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{{unreferenced|date=April 2009}}
{{for|the song "Buddha's Delight"|Music and Lyrics: Music from the Motion Picture}} {{for|the song "Buddha's Delight"|Music and Lyrics: Music from the Motion Picture}}
{{Chinese|pic=|piccap=|t=]] or ]|s=]] or ]|p=luóhàn zhāi|j=lo4 hon3 jaai1|poj=lo han chai|my=lo4 han3 jaai1|l=] vegetarian food|pic=Boeddha's Delight.jpg}} {{Chinese|pic=|piccap=|t=]] or ]|s=]] or ]|p=luóhàn zhāi|j=lo4 hon3 jaai1|poj=lo han chai|my=lo4 han3 jaai1|l=] vegetarian food|pic=Boeddha's Delight.jpg}}
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In the name '''''luóhàn zhāi''''', ''luóhàn'' – short for ''Ā luóhàn'' ({{zh-tsp|s=阿罗汉|t=阿羅漢|p=Ā LuóHàn}}) – is the Chinese transliteration of the ] '']'', meaning an enlightened, ascetic individual or the ] himself. ''Zhāi'' ({{zh-tsp|s=]|t=]|p=zhāi}}) means "vegetarian food" or "vegetarian diet." In the name '''''luóhàn zhāi''''', ''luóhàn'' – short for ''Ā luóhàn'' ({{zh-tsp|s=阿罗汉|t=阿羅漢|p=Ā LuóHàn}}) – is the Chinese transliteration of the ] '']'', meaning an enlightened, ascetic individual or the ] himself. ''Zhāi'' ({{zh-tsp|s=]|t=]|p=zhāi}}) means "vegetarian food" or "vegetarian diet."


The dish is usually made with at least 10 ingredients, although more elaborate versions may comprise 18 or even 35 ingredients. If 18 ingredients are used, the dish is called '''''Luóhàn quánzhāi''''' (simplified: ]]]; traditional: ]]]). The dish is usually made with at least 10 ingredients, although more elaborate versions may comprise 18 or even 35 ingredients.<ref></ref> If 18 ingredients are used, the dish is called '''''Luóhàn quánzhāi''''' (simplified: ]]]; traditional: ]]]).


In ], ] and ], when served exclusively using only the most flavor-packed vegetarian ingredients<!--This doesn't make sense-->, such as red sour tofu<!--What is red sour tofu? ]?--> or sweet bean curds<!--What is "sweet bean curds"?-->, it is known as ''tián suān zhāi'' ({{zh-tsp|t=]]]|s=]]]|p=tian2 suan1 zhai1}}; literally "sweet and sour vegetarian dish"). In ], ] and ], when served exclusively using only the most flavor-packed vegetarian ingredients<!--This doesn't make sense-->, such as red sour tofu<!--What is red sour tofu? ]?--> or sweet bean curds<!--What is "sweet bean curds"?-->, it is known as ''tián suān zhāi'' ({{zh-tsp|t=]]]|s=]]]|p=tian2 suan1 zhai1}}; literally "sweet and sour vegetarian dish").
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==Ingredients== ==Ingredients==
{{Unreferencedsection|date=April 2009}}
The following is a list of ingredients often used in Buddha's delight, each of which, according to Chinese tradition, is ascribed a particular auspicious significance. As the dish varies from chef to chef and family to family, not every ingredient is always used in every version of the dish. The following is a list of ingredients often used in Buddha's delight, each of which, according to Chinese tradition, is ascribed a particular auspicious significance. As the dish varies from chef to chef and family to family, not every ingredient is always used in every version of the dish.
===Main ingredients=== ===Main ingredients===
====Commonly used main ingredients==== ====Commonly used main ingredients====
#] (]]; pinyin: cí gū) #] (]]; pinyin: cí gū)<ref></ref>
#] (竹笙, pinyin: zhúshēng or 竹荪; pinyin: zhúsūn) #] (竹笙, pinyin: zhúshēng or 竹荪; pinyin: zhúsūn)<ref></ref>
#]s (simplified: 笋; traditional; 筍; pinyin: sǔn) #]s (simplified: 笋; traditional; 筍; pinyin: sǔn)<ref></ref>
#] (腐竹; pinyin: fǔ zhú; also called "tofu bamboo") #] (腐竹; pinyin: fǔ zhú; also called "tofu bamboo")<ref></ref>
#] (冬菇; pinyin: dōnggū) #] (冬菇; pinyin: dōnggū)<ref></ref>
#] (traditional: 胡蘿蔔; simplified: 胡萝卜, pinyin: hú luóbo; or traditional: 紅蘿蔔; simplified: 红萝卜, pinyin: hóng luóbo) #] (traditional: 胡蘿蔔; simplified: 胡萝卜, pinyin: hú luóbo; or traditional: 紅蘿蔔; simplified: 红萝卜, pinyin: hóng luóbo)<ref></ref>
#] (粉絲; pinyin: fěn sī; also called "bean threads") #] (粉絲; pinyin: fěn sī; also called "bean threads")<ref></ref>
#] (金针; pinyin: jīnzhēn; also called "golden needles") #] (金针; pinyin: jīnzhēn; also called "golden needles")<ref></ref>
#] (traditional: 髮菜; simplified: 发菜; pinyin: fàcài; a black hair-like ]) #] (traditional: 髮菜; simplified: 发菜; pinyin: fàcài; a black hair-like ])<ref></ref>
#] nuts (traditional: 銀杏; simplified: 银杏, pinyin: yín xìng; or 白果, pinyin: bái guǒ) #] nuts (traditional: 銀杏; simplified: 银杏, pinyin: yín xìng; or 白果, pinyin: bái guǒ)<ref></ref>
#]s (蓮子; pinyin: lián zĭ) #]s (蓮子; pinyin: liánzǐ)<ref></ref>
#] (大白菜; pinyin: dà báicài) #] (大白菜; pinyin: dà báicài)<ref></ref>
#]s (花生; pinyin: huāshēng) #]s (花生; pinyin: huāshēng)<ref></ref>
#]s (traditional: 荷蘭豆; simplified: 荷兰豆; pinyin: hélándòu) #]s (traditional: 荷蘭豆; simplified: 荷兰豆; pinyin: hélándòu)<ref></ref>
#Fried ] (炸豆腐; pinyin: zhá dòufǔ) #Fried ] (炸豆腐; pinyin: zhá dòufǔ)<ref></ref>
#]s (traditional: 荸薺; simplified: 荸荠; pinyin: bíqí) #]s (traditional: 荸薺; simplified: 荸荠; pinyin: bíqí)<ref></ref>
#Fried ] (traditional: 麵筋, simplified: 面筋; pinyin: miàn jīn) #Fried or ] ] (traditional: 麵筋, simplified: 面筋; pinyin: miàn jīn)<ref></ref>
#] (木耳; pinyin: mù ěr; also called black fungus) #] (木耳; pinyin: mù ěr; also called black fungus)<ref></ref>


====Less commonly used main ingredients==== ====Less commonly used main ingredients====
#] (豆芽, pinyin: dòu yá; 芽菜, pinyin: yá cài; or 银芽, pinyin: yín yá)<!--Mung bean sprouts, or are soybean sprouts also used?--> #] (豆芽, pinyin: dòu yá; 芽菜, pinyin: yá cài; or 银芽, pinyin: yín yá)<!--Mung bean sprouts, or are soybean sprouts also used?--><ref></ref>
#] ] (蕨菜; pinyin: jué cài) #] ] (蕨菜; pinyin: jué cài)
#] (白菜; pinyin: báicài) #] (白菜; pinyin: báicài)
#] (菜花; pinyin: cài huā) #] (菜花; pinyin: cài huā)
#] (芹菜; pinyin: qín cài) #] (芹菜; pinyin: qín cài)<ref></ref>
#Other types of fungus, including ] (traditional: 雲耳; simplified: 云耳; pinyin: yún ěr), ] (榆耳; pinyin: yú ěr), ] (桂花耳; pinyin: guíhuā ěr), ] (银耳; pinyin: yín ěr), and ] (黃耳; pinyin: huáng ěr; literally "yellow ear") #Other types of fungus, including ] (traditional: 雲耳; simplified: 云耳; pinyin: yún ěr), ] (榆耳; pinyin: yú ěr),<ref></ref> ] (桂花耳; pinyin: guíhuā ěr),<ref></ref> ] (银耳; pinyin: yín ěr),<ref></ref> and ] (黃耳; pinyin: huáng ěr; literally "yellow ear")<ref></ref>
#Red ]s (traditional: 紅棗; simplified: 红枣; pinyin: hóng zǎo) #Red ]s (traditional: 紅棗; simplified: 红枣; pinyin: hóng zǎo)<ref></ref>
#] (藕; pinyin: ǒu) #] (藕; pinyin: ǒu)<ref></ref>
#Other types of ]s, including ]s (草菇, pinyin: cǎo gū), ]s (平菇, pinyin: píng gū), and '']'' mushrooms (口蘑, pinyin: kǒu mó) #Other types of ]s, including ]s (草菇, pinyin: cǎo gū),<ref></ref> ]s (平菇, pinyin: píng gū), and '']'' mushrooms (口蘑, pinyin: kǒu mó)
#Dried ]s (蠔豉; pinyin: háo shì) #Dried ]s (蠔豉; pinyin: háo shì)<ref></ref>
#] (]; pinyin: mălíng shǔ) #] (]; pinyin: mălíng shǔ)
#] ]s (]]]; pinyin: ān chún dàn) #] ]s (]]]; pinyin: ān chún dàn)
#] (traditional: 蝦; simplified: 虾; pinyin: xiā) #] (traditional: 蝦; simplified: 虾; pinyin: xiā)
#]<ref></ref>
#] buds<ref></ref>
#]<ref></ref>


===Seasonings=== ===Seasonings===
*] (黃酒; pinyin: huáng jiǔ) *] (黃酒; pinyin: huáng jiǔ)<ref></ref>
*] (大蒜; pinyin: dà suàn) *] (大蒜; pinyin: dà suàn)<ref></ref>
*] (simplified: ]; traditional: ]; pinyin: jiāng) *] (simplified: ]; traditional: ]; pinyin: jiāng)<ref></ref>
*] (味精; pinyin: wèijīng) *] (味精; pinyin: wèijīng)<ref></ref>
*] (usually ], 花生油; and/or ], 芝麻油) *] (usually ], 花生油; and/or ], 芝麻油)
*] (simplified: 蚝油; traditional: 蠔油; pinyin: háo yóu) *] (simplified: 蚝油; traditional: 蠔油; pinyin: háo yóu)<ref></ref>
*] (豆腐乳; pinyin: dòufu rǔ; both red and white) *] (豆腐乳; pinyin: dòufu rǔ; both red and white)<ref></ref>
*] (traditional: 鹽; simplified: 盐; pinyin: yán) *] (traditional: 鹽; simplified: 盐; pinyin: yán)<ref></ref>
*] (老抽; pinyin: lǎochōu) *] (老抽; pinyin: lǎochōu)<ref></ref>
*] (淀粉; pinyin: diànfěn) *] (淀粉; pinyin: diànfěn)
*] (糖; pinyin: táng) *] (糖; pinyin: táng)<ref></ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}


==External links== ==External links==
*, chinesefood.about.com *, chinesefood.about.com
* *
*, by Chelsie Vandaveer *, by Chelsie Vandaveer
* from '']'' * from '']''

Revision as of 04:18, 30 April 2009

For the song "Buddha's Delight", see Music and Lyrics: Music from the Motion Picture.
Buddha's delight
Traditional Chinese羅漢齋 or 齋
Simplified Chinese罗汉斋 or 斋
Literal meaningLuohan vegetarian food
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyinluóhàn zhāi
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutpinglo4 hon3 jaai1
Southern Min
Hokkien POJlo han chai
Burmese name
Burmeselo4 han3 jaai1

Buddha's delight, often transliterated as Luóhàn zhāi, lo han jai, or lo hon jai, is a vegetarian dish well known in Chinese and Buddhist cuisine. It is sometimes also called Luóhàn cài (simplified Chinese: 罗汉菜; traditional Chinese: 羅漢菜).

The dish is traditionally enjoyed by Buddhist monks who are vegetarians, but it has also grown in popularity throughout the world as a common dish available as a vegetarian option in Chinese restaurants. The dish consists of various vegetables and other vegetarian ingredients (as well as sometimes also seafoods and eggs), which are cooked in soy sauce-based liquid with other seasonings until tender. The specific ingredients used vary greatly both inside and outside Asia.

Etymology

In the name luóhàn zhāi, luóhàn – short for Ā luóhàn (simplified Chinese: 阿罗汉; traditional Chinese: 阿羅漢; pinyin: Ā LuóHàn) – is the Chinese transliteration of the Sanskrit arhat, meaning an enlightened, ascetic individual or the Buddha himself. Zhāi (simplified Chinese: 斋; traditional Chinese: 齋; pinyin: zhāi) means "vegetarian food" or "vegetarian diet."

The dish is usually made with at least 10 ingredients, although more elaborate versions may comprise 18 or even 35 ingredients. If 18 ingredients are used, the dish is called Luóhàn quánzhāi (simplified: 罗汉全斋; traditional: 羅漢全齋).

In China, Hong Kong and Toronto, when served exclusively using only the most flavor-packed vegetarian ingredients, such as red sour tofu or sweet bean curds, it is known as tián suān zhāi (simplified Chinese: 甜酸斋; traditional Chinese: 甜酸齋; pinyin: tian2 suan1 zhai1; literally "sweet and sour vegetarian dish").

Tradition

As suggested by its name, it is a dish traditionally enjoyed by Buddhists who are vegetarians, but it has also grown in popularity throughout the world as a common dish available in Chinese restaurants (though often not including all of the ingredients) as a vegetarian option. It is traditionally served in Chinese households on the first day of the Chinese New Year, stemming from the old Buddhist practice that one should maintain a vegetarian diet in the first five days of the new year, as a form of self-purification. Some of the rarer ingredients, such as fat choy and arrowhead, are generally only eaten at this time of year.

Ingredients

The following is a list of ingredients often used in Buddha's delight, each of which, according to Chinese tradition, is ascribed a particular auspicious significance. As the dish varies from chef to chef and family to family, not every ingredient is always used in every version of the dish.

Main ingredients

Commonly used main ingredients

  1. Arrowhead (慈菇; pinyin: cí gū)
  2. Bamboo fungus (竹笙, pinyin: zhúshēng or 竹荪; pinyin: zhúsūn)
  3. Bamboo shoots (simplified: 笋; traditional; 筍; pinyin: sǔn)
  4. Bean curd sticks (腐竹; pinyin: fǔ zhú; also called "tofu bamboo")
  5. Black mushrooms (冬菇; pinyin: dōnggū)
  6. Carrot (traditional: 胡蘿蔔; simplified: 胡萝卜, pinyin: hú luóbo; or traditional: 紅蘿蔔; simplified: 红萝卜, pinyin: hóng luóbo)
  7. Cellophane noodles (粉絲; pinyin: fěn sī; also called "bean threads")
  8. Daylily buds (金针; pinyin: jīnzhēn; also called "golden needles")
  9. Fat choy (traditional: 髮菜; simplified: 发菜; pinyin: fàcài; a black hair-like cyanobacteria)
  10. Ginkgo nuts (traditional: 銀杏; simplified: 银杏, pinyin: yín xìng; or 白果, pinyin: bái guǒ)
  11. Lotus seeds (蓮子; pinyin: liánzǐ)
  12. Napa cabbage (大白菜; pinyin: dà báicài)
  13. Peanuts (花生; pinyin: huāshēng)
  14. Snow peas (traditional: 荷蘭豆; simplified: 荷兰豆; pinyin: hélándòu)
  15. Fried tofu (炸豆腐; pinyin: zhá dòufǔ)
  16. Water chestnuts (traditional: 荸薺; simplified: 荸荠; pinyin: bíqí)
  17. Fried or braised wheat gluten (traditional: 麵筋, simplified: 面筋; pinyin: miàn jīn)
  18. Wood ear (木耳; pinyin: mù ěr; also called black fungus)

Less commonly used main ingredients

  1. Bean sprouts (豆芽, pinyin: dòu yá; 芽菜, pinyin: yá cài; or 银芽, pinyin: yín yá)
  2. Bracken fern tips (蕨菜; pinyin: jué cài)
  3. Bok choy (白菜; pinyin: báicài)
  4. Cauliflower (菜花; pinyin: cài huā)
  5. Chinese celery (芹菜; pinyin: qín cài)
  6. Other types of fungus, including cloud ear fungus (traditional: 雲耳; simplified: 云耳; pinyin: yún ěr), elm ear fungus (榆耳; pinyin: yú ěr), osmanthus ear fungus (桂花耳; pinyin: guíhuā ěr), snow fungus (银耳; pinyin: yín ěr), and yellow fungus (黃耳; pinyin: huáng ěr; literally "yellow ear")
  7. Red jujubes (traditional: 紅棗; simplified: 红枣; pinyin: hóng zǎo)
  8. Lotus root (藕; pinyin: ǒu)
  9. Other types of mushrooms, including straw mushrooms (草菇, pinyin: cǎo gū), oyster mushrooms (平菇, pinyin: píng gū), and Tricholoma mushrooms (口蘑, pinyin: kǒu mó)
  10. Dried oysters (蠔豉; pinyin: háo shì)
  11. Potato (马铃薯; pinyin: mălíng shǔ)
  12. Quail eggs (鹌鹑蛋; pinyin: ān chún dàn)
  13. Shrimp (traditional: 蝦; simplified: 虾; pinyin: xiā)
  14. Laminaria
  15. Cornflower buds
  16. Baby corn

Seasonings

References

External links

Categories: