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| '''Attachment disorder''' is based on the psychological theories that 1) normal mother-child attachment forms in the first two years of life and 2) if a normal attachment is not formed during the first two years, attachment can be induced later. This theory is used, for example, to explain the behavioral difficulties of adopted children. | '''Attachment disorder''' is based on the psychological theories that 1) normal mother-child attachment forms in the first two years of life and 2) if a normal attachment is not formed during the first two to three years, attachment can be induced later. This theory is used, for example, to explain the behavioral difficulties of adopted children. Attachment Theory was developed by John Bowlby in the 1940's and 1950's and is the leading theory used in the fields of Infant Mental Health, Child Development, and related fields. (For example, see the following: Handbook of Infant Mental Health, edited by Charles Zeanah, MD,Guilford Press, 1993, NY, or Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications, edited by Jude Cassidy, Ph.D., & Phillip Shaver, Ph.D, Guilford Press, NY 1999.) It is a well researched theory that describes how how the attachment relationship develops, why it is crucual to later healthy development, and what are the effects of early maltreatment or other disruptions in this process. | ||
| Attachment Therapy is a broad term that covers a multitude of interventions. It is a term that has lost utility since it is used to cover so many interventions. Reputable approaches to treatment based on theory and research evidence include Theraplay, Dyadic Developmental Psychotherapy (See: Creating Capacity for Attachment edited by Arthur Becker-Weidman, PH.D, and Deborah Shell, MA, Wood 'N' Barnes, OK 2005 or "“Treatment for Children with Trauma-Attachment Disorders: Dyadic Developmental Psychotherapy,” Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal. Vol. 12 #6, December 2005. However, the use of coercive interventions has no basis in theory and is not supported by any reputable professional organization, including The Association for The Treatment and Training in the Attachment of Children, APA, NASW, or AMA. | |||
| Attachment disorder therapy believes that the child must be subjected to physical and psychological stress in order to release repressed anger at their abandonment. The process is continued until the child's psychological resistance is broken and the child has been "regressed to an infantile state". Then, parents reenact early childhood behaviors such as cradling, rocking and bottle-feeding in order to form the new attachment. | |||
| Treatment for attachment disorder may involve a ]. This can include "holding therapies" or "compression therapies". These treatments have been aggressively criticised for resulting in the deaths of several children. Most famously, 10-year-old Candace Newmaker was asphyxiated during a rebirthing procedure in Evergreen, Colorado on ] ]. Her therapists were subsequently convicted of child abuse and imprisoned. | |||
| According to the American Psychiatric Association, "While some therapists have advocated the use of so-called coercive holding therapies and or 're-birthing techniques', there is no scientific evidence to support the effectiveness of such interventions." | |||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
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| * | * | ||
| * http://www.ChildrenInTherapy.org | * http://www.ChildrenInTherapy.org | ||
| * | |||
| * (warning may be upsetting) | |||
| * ''Attachment Therapy on Trial: The Torture and Death of Candace Newmaker'', J Mercer, L Sarner, L Rosa, 2003. | |||
| * ''Death by Theory'', Michael Shermer, Scientific American, June 2004, p 48 | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | ] | ||
Revision as of 16:03, 4 December 2005
Attachment disorder is based on the psychological theories that 1) normal mother-child attachment forms in the first two years of life and 2) if a normal attachment is not formed during the first two to three years, attachment can be induced later. This theory is used, for example, to explain the behavioral difficulties of adopted children. Attachment Theory was developed by John Bowlby in the 1940's and 1950's and is the leading theory used in the fields of Infant Mental Health, Child Development, and related fields. (For example, see the following: Handbook of Infant Mental Health, edited by Charles Zeanah, MD,Guilford Press, 1993, NY, or Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications, edited by Jude Cassidy, Ph.D., & Phillip Shaver, Ph.D, Guilford Press, NY 1999.) It is a well researched theory that describes how how the attachment relationship develops, why it is crucual to later healthy development, and what are the effects of early maltreatment or other disruptions in this process.
Attachment Therapy is a broad term that covers a multitude of interventions. It is a term that has lost utility since it is used to cover so many interventions. Reputable approaches to treatment based on theory and research evidence include Theraplay, Dyadic Developmental Psychotherapy (See: Creating Capacity for Attachment edited by Arthur Becker-Weidman, PH.D, and Deborah Shell, MA, Wood 'N' Barnes, OK 2005 or "“Treatment for Children with Trauma-Attachment Disorders: Dyadic Developmental Psychotherapy,” Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal. Vol. 12 #6, December 2005. However, the use of coercive interventions has no basis in theory and is not supported by any reputable professional organization, including The Association for The Treatment and Training in the Attachment of Children, APA, NASW, or AMA.