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An outlaw motorcycle club is a type of motorcycle club that is part of a subculture with roots in the post-WWII USA, centered on cruiser motorcycles, particularly Harley-Davidsons and choppers, and a set of ideals celebrating freedom, nonconformity to mainstream culture, and loyalty to the biker group. The word outlaw carries a specific meaning which does not imply criminal intent, but rather means the club is not sanctioned by the American Motorcyclist Association (AMA) and does not adhere to the AMA's rules, but instead, generally, the club enforces a set of bylaws on its members that derive from the values of the outlaw biker culture. Related to the term outlaw is one percenter, which is also derived from the historical rejection of the AMA and what it represents. Many motorcycle gangs which are considered to be criminal organizations by law enforcement authorities call themselves outlaw motorcycle clubs or one percenters and participate in that subculture, but their actions do not represent all outlaw clubs. In Germany, outlaw motorcycle gangs are called rockers or rocker gangs.

Non-outlaw groups, like the Harley Owners Group, adopt similar insignia, colors, organizational structure, and trappings like beards and leather outfits which are typical of outlaw gangs, making it difficult for outsiders to tell the difference. These groups appear to be, ironically, attracted by the mystique of the outlaw image but are offended by the suggestion that they are outlaws.

Organization and leadership

The typical internal organization of a motorcycle club consists of a president, vice president, treasurer, secretary, road captain, and sergeant-at-arms. Localized groups of a single, large MC are called chapters, and the first chapter established for an MC is referred to as the mother chapter. The president of the mother chapter serves as the president of the entire MC, and sets club policy on a variety of issues.

Larger motorcycle clubs for this type often acquire real estate for use as a clubhouse or private compound. These clubs often have security features such as closed-circuit television monitors, motion detector lights, and barbed wire-topped fences. As well, the clubhouse or compound walls may be reinforced materials such as plate steel or kevlar to provide ballistic protection.

Membership

In some "biker" clubs, as part of becoming a full member, an individual must pass a vote of the membership and swear some level of allegiance to the club. Some clubs have a unique club patch (or patches) adorned with the term MC that are worn on the rider's vest, known as colors. The oldest motorcycle clubs in the U.S. are the Yonkers MC, founded in 1903, the San Francisco MC, founded 1904, and the Oakland MC.

In these clubs, some amount of hazing may occur during the prospecting period, ranging from the mandatory performance of menial labor tasks for full patch members to sophomoric pranks, and, in the case of outlaw motorcycle gangs, acts of violence. During this time, the prospect may wear the club name on the back of their vest, but not the full logo, though this practice may vary from club to club. To become a full member, the prospect or probate must be voted on by the rest of the full club members. Successful admission usually requires more than a simple majority, and some clubs may reject a prospect or a probate for a single dissenting vote. A formal induction follows, in which the new member affirms his loyalty to the club and its members. The final logo patch is then awarded. Full members are often referred to as "full patch members" and the step of attaining full membership can be referred to as "being patched".

Colors

The primary visual identification of a member of an MC is the vest adorned with a specific large club patch or patches, predominantly located in the middle of the back. The patch(es) will contain a club logo, the name of the club, and the letters MC, and a possible state, province, or other chapter identification. This garment and the patches themselves are referred to as the "colors", or, sometimes, "cuts", a term taken from the early practice of cutting the collars and/or sleeves from a denim or leather jacket. But all MCs wear vests with their colors on their vests. Many non-outlaw motorcycle riding clubs (as opposed to MCs) such as Harley Owners Group (HOG) also wear patches on the back of their vests, but the letters MC are nowhere to be seen on such patches. This is an important distinction, for only genuine Motorcycle Clubs sport the MC moniker. The 1% patch is what distinguishes the outlaw Motorcycle Clubs from normal Motorcycle Clubs. Motorcycle Associations or Rider Clubs do not identify themselves with an MC patch.

One-, two-, and three-piece patches

The colors worn by members of these clubs will either consist of a one-piece patch (Motorcycle Associations), two-piece patch (Rider Clubs), or a three piece patch (true Motorcycle Clubs). The Three Piece Patch Set consists of the club logo and the top and bottom patches, usually crescent shaped, which are referred to as rockers. The number and arrangement of patches is somewhat indicative of the nature of the club. All true Motorcycle Clubs will have a three-piece patch arrangement. Not all (or even most) clubs sporting a three-piece patch are one-percenters, however. The club patches always remain property of the club itself, not the member, and only members are allowed to wear the club's colors. A member must closely guard their colors, for allowing one's colors to fall into the hands of an outsider is an act of disgrace and may result in loss of membership in a club, or some other punishment. Contrary to recent popular belief, a 5 Piece Patch Set does not exist. The separate designation patch (MC, VC, SBR, etc.) is sometimes called the CUBE Patch. Some clubs do not count it as part of the color set.

Law enforcement agencies have confiscated colors and other club paraphernalia of these types of clubs when they raid a clubhouse or the home of an MC member, and they often display these items at press conferences. These items are then used at trial to support prosecution assertions that MC members perform criminal acts on behalf of their club. Courts have found that the probative value of such items is far outweighed by their prejudicial effects on the defense.

Other patches

Other patches sometimes used by include a skull and crossbones patch or one proclaiming, "Respect Few, Fear None," which is given to members who commit murder or other acts of violence on behalf of the club. A number 13 patch stands for the 13th letter of the alphabet, M, indicating the wearer is a user of marijuana.

There are also wings or "biker's wings" which are earned something like jump wings or pilot's wings, but with several gruesome meanings. A biker who had sex with a woman with venereal disease can wear green wings, while purple wings indicate having had sex with a corpse. Biker and professor of humanities Alan R. Pratt has suggested that these are joke meanings, intended to make fools of those on the outside of the outlaw biker world, and also to serve the purpose of provoking outrage among the square public and authorities. The use of Nazi symbols, such as swastikas or the SS death's head, do not necessarily indicate Nazi sympathies, but serve to express the outlaw biker's total rejection of social constraints, and desire to generate anger and confrontation among those who fail to understand the biker way. This can be explained as trolling in current online parlance. In Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, Hunter S. Thompson boasts of fabricating the ersatz drug scene slang term "tea shades" (supposedly meaning sunglasses) in a similar attempt to make fools of law enforcement authorities.

One Percenters

The term One Percenter is said to have been coined after an incident in Hollister, California in 1947 which was dubbed the Hollister riot. Whether an actual riot occurred is debatable, but there was a motorcycle rally in Hollister from July 4 to July 6 of that year that was attended by about 4000 people. Several newspaper articles were written that, according to some attendees, sensationalized the event. Life magazine ran an article that included a staged photo of a slovenly-looking man on a motorcycle with beer bottles piled under the wheels and a bottle in each of his hands. The film The Wild One, starring Marlon Brando, was inspired by this event, and it became the first in a series of movies that depicted bikers and members of motorcycle clubs in this stereotypical manner. It has been reported that the press asked the American Motorcyclist Association (AMA) to comment on the Hollister incident, and their response was that 99% of motorcyclists were law-abiding citizens, and the last one percent were outlaws. Thus was born the term, "one percenter." The AMA now says they have no record of such a statement to the press, and call this story apocryphal. They are also known as Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs or OMGs according to the ATF.

Gender and race

One-percenter MCs (OMCs) do not allow women to become full-patch members, rather, women are submissive to the men, treated as property, victimized by forcing them into prostitution or street level drug trafficking and are often physically and sexually abused. Any pay women receive is given to their individual men and sometimes to the entire club. Women's roles as obedient followers, and their status as objects, make these groups extremely gender segregated.

Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs are typically racially homogeneous, and can be racially exclusive. For example, membership in the Hells Angels is not open to African-Americans or Hispanics, which has led to creation of rival clubs such as the Bandidos and the Mongols Motorcycle Club. MC members are not usually referred to by their given names, but instead refer to each other by nicknames, or road names, sometimes even displaying their road name on the club vest.

Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs

The U.S. Department of Justice defines Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs as organizations whose members use their motorcycle clubs as conduits for criminal enterprises. Both the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and Criminal Intelligence Service Canada have designated four MCs as Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs (OMGs), which are the Pagans, Hells Angels, Outlaws MC, and Bandidos, known as the "Big Four". These four have a large enough national impact to be prosecuted under the Federal Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) statute. The California Attorney General also lists the Mongols as an outlaw motorcycle gang. The FBI asserts that OMGs support themselves primarily through drug dealing, trafficking in stolen goods, and extortion, and that they fight over territory and the illegal drug trade. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police Gazette, quoting from the Provincial Court of Manitoba, defines these groups as: "Any group of motorcycle enthusiasts who have voluntarily made a commitment to band together and abide by their organizations' rigorous rules enforced by violence, who engage in activities that bring them and their club into serious conflict with society and the law".

The FBI asserts that OMGs collect $1 billion in illegal income annually and that street gangs, prison gangs, and OMGs are the primary retail distributors of illegal drugs in the US, with OMGs dominating US methamphetamine trade distribution. In 1985 a three-year, eleven-state FBI operation named Roughrider culminated in the largest OMG bust in history, with the confiscation of $2 million worth of illegal drugs, as well as an illegal arsenal of weapons, ranging from Uzi submachine guns to antitank weapons. In October, 2008, the FBI announced the end of a 6-month undercover operation by agents into the narcotics trafficking by the Mongols Motorcycle Gang. The bust went down with 160 search warrants and 110 arrest warrants

Canada, especially, has in the past two decades experienced a significant upsurge in crime involving outlaw motorcycle gangs, most notably in what has been dubbed the Quebec Biker war, which has involved more than 150 murders (plus a young bystander killed by an exploding car bomb), 84 bombings, and 130 cases of arson. The increased violence in Canada has been attributed to turf wars over the illegal drug trafficking business, specifically relating to access to the Port of Montreal , but also as the Hells Angels have sought to obtain control of the street level trade from other rival and/or independent gangs in various regions of Canada.

Members and supporters of these clubs insist that illegal activities are isolated occurrences and that they, as a whole, are not criminal organizations. They often compare themselves to police departments, wherein the occasional "bad cop" does not make a police department a criminal organization. One biker website has a news section devoted to "cops gone bad" to support their point of view, and the Hells Angels sponsors charitable events for Toys for Tots in an attempt to legitimize themselves with public opinion.

Contrary to other criminal organizations, OMGs operate on an individual basis instead of top-down, which is how supporters can claim that only some members are committing crimes. Belonging guarantees to each member the option of running criminal activity, using other members as support - the main characteristic of OMGs being "amoral individualism" in contrast to the hierarchical orders and bonds of "amoral familism" of other criminal organizations such as the Mafia.

Relationships among motorcycle clubs

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In the United States, many MCs have established state-wide MC confederations. These confederations are composed of MCs who have chapters in the state, and the occasional interested third party organization. The confederation holds periodic meetings on neutral ground, wherein representatives from each club (usually the presidents and vice-presidents, but not always) meet in closed session to resolve disputes between clubs and discuss issues of common interest.

The largest one-percent club tends to dominate the confederation, using their numbers to impose their will on other clubs. Sometimes clubs are forced into, or willingly accept, "support" roles for a one-percent club. Smaller clubs who resist a large one-percent club have been forcibly disbanded, e.g. told to hand over their colors or risk war. With the exception of Law Enforcement Clubs , smaller clubs usually comply, since members of a family club are usually unwilling to risk injury or worse. Another tactic used by one-percent clubs is to force smaller clubs to join the AMA and wear an AMA patch. This is considered an act of shame by some clubs, and a club thus forced may wear an upside-down AMA patch on their colors as a form of protest and to retain their dignity.

Certain large one-percent MCs are rivals with each other and will fight over territory and other issues. In 2002, members of the Mongols MC and the Hells Angels MC had a confrontation in Laughlin, Nevada at the Harrah's Laughlin Casino that left three bikers dead. Another melee, this time between the Hells Angels and the Pagans MC, occurred in February, 2002 at a Hells Angels convention in Long Island, New York. Police reports indicate the Pagans were outraged that the event was held on what they considered their "home turf".

The local COC (Coalition of Clubs) has eliminated most of the inter-club rivalry. Club members tend to be older veterans, and given the cost of ownership of a Harley Dresser type motorcycle, increasingly well to do.

The "big 5" national 1% clubs tend to be territorial. Smaller clubs are allowed to form with the permission of the dominant regional club. Smaller clubs will usually be required to wear a "support" patch on their vests that shows their support for the dominant regional. Certain clubs are exempt from this requirement, such as the police clubs ("Iron Pigs") as well as the national "military only" clubs like the "US Military Vets MC".

Certain organizations also sponsor clubs such as the Harley Owners Group, the international Jewish Motorcyclists Alliance which is made up of individual Jewish chapter "clubs", and then there is the Christian Motorcyclists Association. These are not considered "real" motorcycle clubs and can be easily differentiated from "real" clubs by the lack of MC (Motorcycle Club) or "MG" (Motorcycle Gang) on the back of their vests. When a bar or other establishment posts a "No Colors" sign, they are specifically targeting people with the MC or "MG" letters on the vest.

The incidence of drug dealing and illegal activities in the vast majority of MCs mirrors the percentage of criminal behavior in society as a whole. Most clubs are organized as a 501c charitable organization and provide money and support to a variety of charities. Typical events include "poker runs" and '50-50' raffles where a portion of the proceeds are donated to the club's designated cause. Additionally the clubs provide support services and maintenance for members in the form of trailers, tools, etc.

The clubs also stress safety and rider skills. Most will have a "road captain" who is responsible for safe riding. The members will generally have a pre-run safety check where required equipment, tires, etc are checked. This is both for member safety and prevent giving the police any justification for stopping the pack. Most states have special provisions for "Funerals and Other Processions" that allow the pack as a whole to go through a signal light as long as the first bike entered the intersection legally under the green. Packs tend to ride "high & tight" to prevent other vehicles from attempting to 'bull' into the pack. This type of behavior by a cage (car) is extremely dangerous to a pack and happens quite often, especially in larger runs (20+ bikes) Organized runs with large numbers will usually include "road guard" bikes whose responsibility is to block intersections and roads to allow the pack to enter/exit the highway or turn as a unit. Biker clubs have long initiations and many 'team building' exercises to foster trust and confidence between members. Someone that has marginal riding skills will be relegated to the back of the pack until their skills are such that they are capable of riding without the risk of 'bumping pegs' with the other riders. Contrary to popular myth, most clubs don't imbibe large amounts of alcohol until the end of the run.

See also

• List of motorcycle biker patches
• Outlaw biker film
• Altamont Free Concert

Notes

1. Drew, A. J. (2002), The everything motorcycle book: the one book you must have to buy, ride, and maintain your motorcycle, Adams Media Corp, pp. 193=203, ISBN 1580625541, 9781580625548 {{citation}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
2. "Renegade rocker shot dead in the street", Bild, 14 August 2009
3. Brown, Roland; McDiarmid, Mac (2000), The Ultimate Motorcycle Encyclopedia: Harley-Davidson, Ducati, Triumph, Honda, Kawasaki and All the Great Marques, Anness Publishing, p. 352, ISBN 1840388986, 9781840388985 {{citation}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
4. 1% - Example of Bylaws- Motorcycle Club and Riding Club Education]
5. "Under and Alone: The True Story of the Undercover Agent Who Infiltrated America's Most Violent Outlaw Motorcycle Gang". Author William Queen, 2004
6. Five charged in murders of eight Bandidos bikers- CTV.ca, June 10, 2006, Retrieved October 10, 2007
7. The United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit, Case Nos. 95-2829 and 95-2879; UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. JOHN E. IRVIN and THOMAS E. PASTOR, Defendants-Appellants
8. KTLA TV, Los Angeles
9. ATF affidavit
10. Thompson, Hunter S. (1996), Hell's angels: a strange and terrible saga, Random House, ISBN 0345410084, 9780345410085 {{citation}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
11. Herald Sun
12. Daily Mail
13. Glover, Scott (22 October 2008), "Raid targets Mongols motorcycle gang", The Los Angeles Times, There are also patches associated with the gang's alleged sexual rituals. Members are awarded wings of varying colors for engaging in sex acts with women at pre-arranged "wing parties," the indictment states. Members who have sex with a woman with venereal disease are given green wings; those who have sex with a woman's corpse are given purple wings, according to the indictment.
14. Pratt, Alan R. (2006), "Motorcycling, Nihilism, and the Price of Cool; Nihilism and FTW Style", Harley-Davidson and philosophy: full-throttle Aristotle; Volume 18 of Popular culture and philosophy, Open Court Publishing, ISBN 081269595X, 9780812695953, 'Dangerous Motorcycle Gangs,' a widely circulated two-hour police course, notes that a white cross on a biker's colors is earned by robbing a grave, a red cross by 'committing homosexual fellatio with a witness present.' Green wings denote the wearer performed cunnilingus on a venereally diseased woman and purple wing signify -- get this! -- oral sex with a dead woman! (p. 32). As a rejection of values and an expression of nihilism, what could be more aberrant and grossly offensive? And even if these interpretations are inaccurate or fabricated by bikers themselves as a joke, they still reveal the outrage that the outlaw biker expression of nihilism intended to inspire. When we discover that everything is false, Nietzsche warned, we learn that anything is permitted. {{citation}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help); Unknown parameter |editorfirst= ignored (|editor-first= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |editorlast= ignored (|editor-last= suggested) (help)
15. Thompson, Hunter S. (1998), Fear and loathing in Las Vegas: a savage journey to the heart of the American dream (2nd ed.), Vintage Books, ISBN 0679785892, 9780679785897, And it was probably somebody like Leary who told him, with a straight face, that sunglasses are known in the drug culture as 'tea shades.' This is the kind of dangerous gibberish that used to be posted, in the form of mimeographed bulletins, in Police Department locker rooms. {{citation}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help); line feed character in |quote= at position 20 (help)
16. Dougherty, C.I. (1947-07-05). "Motorcyclists Take Over Town, Many Injured". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2007-10-24. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
17. Dougherty, C.I. (1947-07-06). "2000 'Gypsycycles' Chug Out of Town and the Natives Sigh 'Never Again'". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2007-10-24. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
18. Lindsey, Tom (November 2005), "A Brief History of "Outlaw" Motorcycle Clubs", International Journal of Motorcycle Studies, The Life story caused something of a tumult around the country (Yates), and some authors have asserted that the AMA subsequently released a press statement disclaiming involvement in the Hollister event, stating that 99% of motorcyclists are good, decent, law-abiding citizens, and that the AMA's ranks of motorcycle clubs were not involved in the debacle (e.g., Reynolds, Thompson). However, the American Motorcyclist Association has no record of ever releasing such as statement. Tom Lindsay, the AMA's Public Information Director, states 'We acknowledge that the term 'one-percenter' has long been (and likely will continue to be) attributed to the American Motorcyclist Association, but we've been unable to attribute its original use to an AMA official or published statement—so it's apocryphal.'
19. http://www.usdoj.gov/criminal/gangunit/about/omgangs.html
20. Book, Organised Crime By Alan Wright
21. CBS News
22. Fox News
23. Tandem News
24. Women in Outlaw Motorcycle Clubs, From Constructions of Deviance: Social Power, Context, and Interaction, P 389-401, 1994, Patricia A and Peter Adler, eds
25. Into the Abyss: A Personal Journey into the World of Street Gangs, Mike Carlie Phd
26. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, Vol. 18, No. 4, 363-387 (1990)
27. Book, "Beyond the Mafia" by Sue Mahan and Katherine O'Neil
28. Hopper first1=Columbus B.; Moore, Johnny "Big John" (Summer 1983), "Hell on Wheels; The Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs", Journal of American Culture, vol. 6, no. 2, Bowling Green, Ohio, pp. 58–9, Outlaw cyclists are generally male and between 21 and 45 years of age. The average age for a club studied was 34. There are black gangs, white gangs, and Mexican and other Spanish-speaking gangs. Although race does not appear to be important as a creed or philosophical orientation to them, virtually all of the clubs are racially unmixed. And it should be mentioned that bikers who are in prisons, as prisoners have done generally, band together along racial lines (Killinger and Cromwell, 1978). {{citation}}: Missing pipe in: |last1= (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
29. Barker, Tom (September, 2005), "One Percent Biker Clubs -- A Description", Trends in Organized Crime, vol. 9, no. 1, Springer New York, p. 111, doi:10.1007/s12117-005-1005-0, ISSN 1084-4791, One percent biker clubs in the existing literature have been described as all white clubs, however, there are at least four black or interracial 1% biker clubs. {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
30. Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs- OZBiker.org
31. Gangs in Maryland- University of Maryland
32. Outlaw Motorcycle Groups- Laurier College
33. Dozens of outlaw bikers arrested in ATF sting- MSNBC.com, Oct 21, 2008
34. Dozens of Outlaw Bikers Arrested in ATF Sting.- MSNBC.com, October 21, 2008
35. U.S. Dept. of Justice
36. FBI Safe Street Violent Crime Initiative - Report Fiscal Year 2000- FBI.org
37. 2004 Annual Report- Criminal Intelligence Service Canada, cisc.gc.ca
38. Motorcycle Gangs- Connecticut Gang Investigators Association
39. 2004 Annual Report- Criminal Intelligence Service Canada (CISC), cisc.gc.ca
40. Organized Crime in California - 2004 Annual Report to the Legislature- California Department of Justice
41. Dozens of outlaw bikers arrested in ATF sting- MSBNC.com, October 21, 2008
42. Organized Crime Investigation- by T. O'Connor, Austin PEA State University
43. ^ Organized Crime Fact Sheet- Public Safety Canada
44. The Hells Angels' Devilish Business- CNN.com, November 30, 1992
45. Biker Gangs in Canada- CBC News, April 5, 2007
46. Narcotics Digest, Gangs In The United States- the National Gang Center
47. Comprehensively Combating Methamphetamine: Impact on Health and the Environment- DEA Deputy Chief Joseph Rannazzisi, congressional testimony on October 20, 2005
48. The Hells Angels' Devilish Business- by Andrew E. Serwer, Fortune Magazine, November 30, 1992
49. Sonny Barger Kicks Starts Life as a Free Man by Violating Parole- by Philip Martin, Phoenix New Times, December 2, 1992.
50. Sonny Barger Kicks Starts Life as a Free Man by Violating Parole- by Philip Martin, Phoenix New Times, December 2, 1992
51. Busting Hell's Angels- Time Magazine, May 13, 1985
52. Feds bust motorcycle gang with Ore. ties - KVAL-CBS, October 21, 2008
53. Was Noye case witness killed by Hell's Angels?- Guardian Observer, October 15, 2000
54. The Biker Trials: Bringing Down the Hells Angels, by Paul Cherry, ECW Press, 2005
55. Fallen Angel: The Unlikely Rise of Walter Stadnick in the Canadian Hells Angels, by Jerry Langton, Wiley & Sons, 2006
56. Cops Gone Bad- Bikernews.net
57. Storm Approaching- by Michael Jamison, The Missoulian, July 2000
58. Tandem News, Angels With Dirty Faces by Antonio Nicaso
59. Ex-Hells Angels official says cops kept out of club- by Adrienne Packer, Las Vegas Review-Journal, October 5, 2006
60. Laughlin Shootout: Signs told of melee in making- by Glenn Puit and Dave Berns, Las Vegas Review Journal, April 30, 2002
61. 73 Bikers Arrested- New York Times, March 13, 2002

References

• CNN article on outlaw bikers
• Coulthart, Ross and McNab, Duncan, Dead Man Running: An Insider's Story on One of the World's Most Feared Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs, the Bandidos Allen & Unwin, 2008, (ISBN 1-7417-5463-1)
• Hayes, Bill. The Original Wild Ones: Tales of The Boozefighters Motorcycle Club, Est. 1946. St. Paul, MN: Motorbooks, 2005.
• Veno, Arthur, The Mammoth Book of Bikers, Constable & Robinson, 2007 (ISBN 0-7867-2046-8)
• Vieth, Errol, "Angels in the Media: Constructing Outlaw Motorcyclists", in Consent and Consensus, edited by Denis Cryle and Jean Hiliier, Perth, API Network, 2005, 97–116 (ISBN 1-920845-12-7).
• Winterhalder, Edward, Out in Bad Standings: Inside the Bandidos Motorcycle Club - The Making of a Worldwide Dynasty, Blockhead City Press, 2005/Seven Locks Press, 2007 (ISBN 0-9771-7470-0)
• Winterhalder, Edward, & De Clercq, Wil, The Assimilation: Rock Machine Become Bandidos – Bikers United Against the Hells Angels, ECW Press, 2008 (ISBN 1-5502-2824-2)

External links

• Template:Dmoz
• Template:Dmoz
• African American Motorcycle Clubs
• Outlaw Biker World - biker news
• Outlaw Biker (UK)- Worldwide Biker News

• Outlaw motorcycle clubs
• Motorcycling subculture