech British Prime Minister Tony Blair called The Independent a "viewspaper", saying it "was started as an antidote to the idea of journalism as views not news. That was why it was called the Independent. Today it is avowedly a viewspaper not merely a newspaper". The Independent criticised Blair's comments the following day.

On 23 January 2008, The Independent relaunched its online edition independent.co.uk. Generally a critical and commercial success, the relaunch introduced a new look, better access to the blog service, priority on image and video content and additional areas of the site including art, architecture, fashion, gadgets and health. The paper launched Podcast programmes such as The Independent Music Radio Show, The Independent Travel Guides, The Independent Sailing Podcasts, and The Independent Video Travel Guides.

The (RED) Independent

The Independent has supported U2 lead singer Bono's Product RED brand by creating The (RED) Independent, an occasional edition that gives half the day's proceeds to the charity. The first edition was in May 2006. Edited by Bono, it drew high sales.

A September 2006 edition of The RED Independent, designed by fashion designer Giorgio Armani, drew controversy due to its cover shot, showing model Kate Moss in blackface for an article about AIDS in Africa.

Sections

The weekday, Saturday and Sunday editions of The Independent all include supplements and pull-out subsections -

The IoS website offers more conventional and readily navigable format than the physical newspaper, and offers access to additional content.

Editors

There have also been various guest editors over the years, such as the Body Shop's Anita Roddick on 19 June 2003 and U2's Bono in 2006.

Writers and columnists

Notable photographers

• Timothy Allen
• Jonathan Evans
• Brian Harris
• Tom Pilston
• David Rose
• David Sandison

References

1. ^ Audit Bureau of Circulations Ltd– abc.org.uk
2. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/the-independent-launches-tabloid-version-to-give-readers-a-choice-581355.html
   http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2004/apr/08/pressandpublishing.abcs
   http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/europe/11/01/uk.times/index.html
   http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/uk_news/4236846.stm
   http://www.forbes.com/2005/02/22/0222mckinsey.html
   http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-12940083_ITM
3. http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/europe/11/01/uk.times/index.html
   http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/sales-of-the-independent-hit-an-eightyear-high-514977.html
   http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2008/mar/04/theindependent.independentnewsmedia?gusrc=rss&feed=networkfront
   http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article3723958.ece
   http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-12940083_ITM
4. "Media Week - Independent on Sunday to go compact". Retrieved 2009-04-15.
5. U.K. paper follows rivals into tabloid format: At The Times, size matters, International Herald Tribune, December 8, 2003.
6. Lelic, Sarah (2006-09-19). "INM eyes Independent profit". mad.co.uk. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
7. http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=1&storycode=37809
8. http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2008/sep/23/theindependent.pressandpublishing
9. "Independent titles to relocate to Associated Newspapers HQ". Guardian Unlimited. 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-28.
10. ^ Robert Fisk, Robert Fisk: Mystery of Israel's secret uranium bomb; Alarm over radioactive legacy left by attack on Lebanon, The Independent, October 28, 2006.
11. http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2008/apr/14/theindependent.pressandpublishing
12. Cited in International Socialism, Spring 2003, ISBN 1-898876-97-5
13. Mori poll
14. Eric Silver in Jerusalem, UN investigates Israel's 'uranium weapons', The Independent, October 30, 2006.
15. Nour Samaha, Panel finds 'no evidence' Israel used depleted uranium in 2006 war; Unanimous findings says levels are consistent with natural occurrence, Lebanon Daily Star, February 27, 2007.
16. What happened when the Guardian editor met Piers Morgan, The Guardian, April 2, 2007.
17. Full text: Blair on the media, BBC News, 12 June 2007
18. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/blairs-attack-provokes-anger-among-newspaper-editors-and-broadcasters-452891.html
19. http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/simon-kelner-would-you-be-saying-this-mr-blair-if-we-supported-your-war-in-iraq-452901.html
20. Full text: Welcome to The Independent's new website, The Independent, 23 January 2008
21. Full text: Independent unveils revamped website, Journalism.co.uk, 23 January 2008
22. Vallely, Paul (2006-05-15). "A red revolution on the high street". The Independent. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
23. "They found what they were looking for". NewsDesigner.com. 2006-05-23. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
24. Pool, Hannah (2006-09-22). "Return to the dark ages". The Guardian. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

External links

• Website of the newspaper "The Independent"

• Companies established in 1986
• Newspapers published in the United Kingdom