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| == Taiwan == | == Taiwan == | ||
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| {{seealso|Desinicization}} | {{seealso|Desinicization}} | ||
| "Sinicization", along with "De-sinization", "Taiwan-ization" and "localization", are political terms in ], most often used by various political parties to criticise the policies of their political opponents. | |||
| After the Republic of China relocated its capital to ] in 1949, the intention of ] was to eventually go back to Mainland China and retake control of it. For that reason, Chiang attempted to ] Taiwan's inhabitants. Examples of this policy included the renaming of streets, use of mandarin Chinese in schools and punishments for using other languages, and teaching students to revere Confucian ethics, develop Han Chinese nationalism, and believe Taiwan is part of China.<ref>{{cite conference | first = June Teufel | last = Dreyer | title = Taiwan’s Evolving Identity | url = http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=events.event_summary&event_id=31149 Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars | location = Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars | quote = In order to shore up his government’s legitimacy, Chiang set about turning Taiwan’s inhabitants into Chinese. To use Renan’s terminology, Chiang chose to re-define the concept of shared destiny to include the mainland. Streets were re-named; major thoroughfares in Taipei received names associated with the traditional Confucian virtues. The avenue passing in front of the foreign ministry en route to the presidential palace was named chieh-shou (long life), in Chiang’s honor. Students were required to learn Mandarin and speak it exclusively; those who disobeyed and spoke Taiwanese, Hakka, or aboriginal tongues could be fined, slapped, or subjected to other disciplinary actions. | date = July 17, 2003 | accessdate = May 20, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hoover.org/publications/digest/17827189.html|quote=The new KMT concluded that it must “Sinicize” Taiwan if it were ever to unify mainland China. Textbooks were designed to teach young people the dialect of North China as a national language. Pupils also were taught to revere Confucian ethics, to develop Han Chinese nationalism, and to accept Taiwan as a part of China.| title = Starting Anew on Taiwan | publisher= Hoover Institution | date= 2008 | accessdate=2009-06-05}}</ref> | |||
| The government in ] has in the past few decades been reportedly pursuing a program that promotes localization, as institutions and cultural policy were refocused towards a local more Taiwanese identity and away from an internationally Chinese identity which was promoted by the administration before the 1980s. Examples of this expressed policy include plans to increase the number of people with Taiwan ancestry in political circles and emphasizing variants of the ] other than ], especially ]. | |||
| "]" became a political term of attack after 2001 when the administration of President ] extended the previous policy of localisation (emphasis on a Taiwanese local identity) to policies which his critics claimed were removing the broader Chinese identity, such as removing the name "China" from institutions such as the ] or the ] in a campaign promoted as "]". There was significant opposition to such moves, and the opponents often attacked such policies as "Desinicization". The more controversial of these policies were later reversed by Chen's successor, ]. | |||
| The use of "Sinicizataion" as a political term of attack arose in response to these charges of Desinicization. Supporters of ] and other opponents of closer economic or political ties with ] have sometimes labelled policies aimed at closer cultural and economic ties with the mainland (such as the ], as "Sinicization". Because this usage of the term pre-supposes that Taiwan is not already "Sinicized", its usage remains marginal. The more mainstream term of attack of such policies is "''tongzhan''", or "]", a reference to the ]'s strategy of influencing other political players to join its coalition. According to opponents, policies aimed at closer economic and cultural ties with mainland China are ultimately aimed at ] of Taiwan with mainland China, a prospect that these opponents ultimately oppose. | |||
| == Tibet == | == Tibet == | ||
Revision as of 15:48, 6 June 2009
Sinicization, Sinicisation or Sinification, (in Mandarin: 中国化 Zhōngguóhuà or 汉化 Hànhuà) is the linguistic assimilation or cultural assimilation of terms and concepts of the language and culture of China. In linguistics, the term is used narrowly to refer to transliteration, and in this regard "Sinicization" is parallel to Romanization.
In more general contexts, Sinicization refers to the process of "becoming Chinese" or "becoming Han"; the opposite process is becoming "not Chinese" (desinicization). The term has been used in social science primarily to describe the assimilation of non-Han Chinese peoples (such as the Manchus) into the Chinese identity.
More broadly, "Sinicization" also refers to the phenomenon whereby neighbouring cultures to China have been influenced by Chinese culture and language without being assimilated. This is reflected in the histories of Korea, Vietnam and Japan.
Integration
The integration policy is aimed at strengthening of the Chinese identity among population, to develop shared values, pride in being the country’s citizen, respect and acceptance towards cultural differences among citizens of China.
Taiwan
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"Sinicization", along with "De-sinization", "Taiwan-ization" and "localization", are political terms in Taiwan, most often used by various political parties to criticise the policies of their political opponents.
The government in Taiwan has in the past few decades been reportedly pursuing a program that promotes localization, as institutions and cultural policy were refocused towards a local more Taiwanese identity and away from an internationally Chinese identity which was promoted by the administration before the 1980s. Examples of this expressed policy include plans to increase the number of people with Taiwan ancestry in political circles and emphasizing variants of the Chinese language other than Standard Mandarin, especially Taiwanese Minnan.
"Desinicization" became a political term of attack after 2001 when the administration of President Chen Shui-bian extended the previous policy of localisation (emphasis on a Taiwanese local identity) to policies which his critics claimed were removing the broader Chinese identity, such as removing the name "China" from institutions such as the Chunghwa Post or the Central Bank of China in a campaign promoted as "Rectification of names". There was significant opposition to such moves, and the opponents often attacked such policies as "Desinicization". The more controversial of these policies were later reversed by Chen's successor, Ma Ying-jeou.
The use of "Sinicizataion" as a political term of attack arose in response to these charges of Desinicization. Supporters of Taiwan independence and other opponents of closer economic or political ties with mainland China have sometimes labelled policies aimed at closer cultural and economic ties with the mainland (such as the Three Links, as "Sinicization". Because this usage of the term pre-supposes that Taiwan is not already "Sinicized", its usage remains marginal. The more mainstream term of attack of such policies is "tongzhan", or "United Front", a reference to the Communist Party of China's strategy of influencing other political players to join its coalition. According to opponents, policies aimed at closer economic and cultural ties with mainland China are ultimately aimed at reunification of Taiwan with mainland China, a prospect that these opponents ultimately oppose.
Tibet
Main article: Sinicization of TibetThe sinicization of Tibet is the alleged change of Tibetan society to Chinese standards, by means of cultural assimilation, migration, and political (communist) reform. Sinicization on the one hand is the consequence of the presence of a large number of Han Chinese in Tibet and on the other hand an active policy of the central government of the People's Republic of China. The active policy intends to make Tibet an integral part of the Chinese republic and to control Tibetan ambitions of independence.
See also
References
- Burbu, Dawa (2001) China's Tibet Policy, Routledge, ISBN 978-0700704743, pp 100-124
- Samdup, Tseten (1993) Chinese population - Threat to Tibetan identity
External links
Sinicization vs. Manchuness (by Xiaowei Zheng)
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