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| |date_pre =1861 | |date_pre =1861 | ||
| |p1 = Republic of Mexico | |p1 = Republic of Mexico | ||
| |flag_p1 = |
|flag_p1 = Flag_of_Mexico_(1823-1864,_1867-1968).png | ||
| |national_motto = {{lang|pt|''Equidad en la Justicia''}}<br>(] for "Equity in Justice") | |national_motto = {{lang|pt|''Equidad en la Justicia''}}<br>(] for "Equity in Justice") | ||
| |s1 = Mexico | |s1 = Mexico | ||
| |flag_s1 = |
|flag_s1 = Flag_of_Mexico_(1823-1864,_1867-1968).png | ||
| |image_flag = Flag of Mexico |
|image_flag = Flag of Mexico 1864.svg | ||
| |image_coat = | |image_coat = | ||
| |image_map = Second Mexican Empire (orthographic projection).svg | |image_map = Second Mexican Empire (orthographic projection).svg | ||
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| The '''Second Mexican Empire''' was the name of ] under the regime established from 1864 to 1867. | The '''Second Mexican Empire''' was the name of ] under the regime established from 1864 to 1867. | ||
| It was created by ], who attempted to use the ] to recapture some of the grandeur of earlier Napoleonic times. The military intervention put Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian of Austria on the Mexican Throne as ]. It was promoted and installed by the French, with some support from the Austrian and Spanish Crowns, in order to create a European-style monarchical system in Mexico. | |||
| ==Description== | |||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| Following the Emperor Agustin's abdication, ] became a republic and as expected things got progressively worse. In 1833 Santa Anna was elected President and three years later he lost the vast state of Texas to Sam Houston at the battle of San Jacinto. Having learnt nothing from his defeat here, ] led the Mexican forces into a disastrous and ill advised war with the US in 1846 and went on to lose half of all Mexico’s territory. In 1853 under what is known as the Gadsden Purchase, he actually sold 77,000 square kilometres of Mexico (all of Southern ] and ]) to the US for $10 million, pocketing most of the proceeds for himself. Finally in 1855 the appalling Santa Anna was overthrown. Things continued to go from bad to worse and became so bad that even among his opponents, many regretted the passing of Agustin and the Empire, which in comparison had been a sea of calm. Between ] and ] there were more than fifty changes of President and the actual form of government was changed no less than ten times. These fluctuated between total anarchy and outright dictatorship. In the same period there were over 140 military coups, a record that has yet to be surpassed. | |||
| The French also had support from conservative elements within Mexico, such as the ], who were looking for a way to promote stability and end the constant cycle of unrest and revolution. | |||
| In 1860 after yet another bitter civil war, with the backing of the ], a ruthless and unprincipled radical native Indian lawyer by the name of ] seized power. Juarez immediately instigated a bloody anti clerical policy and confiscated much of what was left of the church’s wealth. He also suspended all repayments on foreign debts, with the exception of those owing to the ], to whom after all he owed his coming to power. The suspension led to the principal creditors, Britain, ] and ], sending a joint expeditionary force, which occupied the port of Vera Cruz in December 1861. Juarez fearing the worst gave in and repaid most of the outstanding interest and agreed to honour the debts. Britain and ] withdrew, their claims having been honoured. But France continued the war marching inland and occupying ]. | |||
| ==History== | |||
| ===French influence=== | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| ] saw the opportunity to make France the great civilizing influence in the Western Hemisphere as well as enabling her to capture the ] markets. To give him further encouragement, there was his half brother, the Duc de Morny, who was the largest single holder of ] bonds and whose value was zero as long as ] as in power. The candidate for the throne chosen by Empress Eugenie was the Archduke ] brother of the Austrian Emperor. Aged 30 at the time, ] was tall, romantic, very elegant and liberal. In other words quite the opposite of his conservative and practical brother Franz Josef. He was so different that rumours abounded that he was actually the son of the Duke of Reichstadt ''The Young Eagle'' and son and heir of ]. The Young ] had lived at the ] court until his untimely death at the age of 21 in the year of Maximilian's birth. He had been a particular favourite of Maximilian's mother who was utterly devoted to him. Whether this claim was true or not it might well have influenced ] in the choice of candidate. After all, if it were true they were cousins. | |||
| The rule of Emperor Maximiliano was blemished by constant conflict. On his arrival in 1864 with his wife, ], daughter of ], he found himself in the middle of a political struggle between the Liberals, headed by ], and the Conservatives that backed him. The two factions had set up parallel governments; the Conservatives in ] controlling central ] and the Liberals in ]. The Conservatives received funding from Europe, especially from ] and ] of France; the Liberals found backing from United States Presidents ] and ], after they had finished their own ] in 1865. | |||
| Because Emperor Maximilian was viewed as a French puppet by some, he was not regard him as the legitimate leader of Mexico by many, including the U.S. government. However, many Mexicans did view him favorably. | |||
| '''Aspects;''' | |||
| *The figure of ] Maximilian of ] is usually portrayed as a tragic one. His fate was indeed tragic but far more than that his life was also heroic. He was a man who lived in the shadow of being the younger son. He wanted a serious role, one he could dedicate his life and energies too. He found it in ]. | |||
| *Brought in as figurehead for the interests of ] he proved to be anything but. His interests became that of ] and the ]. When the ] realized that they had bitten off more than they could chew and had anyway miscalculated as far as Maximilian was concerned they withdrew. ] did not. | |||
| *While his coming to power through the auspices of a foreign power, namely France, was something many could not and do not forgive, ] really belongs in the realms of Mexico's heroes not only for what he did but also for what he didn't do. He saw himself in every sense as ]'s Emperor not ]'s. Having accepted the role it was his duty to accept their fate, for better or worse. | |||
| Under the orders of ] in 1867 Maximillian was publicly executed at the Cerro de las Campanas, near ]. | |||
| ⚫ | ===Chronology=== | ||
| ⚫ | *1832: Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian born on 6 July, the second son of Archduke Franz Karl and his wife Sophie in Schönbrunn Palace, Vienna. | ||
| Maximilian proved to be too liberal for the conservatives, and too conservative for the liberals. He regarded Mexico as his destiny and made many contributions. Before his death, Maximilian adopted the grandsons of the first Mexican emperor, ]. Today, ] is the pretender to the throne of Mexico. | |||
| ⚫ | *1851: Begins career in the Imperial and Royal Navy with the rank of lieutenant. | ||
| ⚫ | *1856: The construction of his castle of Miramar near the Adriatic port of Trieste began. | ||
| ⚫ | *1857: Ferdinand Max appointed the governor-general of the northern Italian provinces of Lombardy-Venetia. On the 27th July marries the Princess Charlotte of Belgium in Brussels. | ||
| ⚫ | *1859: On the 19th April relieved of his post as governor-general. War breaks out between France and Piedmont-Sardinia. | ||
| ⚫ | *1861: Napoleon III suggests Maximilian as a candidate for the throne of Mexico. | ||
| ⚫ | *1863: In October a Mexican delegation arrives at Miramar to offer Maximilian and Charlotte the crown. Maximilian makes his acceptance conditional on a national plebiscite in his favour. | ||
| ⚫ | *1864: On the 14th April Maximilian and Charlotte leave Miramar on board the Austrian ship NOVARA to sail to Mexico. | ||
| ⚫ | *1865: End of the American civil war. Pressure on France to respect the Monroe Doctrine. | ||
| ⚫ | *1865: Maximilian adopts Don Agustin and Don Salvador. | ||
| ⚫ | *1866: Napoleon III orders the withdrawal of French troops from Mexico. The Emperor Maximilian refuses to desert his Mexican supporters. Charlotte sails to Europe to plead for help, growing persecution mania robs her of her senses. Republican troops on the advance in Mexico. | ||
| ⚫ | *1867: Maximilian and his Imperial troops besieged in the town of Querétaro. The town falls through betrayal after 72 days. On 19 June the Emperor Maximilian and two loyalist generals executed by a republican firing-squad on the Hill of the Bells. | ||
| ⚫ | *1868: On the18th January the body of Maximilian laid to rest among his ancestors in the Imperial Crypt of the Capuchin Church in Vienna. | ||
| ==Territorial division== | ==Territorial division== | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| The Empire was divided into |
The Empire was divided into 50 departments (departamentos): | ||
| {| | {| | ||
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| *] | *] | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| ⚫ | *] | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| ⚫ | *] | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| ⚫ | *] | ||
| ⚫ | *] | ||
| ⚫ | *] | ||
| ⚫ | *] | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| ⚫ | *] | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| ⚫ | *] | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| ⚫ | *] | ||
| ⚫ | *] | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| *] | *] | ||
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| *] | *] | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| ⚫ | *] | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| ⚫ | *] | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| *] | |||
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| *] | *] | ||
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| *] | *] | ||
| *] | |||
| *] | *] | ||
| *] | |||
| |width="200" valign="top"| | |width="200" valign="top"| | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| *] | *] | ||
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| *] | *] | ||
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| *] | *] | ||
| |width="200" valign="top"| | |width="200" valign="top"| | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| *] | |||
| ⚫ | *] | ||
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| *] | *] | ||
| ⚫ | *] | ||
| ⚫ | *] | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| |} | |} | ||
| ===The Role of France=== | |||
| ⚫ | ] had more ambitious goals in mind than merely the of recovery of France's debts. ] heavily influenced by his wife the Empress Eugenie, was bent of reviving the Mexican monarchy. He wanted to place a monarch on the throne who would promote the interests of France. Prior to 1861 any interference in the affairs of ] by any of the European powers would have been viewed as a challenge to the ] and no one wanted to provoke a conflict with them. However by 1861 the USA was embroiled in it’s own bloody conflict, the civil war. The war at home made the government in Washington powerless to intervene. Encouraged by the Empress Eugenie, who saw herself as the champion of the emasculated Catholic Church in ], ] took advantage of the situation. | ||
| ] saw the opportunity to make France the great civilizing influence in the Western Hemisphere as well as enabling her to capture the ] markets. To give him further encouragement, there was his half brother, the Duc de Morny, who was the largest single holder of ] bonds. | |||
| ⚫ | ===Chronology=== | ||
| ⚫ | *1832: Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian born on 6 July, the second son of Archduke Franz Karl and his wife Sophie in Schönbrunn Palace, Vienna. | ||
| ⚫ | *1851: Begins career in the Imperial and Royal Navy with the rank of lieutenant. | ||
| ⚫ | *1856: The construction of his castle of Miramar near the Adriatic port of Trieste began. | ||
| ⚫ | *1857: Ferdinand Max appointed the governor-general of the northern Italian provinces of Lombardy-Venetia. On the 27th July marries the Princess Charlotte of Belgium in Brussels. | ||
| ⚫ | *1859: On the 19th April relieved of his post as governor-general. War breaks out between France and Piedmont-Sardinia. | ||
| ⚫ | *1861: Napoleon III suggests Maximilian as a candidate for the throne of Mexico. | ||
| ⚫ | *1863: In October a Mexican delegation arrives at Miramar to offer Maximilian and Charlotte the crown. Maximilian makes his acceptance conditional on a national plebiscite in his favour. | ||
| ⚫ | *1864: On the 14th April Maximilian and Charlotte leave Miramar on board the Austrian ship NOVARA to sail to Mexico. | ||
| ⚫ | *1865: End of the American civil war. Pressure on France to respect the Monroe Doctrine. | ||
| ⚫ | *1865: Maximilian adopts Don Agustin and Don Salvador. | ||
| ⚫ | *1866: Napoleon III orders the withdrawal of French troops from Mexico. The Emperor Maximilian refuses to desert his Mexican supporters. Charlotte sails to Europe to plead for help, growing persecution mania robs her of her senses. Republican troops on the advance in Mexico. | ||
| ⚫ | *1867: Maximilian and his Imperial troops besieged in the town of Querétaro. The town falls through betrayal after 72 days. On 19 June the Emperor Maximilian and two loyalist generals executed by a republican firing-squad on the Hill of the Bells. | ||
| ⚫ | *1868: On the18th January the body of Maximilian laid to rest among his ancestors in the Imperial Crypt of the Capuchin Church in Vienna. | ||
| ==Popular culture== | |||
| The 1970 ] '']'' was set in ] during the years of the Second Mexican Empire. The two main characters, played by ] and ], aided a Mexican resistance force and ultimately led them to overpower a French garrison. | |||
| The 1954 film ] was also set in Mexico and has an appearance of ] having a target shooting competition with ] and ]'s character at ]. | |||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
Revision as of 00:21, 11 August 2009
| Mexican EmpireImperio Mexicano | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1864–1867 | |||||||||
| Flag of Mexico Flag | |||||||||
| Motto: Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (Spanish for "Equity in Justice") | |||||||||
.svg) Territory of the Second Mexican Empire upon establishment | |||||||||
| Capital | Mexico City | ||||||||
| Common languages | Spanish | ||||||||
| Government | Constitutional monarchy | ||||||||
| Emperor | |||||||||
| • 1864-1867 | Maximiliano I | ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
| • French Intervention | 1861 | ||||||||
| • Maximilian I accepts the crown | April 10 1864 | ||||||||
| • Emperor executed | June 19 1867 | ||||||||
| ISO 3166 code | MX | ||||||||
| |||||||||
The Second Mexican Empire was the name of Mexico under the regime established from 1864 to 1867.
It was created by Napoleon III of France, who attempted to use the Mexican adventure to recapture some of the grandeur of earlier Napoleonic times. The military intervention put Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian of Austria on the Mexican Throne as Maximilian I of Mexico. It was promoted and installed by the French, with some support from the Austrian and Spanish Crowns, in order to create a European-style monarchical system in Mexico.
The French also had support from conservative elements within Mexico, such as the Mexican nobility, who were looking for a way to promote stability and end the constant cycle of unrest and revolution.
History
The rule of Emperor Maximiliano was blemished by constant conflict. On his arrival in 1864 with his wife, Empress Carlota of Mexico, daughter of King Léopold I of the Belgians, he found himself in the middle of a political struggle between the Liberals, headed by Benito Juárez, and the Conservatives that backed him. The two factions had set up parallel governments; the Conservatives in Mexico City controlling central Mexico and the Liberals in Veracruz. The Conservatives received funding from Europe, especially from Isabella II of Spain and Napoleon III of France; the Liberals found backing from United States Presidents Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson, after they had finished their own Civil War in 1865.
Because Emperor Maximilian was viewed as a French puppet by some, he was not regard him as the legitimate leader of Mexico by many, including the U.S. government. However, many Mexicans did view him favorably.
Under the orders of Benito Juárez in 1867 Maximillian was publicly executed at the Cerro de las Campanas, near Queretaro.
Maximilian proved to be too liberal for the conservatives, and too conservative for the liberals. He regarded Mexico as his destiny and made many contributions. Before his death, Maximilian adopted the grandsons of the first Mexican emperor, Agustín de Iturbide. Today, Maximilian von Götzen-Itúrbide is the pretender to the throne of Mexico.
Territorial division
The Empire was divided into 50 departments (departamentos):
The Role of France
Napoleon III had more ambitious goals in mind than merely the of recovery of France's debts. Napoleon III heavily influenced by his wife the Empress Eugenie, was bent of reviving the Mexican monarchy. He wanted to place a monarch on the throne who would promote the interests of France. Prior to 1861 any interference in the affairs of Mexico by any of the European powers would have been viewed as a challenge to the United States and no one wanted to provoke a conflict with them. However by 1861 the USA was embroiled in it’s own bloody conflict, the civil war. The war at home made the government in Washington powerless to intervene. Encouraged by the Empress Eugenie, who saw herself as the champion of the emasculated Catholic Church in Mexico, Napoleon III took advantage of the situation.
Napoleon III saw the opportunity to make France the great civilizing influence in the Western Hemisphere as well as enabling her to capture the South American markets. To give him further encouragement, there was his half brother, the Duc de Morny, who was the largest single holder of Mexican bonds.
Chronology
- 1832: Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian born on 6 July, the second son of Archduke Franz Karl and his wife Sophie in Schönbrunn Palace, Vienna.
- 1851: Begins career in the Imperial and Royal Navy with the rank of lieutenant.
- 1856: The construction of his castle of Miramar near the Adriatic port of Trieste began.
- 1857: Ferdinand Max appointed the governor-general of the northern Italian provinces of Lombardy-Venetia. On the 27th July marries the Princess Charlotte of Belgium in Brussels.
- 1859: On the 19th April relieved of his post as governor-general. War breaks out between France and Piedmont-Sardinia.
- 1861: Napoleon III suggests Maximilian as a candidate for the throne of Mexico.
- 1863: In October a Mexican delegation arrives at Miramar to offer Maximilian and Charlotte the crown. Maximilian makes his acceptance conditional on a national plebiscite in his favour.
- 1864: On the 14th April Maximilian and Charlotte leave Miramar on board the Austrian ship NOVARA to sail to Mexico.
- 1865: End of the American civil war. Pressure on France to respect the Monroe Doctrine.
- 1865: Maximilian adopts Don Agustin and Don Salvador.
- 1866: Napoleon III orders the withdrawal of French troops from Mexico. The Emperor Maximilian refuses to desert his Mexican supporters. Charlotte sails to Europe to plead for help, growing persecution mania robs her of her senses. Republican troops on the advance in Mexico.
- 1867: Maximilian and his Imperial troops besieged in the town of Querétaro. The town falls through betrayal after 72 days. On 19 June the Emperor Maximilian and two loyalist generals executed by a republican firing-squad on the Hill of the Bells.
- 1868: On the18th January the body of Maximilian laid to rest among his ancestors in the Imperial Crypt of the Capuchin Church in Vienna.
Popular culture
The 1970 film Two Mules for Sister Sara was set in Mexico during the years of the Second Mexican Empire. The two main characters, played by Clint Eastwood and Shirley MacLaine, aided a Mexican resistance force and ultimately led them to overpower a French garrison.
The 1954 film Vera Cruz (film) was also set in Mexico and has an appearance of Maximilian I of Mexico having a target shooting competition with Gary Cooper and Burt Lancaster's character at Chapultepec Castle.
See also
- First Mexican Empire
- French intervention in Mexico
- Mexican Imperial Orders
- List of Emperors of Mexico