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Ayn Rand (pronounced /ˈaɪn ˈrænd/; born Alisa Zinov'yevna Rosenbaum; February 2 [O.S. January 20] 1905 – March 6, 1982), was a Russian-American novelist, philosopher, playwright, and screenwriter. She is known for her best-selling novels and for developing a philosophical system called Objectivism. Born and educated in Russia, Rand emigrated to the United States in 1926. She worked as a screenwriter in Hollywood and had a play produced on Broadway in 1935-1936. She first achieved fame with The Fountainhead (1943), and her best-known work – the philosophical novel Atlas Shrugged – was published in 1957.

Rand's political views, reflected in both her fiction and her theoretical work, emphasize individual rights (including property rights) and laissez-faire capitalism, enforced by constitutionally limited government. She was a fierce opponent of all forms of collectivism and statism, including fascism, communism, and the welfare state, and promoted ethical egoism while condemning altruism. She considered reason to be the only means of acquiring knowledge, and considered reason to be the most important aspect of her philosophy, stating, "I am not primarily an advocate of capitalism, but of egoism; and I am not primarily an advocate of egoism, but of reason. If one recognizes the supremacy of reason and applies it consistently, all the rest follows."

Life and work

Early life

Rand was born Alisa Zinov'yevna Rosenbaum (Template:Lang-ru) in 1905, into a middle-class family living in Saint Petersburg, Russia. She was the eldest of the three daughters (Alisa, Natasha, and Nora) of Zinovy Zacharovich Rosenbaum and Anna Borisovna Rosenbaum, largely non-observant Jews. Her father was a chemist and a successful pharmaceutical entrepreneur who moved to St. Petersburg from Brest-Litovsk.

Rand was twelve at the time of the Russian revolution of 1917. Opposed to the Tsar, Rand's sympathies were with Alexander Kerensky. Rand's family life was disrupted by the rise of the Bolshevik party. Her father's pharmacy was confiscated by the Soviets, and the family temporarily fled to the Crimea. At sixteen, Rand returned with her family to Saint Petersburg.

She enrolled at the University of Petrograd, where she studied in the department of social pedagogy, majoring in history. It was while at university that she was introduced to the writings of Aristotle and Plato, who would form two of the greatest influences and counter-influences respectively on her thought. A third figure whose philosophical works she studied heavily was Friedrich Nietzsche. Her formal study of philosophy amounted to only a few courses, and outside of these three philosophers, her study of key figures was limited to excerpts and summaries. Of the writers she read at this time, Victor Hugo, Edmond Rostand, Friedrich Schiller, and Fyodor Dostoevsky became her perennial favorites. As a "non-proletarian," Rand was "purged" from the university shortly before completing. However, bowing to pressure from foreign intellectuals, the communists relented and allowed many of the expelled students to complete their work and graduate, which Rand did in 1924. She subsequently studied for a year at the State Technicum for Screen Arts.

In late 1925, she was granted a visa to visit American relatives. She arrived in the United States on February 19, 1926, entering by ship through New York City. After a brief stay with her relatives in Chicago, she resolved never to return to the Soviet Union, and set out for Hollywood to become a screenwriter. While still in Russia she had decided her professional surname for writing would be Rand, possibly as a Cyrillic contraction of her birth surname, and she adopted the first name Ayn from a Finnish name. Initially, she struggled in Hollywood and took odd jobs to pay her basic living expenses. A chance meeting with famed director Cecil B. DeMille led to a job as an extra in his film, The King of Kings, and to subsequent work as a junior screenwriter. While working on The King of Kings, she intentionally bumped into an aspiring young actor, Frank O'Connor, who caught her eye. The two married on April 15, 1929. Rand became an American citizen in 1931. Taking various jobs during the 1930s to support her writing, for a time Rand worked as the head of the costume department at RKO Studios.

Early fiction

Rand's first literary success came with the sale of her screenplay Red Pawn in 1932 to Universal Studios. Josef Von Sternberg considered it for Marlene Dietrich, but anti-Soviet themes were unpopular at the time, and the project came to nothing. This was followed by the courtroom drama Night of January 16th, first produced in Hollywood in 1934, and then successfully reopened on Broadway in 1935. Each night the "jury" was selected from members of the audience, and one of the two different endings, depending on the jury's "verdict," would then be performed. In 1941, Paramount Pictures produced a movie version of the play. She did not participate in the production and was highly critical of the result.

Her first novel, the semi-autobiographical We the Living, was published in 1936 by Macmillan. Set in Communist Russia, it focused on the struggle between the individual and the state. In the foreword to the novel, Rand stated that We The Living "is as near to an autobiography as I will ever write. It is not an autobiography in the literal, but only in the intellectual sense. The plot is invented, the background is not..." Without Rand's knowledge or permission, We the Living was made into a pair of films, Noi vivi and Addio, Kira in Italy in 1942. Rediscovered in the 1960s, these films were re-edited into a new version which was approved by Rand and re-released as We the Living in 1986.

The novella Anthem was published in England in 1938, and in America seven years later. It presents a vision of a dystopian future world in which collectivism has triumphed to such an extent that even the word "I" has vanished from the language and from humanity's memory.

The Fountainhead and political activism

During the 1940s, Rand became involved in political activism. Both she and her husband worked full time in volunteer positions for the 1940 Presidential campaign of Wendell Willkie. This work led to Rand's first public speaking experiences, including fielding the sometimes hostile questions from the audience "following pro-Willkie newsreels at a Union square movie theater" in New York City, an experience she greatly enjoyed. This activity also brought her into contact with other intellectuals sympathetic to free-market capitalism. She became friends with journalist Henry Hazlitt and his wife, and Hazlitt introduced her to the Austrian School economist Ludwig von Mises. Both men expressed an admiration for Rand, and despite her philosophical differences with them, Rand strongly endorsed the writings of both men throughout her career.

Rand's first major success as a writer came with The Fountainhead in 1943, a romantic drama and philosophical novel that she wrote over a period of seven years. The novel centers on an uncompromising young architect named Howard Roark, and his struggle against what Rand described as "second-handers" — those who attempt to live through others, placing others above self. It was rejected by twelve publishers before finally being accepted by the Bobbs-Merrill Company on the insistence of editor Archibald Ogden, who threatened to quit if his employer did not publish it. The Fountainhead eventually became a worldwide success, bringing Rand fame and financial security. As of April 2008, it had sold over 6.5 million copies.

In 1943, Rand returned to Hollywood to write the screenplay for a film version of The Fountainhead for Warner Brothers, and the following year she and her husband purchased a home designed by modernist Richard Neutra and an adjoining ranch. There, Rand entertained figures such as Hazlitt, Morrie Ryskind, Janet Gaynor, Gilbert Adrian and Leonard Read. Finishing her work on that screenplay, she was hired by producer Hal Wallis as a screenwriter and script-doctor, and her work for Wallis included the Oscar-nominated Love Letters and You Came Along, along with research for a screenplay based on the development of the atomic bomb. This role gave Rand time to work on other projects, including the publication of her first work of non-fiction, an essay titled "The Only Path to Tomorrow," in the January 1944 edition of Reader's Digest magazine. During this period Rand also outlined and took extensive notes for a non-fiction treatment of her philosophy.

During this period Rand developed a relationship with libertarian writer Isabel Paterson. The two women became friends and philosophical sparring-partners, and Rand is reported to have questioned the well-informed Paterson about American history and politics long into the night during their numerous meetings. Later, the two women had a falling out after what Rand saw as Paterson's bitter and insensitive comments during one of her Hollywood parties. Paterson's influence on Rand's later political theories has been a matter of ongoing debate, but Paterson biographer Stephen D. Cox credits Rand's public advocacy with keeping her old friend's political work The God of the Machine in print for many years, despite their previous break.

In 1947, during the Second Red Scare, Rand testified as a "friendly witness" before the United States House Un-American Activities Committee. Her testimony regarded the disparity between her personal experiences in the Soviet Union and the portrayal of it in the 1944 film Song of Russia. Rand argued that the film grossly misrepresented the socioeconomic conditions in the Soviet Union and portrayed life in the USSR as being much better and happier than it actually was. When asked about her feelings on the effectiveness of the investigations after the hearings, Rand described the process as "futile".

The movie version of The Fountainhead was released in 1949. Although it used Rand's screenplay with minimal alterations, she "disliked the movie from beginning to end," complaining about its editing, acting and other elements.

Atlas Shrugged and later years

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After the publication of The Fountainhead, Rand received numerous letters from readers, some of whom had been profoundly influenced by the novel. In 1951 Rand moved from Los Angeles to New York City, where she gathered a group of these admirers around her. This group (jokingly designated "The Collective") included future Federal Reserve chairman Alan Greenspan, a young psychology student named Nathan Blumenthal (later Nathaniel Branden) and his wife Barbara, and Barbara's cousin Leonard Peikoff. At first the group was an informal gathering of friends who met with Rand on weekends at her apartment to discuss philosophy. Later she began allowing them to read the drafts of her new novel, Atlas Shrugged, as the manuscript pages were written. In 1954 Rand's close relationship with the much younger Nathaniel Branden turned into a romantic affair, with the consent of their spouses.

Atlas Shrugged, published in 1957, was Rand's magnum opus. The theme of the novel is "the role of the mind in man's existence—and, as a corollary, the demonstration of a new moral philosophy: the morality of rational self-interest." It advocates the core tenets of Rand's philosophy of Objectivism and expresses her concept of human achievement. The plot involves a dystopian United States in which the most creative industrialists, scientists and artists go on strike and retreat to a mountainous hideaway where they build an independent free economy. The novel's hero and leader of the strike, John Galt, describes the strike as "stopping the motor of the world" by withdrawing the "minds" that Rand saw as contributing the most to the nation's wealth and achievement. With this fictional strike, Rand intended to illustrate that without the efforts of the rational and productive, the economy would collapse and society would fall apart. The novel includes elements of mystery and science fiction, and contains Rand's most extensive statement of Objectivism in any of her works of fiction, a lengthy monologue delivered by Galt.

Atlas Shrugged became an international bestseller. Rand's last work of fiction, it marked a turning point in her life, ending her career as novelist and beginning her tenure as a popular philosopher.

In 1958 Nathaniel Branden established Nathaniel Branden Lectures, later incorporated as the Nathaniel Branden Institute (NBI), to promote Rand's philosophy. Collective members gave lectures for NBI and wrote articles for Objectivist periodicals that she edited. Rand later published some of these articles in book form. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, Rand developed and promoted her Objectivist philosophy through her non-fiction works and by giving talks, for example at Yale University, Princeton University, Columbia University, Harvard University and MIT. She received an honorary doctorate from Lewis & Clark College in 1963. For many years, she gave also an annual lecture at the Ford Hall Forum, responding afterwards in her famously spirited form to questions from the audience.

In 1964 Nathaniel Branden began an affair with the young actress Patrecia Scott, whom he later married. Nathaniel and Barbara Branden hid the affair from Rand. Though her romantic relationship with Branden had already ended, Rand terminated her relationship with both Brandens in 1968 when she discovered Nathaniel Branden's affair with Patrecia Scott and his and Barbara Branden's role in concealing it. As a result, NBI closed. She published an article in The Objectivist repudiating Nathaniel Branden for dishonesty and other "irrational behavior in his private life."

Rand underwent surgery for lung cancer in 1974. Several more of her closest "Collective" friends parted company with her, and during the late 1970s her activities within the Objectivist movement declined, especially after the death of her husband on November 9, 1979. One of her final projects was work on a television adaptation of Atlas Shrugged. She had also planned to write another novel, but did not get far in her notes.

Rand died of heart failure on March 6, 1982 at her home in New York City, and was interred in the Kensico Cemetery, Valhalla, New York. Rand's funeral was attended by some of her prominent followers, including Alan Greenspan. A six-foot floral arrangement in the shape of a dollar sign was placed near her casket. In her will, Rand named Leonard Peikoff the heir to her estate. With her endorsement of his 1976 lecture series, she had recognized his work as being the best exposition of her philosophy.

Philosophy

Rand saw her views as constituting an integrated philosophical system, which she called "Objectivism." The essence of Objectivism, according to Rand, is "the concept of man as a heroic being, with his own happiness as the moral purpose of his life, with productive achievement as his noblest activity, and reason as his only absolute."

Rejecting faith as antithetical to reason, Rand opposed any form of mysticism or supernaturalism, including organized religion, and she embraced philosophical realism. Rand also argued for rational egoism (rational self-interest), as the only proper guiding moral principle. The individual "must exist for his own sake," she wrote in 1962, "neither sacrificing himself to others nor sacrificing others to himself." In 1976, she said that her most important contributions to philosophy were her "theory of concepts, ethics, and discovery in politics that evil—the violation of rights—consists of the initiation of force."

Rand held that the only moral social system is laissez-faire capitalism. Her political views were strongly individualist and hence anti-statist and anti-Communist. Rand detested many liberal and conservative politicians of her time, including prominent anti-Communists. Jim Powell, a senior fellow at the Cato Institute, considers Rand one of the three most important women (along with Rose Wilder Lane and Isabel Paterson) of modern American libertarianism, although she rejected libertarianism and the libertarian movement. Rand's views on politics have continued to gain admirers, despite being considered by some to be "ill-thought out and unsystematic."

She acknowledged Aristotle as a great influence, and found early inspiration in Friedrich Nietzsche, although she later rejected his approach, holding it to be anti-reason. She remarked that in the history of philosophy she could only recommend "three A's" —Aristotle, Aquinas, and Ayn Rand. Among the philosophers Rand held in particular disdain was Immanuel Kant, whom she referred to as a "monster" and "the most evil man in history." Rand was strongly opposed to the view she ascribed to Kant that reason is unable to know reality "as it is in itself." She considered her philosophy to be the "exact opposite" of Kant's on "every fundamental issue". Philosophers George Walsh and Fred Seddon have both argued that Rand misinterpreted Kant. In particular, Walsh argues that both philosophers adhere to many of the same basic positions, and that Rand exaggerated her differences with Kant. Walsh says that for many critics, Rand's writing on Kant is "ignorant and unworthy of discussion".

Rand scholars Douglas Den Uyl and Douglas Rasmussen describe her style as "literary, hyperbolic and emotional," while stressing the importance and originality of her thought. Similarly, philosopher Jack Wheeler says that despite "the incessant bombast and continuous venting of Randian rage," he considers Rand's ethics to be "a most immense achievement, the study of which is vastly more fruitful than any other in contemporary thought."

Literary reception

Rand's novels, when they were first published, were derided by some critics as long and melodramatic. They became bestsellers due largely to word of mouth.

The first reviews Rand received were for her play Night of January 16. Reviews of the Broadway production were mixed, and Rand considered even the positive reviews to be embarrassing because of significant changes made to her script by the producer. Rand herself described her first novel, We the Living, as not being widely reviewed, but Michael S. Berliner says "it was the most reviewed of any of her works," with approximately 125 different reviews being published in more than 200 publications. Many of these reviews were more positive than the reviews she received for her later work.

Her 1938 novella Anthem received little attention from reviewers, both for its first publication in England and for several subsequent re-issues.

Rand's first bestseller, The Fountainhead, received far fewer reviews than We the Living, and reviewers' opinions were mixed. There was a positive review in the New York Times that Rand greatly appreciated. The Times reviewer called Rand "a writer of great power" who writes "brilliantly, beautifully and bitterly," and it stated that she had "written a hymn in praise of the individual... you will not be able to read this masterful book without thinking through some of the basic concepts of our time." There were other positive reviews, but Rand dismissed many of them as either not understanding her message or as being from unimportant publications. A number of negative reviews focused on the length of the novel, such as one that called it "a whale of a book" and another that said "anyone who is taken in by it deserves a stern lecture on paper-rationing." Other negative reviews called the characters unsympathetic and Rand's style "offensively pedestrian."

Rand's 1957 novel Atlas Shrugged was widely reviewed, and many of the reviews were strongly negative. In the National Review, conservative author Whittaker Chambers called the book "sophomoric" and "remarkably silly," and said it "can be called a novel only by devaluing the term". He described the tone of the book as "shrillness without reprieve" and accused Rand of supporting the same godless system as the Soviets, claiming "From almost any page of Atlas Shrugged, a voice can be heard, from painful necessity, commanding: 'To a gas chamber—go!'" A few publications gave the novel positive reviews, but as Mimi Reisel Gladstein later described them, many reviewers "seemed to vie with each other in a contest to devise the cleverest put-downs," calling the book "execrable claptrap" and "a nightmare;" they said it was "written out of hate" and showed "remorseless hectoring and prolixity."

During Rand's lifetime her work received little attention from academic scholars. When the first academic book about Rand's philosophy appeared in 1971, its author declared writing about Rand "a treacherous undertaking" that could lead to "guilt by association" for taking her seriously. A few articles about Rand's ideas appeared in academic journals prior to her death in 1982, many of them in The Personalist. Academic consideration of Rand as a literary figure during her life was even more limited. Rand scholar Mimi Reisel Gladstein was unable to find any scholarly articles about Rand's novels when she began researching her in 1973, and only three such articles appeared during the rest of the 1970s.

Legacy

Rand's books continue to be widely sold and read, with 25 million copies sold as of 2007, and 800,000 more being sold each year according to the Ayn Rand Institute. She has also had an influence on a number of notable people in different fields. Examples include philosophers such as John Hospers, George H. Smith, Allan Gotthelf, Robert Mayhew and Tara Smith, economists such as George Reisman and Murray Rothbard, psychologists such as Edwin A. Locke, historians such as Robert Hessen, and political writers such as Charles Murray. United States Congressmen Ron Paul and Bob Barr, and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Clarence Thomas have acknowledged her influence on their lives, and former United States President Ronald Reagan described himself as an "admirer" of Rand in private correspondence in the 1960s.

Popular interest and influence

Nick Gillespie, editor in chief of Reason magazine, has remarked that "Rand’s is a tortured immortality, one in which she’s as likely to be a punch line as a protagonist," with "jibes at Rand as cold and inhuman, running through the popular culture." A number of popular animated sitcoms have mentioned Rand or her works, including a Futurama episode where in the future Rand's works are found in the sewer, a South Park episode where Atlas Shrugged is described as a "piece of garbage," and multiple references in episodes of The Simpsons. Outside the world of animation, Rand has been referred to in a variety of shows, including game shows (Jeopardy!), dramas (The Gilmore Girls, Mad Men), and comedies (The Colbert Report). The Philosophical Lexicon, a satirical work maintained by philosophers Daniel Dennett and Asbjørn Steglich-Petersen, defines a 'rand' as: "An angry tirade occasioned by mistaking philosophical disagreement for a personal attack and/or evidence of unspeakable moral corruption."

When a 1991 survey by the Library of Congress and the Book-of-the-Month Club asked what the most influential book in the respondent's life was, Rand's Atlas Shrugged was the second most popular choice, after the Bible. Readers polled in 1998 and 1999 by Modern Library placed four of her books on the 100 Best Novels list, with Atlas Shrugged taking the top position, while another, The Virtue of Selfishness, topped the 100 Best Nonfiction list. Books by other authors about Rand and her philosophy also appeared on the non-fiction list. The validity of such lists has been disputed. Freestar Media/Zogby polls conducted in 2007 found that around 8 percent of American adults have read Atlas Shrugged. Although Rand's influence has been greatest in the United States, there has been international interest in her work. Her books were international best sellers, and continue to sell in large numbers in the 21st century. Sales of Atlas Shrugged grew significantly during the economic crisis caused by the 2007 credit crunch, in which some saw parallels to events in the novel.

Rand has been cited by numerous writers, artists and commentators as an influence on their lives and thought. Radio personality Rush Limbaugh makes frequent positive reference to Rand's work on his program. Magician and comedian Penn Jillette has acknowledged her influence. Steve Ditko, co-creator of the Spider-man character, created several comic-book characters based on his Objectivist beliefs, including Mr. A and the DC Comics character the Question. The later comic book Watchmen by Alan Moore embodies a critique of Randian ideas in the character of Rorschach, which Moore credits to Ditko's influence. The Canadian rock band Rush has explored many Rand themes in their lyrics, including the song "2112," which is loosely based on Rand's Anthem. Rand or characters based on her figure prominently in novels by such authors as William F. Buckley, Mary Gaitskill, Matt Ruff, J. Neil Schulman, and Kay Nolte Smith. The video game BioShock includes elements inspired by its creator's reaction to Atlas Shrugged. Rand's image appears on a U.S. postage stamp designed by artist Nick Gaetano.

Two movies have been made about Rand's life. A 1997 documentary film, Ayn Rand: A Sense of Life, was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. The Passion of Ayn Rand, an independent film about her life, was made in 1999, starring Helen Mirren as Rand and Peter Fonda as her husband. The film was based on the book by Barbara Branden, and won several awards. A film adaptation of Atlas Shrugged has been discussed for many years, and several attempts have been made to bring it into production, but none has ever moved beyond the planning stages.

Academic scholarship

Since Rand's death in 1982, there has been gradually increasing interest in her work, and her ideas have found some recognition. Although few universities currently consider Rand or Objectivism to be a worthy philosophical specialty or research area, some American universities have established chairs or centers for the study of Rand's views, and fellowships have been established to support individual scholars. In a 1999 interview in the Chronicle of Higher Education, Rand scholar Chris Matthew Sciabarra commented, "I know they laugh at Rand," while forecasting a growth of interest in her work in the academic community.

Some academic philosophers have attacked Rand for what they assert is a lack of rigor and limited understanding of philosophical subject matter. Her emphatic defense of capitalism—characterized by a belief in selfishness as a virtue—made Rand a notorious figure who was not accepted by the intellectual mainstream. Many adherents and practitioners of continental philosophy criticize her celebration of self-interest, and as a result have paid little attention to her work. Academic philosophers have generally dismissed Atlas Shrugged as "sophomoric, preachy, and unoriginal" and have marginalized her philosophy. Chris Sciabarra has called into question the motives of some of Rand's critics on account of what he calls unusual hostility of their criticisms. Sciabarra says, "The left was infuriated by her anti-communist, procapitalist politics, whereas the right was disgusted with her atheism and civil libertarianism."

Rand scholars such as Sciabarra, Allan Gotthelf, and Tara Smith have made attempts to introduce her into formal academia. Sciabarra co-edits the Journal of Ayn Rand Studies, a self-described "nonpartisan" peer-reviewed journal dedicated to the study of Rand's philosophical and literary work. In 1987, Gotthelf helped found the Ayn Rand Society, which is affiliated with the American Philosophical Association and has been active in sponsoring seminars. Smith has published several academic books and papers on Rand's ideas, including Ayn Rand's Normative Ethics: The Virtuous Egoist, a volume on Rand's ethical theory published by Cambridge University Press. Rand's ideas have also been made subjects of study at Clemson and Duke universities. Scholars of English and American literature have largely ignored her work, although attention to her literary work has increased since the 1990s. In the Literary Encyclopedia entry for Rand written in 2001, John Lewis declared that "Rand wrote the most intellectually challenging fiction of her generation".

Institutes

In 1985, Leonard Peikoff established the Ayn Rand Institute, which "works to introduce young people to Ayn Rand's novels, to support scholarship and research based on her ideas, and to promote the principles of reason, rational self-interest, individual rights and laissez-faire capitalism to the widest possible audience." In 1990, David Kelley founded the Institute for Objectivist Studies, now known as The Atlas Society. Its focus is on attracting readers of Rand's fiction; the associated Objectivist Center deals with more academic ventures. In 2000, historian John McCaskey organized the Anthem Foundation for Objectivist Scholarship, which provides grants for scholarly work on Objectivism in academia. Grants have gone to the University of Pittsburgh and the University of Texas at Austin.

Notes

1. The following sources identify Rand as a philosopher:
   • Saxon, Wolfgang (March 7, 1982). "Ayn Rand, 'Fountainhead' Author, Dies". The New York Times. p. 36. Ayn Rand, the writer and philosopher of objectivism who espoused 'rational selfishness' and capitalism unbound, died yesterday morning at her home on East 34th Street.
   • Den Uyl, Douglas J. & Rasmussen, Douglas B. "Preface." in Den Uyl & Rasmussen 1986, p. x. "...this book is devoted to an assessment of Ayn Rand the philosopher. All the contributors to this volume agree that she is a philosopher and not a mere popularizer. Moreover, all agree that many of her insights on philosophy and her own philosophic ideas deserve critical attention by professional philosophers, whatever the final merit of those inquiries and theories. It is appropriate, therefore, that all our contributors are themselves professional philosophers."
   • Sciabarra 1995, p. 1. "Ayn Rand is one of the most widely read philosophers of the twentieth century."
   • Kukathas, Chandran (1998). "Rand, Ayn (1905–82)". In Craig, Edward (ed.). Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. New York: Routledge. pp. 55–56. ISBN 0-415-07310-3. Ayn Rand was a Russian-born novelist and philosopher who exerted considerable influence in the conservative and libertarian intellectual movements in the post-war USA.
   • Machan, Tibor R. (2000). Ayn Rand. Masterworks in the Western Tradition. New York: Peter Lang Publishing. pp. 4–5, 27. ISBN 0-8204-4144-9.
   • Smith, Tara (2007). Ayn Rand's Normative Ethics: The Virtuous Egoist. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 5–6. ISBN 0-521-70546-0.
   • Pisaturo, Ronald (2009). "Past Longevity as Evidence for the Future". Philosophy of Science. 76: 73–100. doi:10.1086/599273. I would like to ... acknowledge Ayn Rand, whose identification of characteristics as ranges of measurement ( 1990, 6-11) gave me a philosophical foundation for exploring the topic of this paper.
2. Beetz, Kirk (1996). Beacham's Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction. Osprey, Florida: Beacham Pub. p. 1516. ISBN 0-933833-41-5.
3. Rand, Ayn (1944). "The Only Path to Tomorrow". Reader’s Digest: 8. Collectivism means the subjugation of the individual to a group—whether to a race, class or state does not matter. Collectivism holds that man must be chained to collective action and collective thought for the sake of what is called 'the common good.' {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
4. Rand, Ayn (1964). "Racism". The Virtue of Selfishness. New York: Penguin. p. 149. ISBN 0-451-16393-1. Collectivism holds that the individual has no rights, that his life and work belong to the group … and that the group may sacrifice him at its own whim to its own interests. The only way to implement a doctrine of that kind is by means of brute force—and statism has always been the political corollary of collectivism.
5. Rand, Ayn (1967). ""Extremism," or The Art of Smearing". Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal. New York: Signet. p. 180. ISBN 0-451-14795-2. OCLC 24916193. It is too easy, too demonstrable that fascism and communism are not two opposites, but two rival gangs fighting over the same territory—that both are variants of statism....
6. Rand, Ayn (1964). "Introduction". The Virtue of Selfishness. New York: Signet. p. ix. ISBN 0-451-16393-1. he doctrine that concern with one's own interests is evil means that man's desire to live is evil—that man's life, as such, is evil. No doctrine could be more evil than that. Yet that is the meaning of altruism... .
7. Rand, Ayn (1999). "The Left: Old and New". Return of the Primitive: The Anti-Industrial Revolution. Edited by Peter Schwartz. New York: Meridian. p. 62. ISBN 0-452-01184-1. Reason is man's only means of grasping reality and of acquiring knowledge—and, therefore, the rejection of reason means that men should act regardless of and/or in contradiction to the facts of reality.
8. Rand, Ayn (1971). "Brief Summary". The Objectivist. 10 (9): 1. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
9. Britting 2004, pp. 2–3
10. http://www.aynrand.org/site/PageServer?pagename=about_ayn_rand_aynrand_timeline
11. Britting 2004, pp. 14–20
12. ^ Sciabarra, Chris Matthew (1999). "The Rand Transcript"". The Journal of Ayn Rand Studies. 1 (1): 1–26. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
13. Peikoff 1991, pp. 451–460
14. Britting 2004, pp. 17–18, 22–24
15. ^ Sciabarra 1995, p. 12
16. Britting 2004, pp. 17, 22
17. Britting 2004, p. 24
18. Berliner, Michael S., ed. (1999). "Introduction". Russian Writings on Hollywood. Ayn Rand, trans. by Dina Garmong. Los Angeles: Ayn Rand Institute Press. p. 10. ISBN 0-9625336-3-7.
19. Britting 2004, p. 30
20. Britting 2004, p. 33
21. "What is the origin of "Rand"?". Ayn Rand Institute. Retrieved 2009-07-25.
22. Rand 1995, p. 40 harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFRand1995 (help)
23. Britting 2004, pp. 34–36.
24. Britting 2004, pp. 35–40; Paxton 1998, pp. 74, 81, 84.
25. Britting 2004, pp. 40, 42.
26. Rand 1971, pp. 3–11 harvnb error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFRand1971 (help)
27. Johnson, Donald Leslie (2005). The Fountainheads: Wright, Rand, the FBI and Hollywood. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. pp. 55–56. ISBN 0-7864-1958-X. cf. Rand 1971, pp. 13–14 harvnb error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFRand1971 (help)
28. Rand, Ayn (1995) . "Foreword". We The Living (60th Anniversary ed.). New York: Dutton. p. xviii. ISBN 0-525-94054-5.
29. Paxton 1998, p. 104
30. Britting 2004, p. 57
31. Branden 1986, pp. 188–189
32. Britting 2004, pp. 61–78
33. Britting 2004, pp. 58–61
34. ^ "Sales of Ayn Rand Books Reach 25 million Copies". Ayn Rand Institute. April 7, 2008. Retrieved 2009-07-31.
35. Britting 2004, pp. 68–80; Branden 1986, pp. 183–198
36. Reprinted in Rand, Ayn (1991). Schwartz, Peter (ed.). The Ayn Rand Column. Oceanside, California: Second Renaissance Books. pp. 105–108. ISBN 1-56114-099-6.
37. Rand 1997, pp. 243–310
38. Cox, Stephen (2004). The Woman and the Dynamo. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction. pp. 218–222, 287–289, 302-314 and 357-359. ISBN 0-7658-0241-4.
39. Mayhew 2005, pp. 91–93
40. "Ayn Rand's HUAC Testimony" in Mayhew 2005, pp. 188–189
41. Mayhew 2005, p. 83
42. Britting 2004, p. 71
43. Branden 1986, pp. 256–264, 331–343
44. Rand 1997, p. 704 "Atlas Shrugged was the climax and completion of the goal I had set for myself at the age of nine. It expressed everything that I wanted of fiction writing."
45. Rand, Ayn (1961). For the New Intellectual. New York: Random House.
46. Gladstein 1999, p. 42
47. Younkins, Edward (2007). "Preface". Ayn Rand's Atlas Shrugged. Aldershot: Ashgate. p. 1. ISBN 0-7546-5549-0. Atlas Shrugged … is the demarcation work and turning point that culminated career as a novelist and propelled her into a career as a popular philosopher.
48. Branden 1986, pp. 315–316
49. Gladstein 1999, p. 14
50. Branden 1986, p. 318
51. Gladstein 1999, p. 16
52. Britting 2004, p. 101.
53. Branden 1986, pp. 344–358
54. Rand, Ayn (1968). "To Whom It May Concern". The Objectivist. 7 (5). New York: 1–8. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
55. Branden 1986, pp. 386–389
56. Branden 1986, pp. 392–395
57. Rand 1997, p. 697
58. Saxon, Wolfgang (March 7, 1982). "Ayn Rand, 'Fountainhead' Author, Dies". The New York Times. p. 36.
59. Branden 1986, p. 403
60. Peikoff 1991, pp. xiii–xv
61. "About the Author" in Rand 1992, pp. 1170–1171.
62. Den Uyl, Douglas J. & Rasmussen, Douglas B. "Ayn Rand's Realism" in Den Uyl & Rasmussen 1986, pp. 3–20
63. Rand, Ayn (1989). "Introducing Objectivism". The Voice of Reason. Edited by Leonard Peikoff. New York: New American Library. p. 3. ISBN 0-453-00634-5. This article originally appeared in the Los Angeles Times on June 17, 1962.
64. Rand, Ayn (2005). Mayhew, Robert (ed.). Ayn Rand Answers, the Best of Her Q&A. New York: New American Library. p. 166. ISBN 0-451-21665-2.
65. Toffler, Alivin (1964). "Playboy Interview: Ayn Rand". Playboy. I'm opposed to any compromiser or me-tooer, and Mr. Nixon is probably the champion in this regard. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
66. Dowd, Maureen (September 13, 1982). "Where 'Atlas Shrugged' Is Still Read - Forthrightly". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-08-01. Miss Rand was vehemently anti-Reagan when he challenged Gerald Ford in 1976, and her disciples never saw much sign that she softened toward him over the years.
67. Powell, Jim (1996). "Rose Wilder Lane, Isabel Paterson, and Ayn Rand: Three Women Who Inspired the Modern Libertarian Movement". The Freeman: Ideas on Liberty. 46 (5). {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
68. Kukathas, Chandran (1998). "Rand, Ayn (1905–82)". In Craig, Edward (ed.). Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. New York: Routledge. pp. 55–56. ISBN 0-415-07310-3.
69. "About the Author" in Rand 1992, p. 1171.
70. Sciabarra 1995, p. 100–106
71. Rand, Ayn (1971). "Brief Summary". The Objectivist. 10 (9): 4. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
72. ^ Walsh, George V. (2000). "Ayn Rand and the Metaphysics of Kant". The Journal of Ayn Rand Studies. 2 (1): 69–103. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
73. Seddon, Fred (2003). Ayn Rand, Objectivists, and the History of Philosophy. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America. pp. 63–81. ISBN 0-7618-2308-5.
74. Den Uyl, Douglas; Rasmussen, Douglas (1978). "Nozick On the Randian Argument". The Personalist. 59: 203. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
75. Wheeler, Jack. "Rand and Aristotle." in Den Uyl & Rasmussen 1986, p. 96.
76. ^ Gladstein 1999, pp. 117–119.
77. Paxton 1998, p. 120; Britting 2004, p. 87.
78. Branden 1986, pp. 122–124
79. Berliner, Michael S. (2004). "Reviews of We the Living". In Mayhew, Robert (ed.). Essays on Ayn Rand's We the Living. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. pp. 147–151. ISBN 0-7391-0698-8.
80. Berliner, Michael S. (2005). "Reviews of Anthem". In Mayhew, Robert (ed.). Essays on Ayn Rand's Anthem. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. pp. 55–60. ISBN 0-7391-1031-4.
81. ^ Berliner, Michael S. (2006). "The Fountainhead Reviews". In Mayhew, Robert (ed.). Essays on Ayn Rand's The Fountainhead. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. pp. 77–82. ISBN 0-7391-1578-2.
82. Rand 1995, p. 74 harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFRand1995 (help)
83. Pruette, Lorine (May 16, 1943). "Battle Against Evil". The New York Times. p. BR7.
84. ^ Berliner, Michael S. (2009). "The Atlas Shrugged Reviews". In Mayhew, Robert (ed.). Essays on Ayn Rand's Atlas Shrugged. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. pp. 133–137. ISBN 978-0-7391-2780-3.
85. Chambers, Whittaker (December 8, 1957). "Big Sister is Watching You". National Review: 594–596.
86. ^ Sciabarra 1995, p. 1
87. O'Neill, William F. (1977) . With Charity Toward None: An Analysis of Ayn Rand's Philosophy. New York: Littlefield, Adams & Company. p. 3. ISBN 0-8226-0179-6.
88. Gladstein 1999, p. 115. The best-known example of an academic article about Rand in the 1970s is Nozick, Robert (1971). "On the Randian Argument". The Personalist. 52: 282–304. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) Responses to Nozick also appeared, including: Machan, Tibor (1977). "Nozick and Rand on Property Rights". The Personalist. 58: 192–195. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) and Den Uyl, Douglas; Rasmussen, Douglas (1978). "Nozick On the Randian Argument". The Personalist. 59: 184–205. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
89. Gladstein 2005, pp. 57–58, 63. The articles identified by Gladstein are: Gordon, Philip (1977). "The Extroflective Hero: A Look at Ayn Rand". Journal of Popular Culture. 10 (4): 701–710. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); McGann, Kevin (1978). "Ayn Rand in the Stockyard of the Spirit". In Peary, Gerald; Shatzkin, Roger (eds) (eds.). The Modern American Novel and the Movies. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing. ISBN 0-8044-2682-1. {{cite book}}: |editor2-first= has generic name (help); Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help); and her own article, Gladstein, Mimi R. (1978). "Ayn Rand and Feminism: An Unlikely Alliance". College English. 39 (6): 25–30. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
90. Ron Paul discusses Ayn Rand. YouTube. Retrieved 2009-08-09. {{cite AV media}}: Unknown parameter |date2= ignored (help)
91. Weigel, David (2008). "Bob Barr Talks". Reason. 40 (6): 30–31. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
92. Thomas, Clarence (2007). My Grandfather's Son: A Memoir. New York: Harper Perennial. pp. 62, 187. ISBN 0-06-056556-X.; and 60 Minutes, "Interview with Clarence Thomas," 30 September 2007.
93. Reagan, Ronald (2003). Skinner, Kiron K.; Anderson, Annelise; Anderson, Martin (eds.). Reagan: A Life in Letters. New York: Free Press. pp. 281–282. ISBN 0-7432-1966-X. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
94. NPR (audio): "Marking the Ayn Rand Centennial" by Nick Gillespie, editor in chief of Reason Magazine
95. ^ Sciabarra 2004, pp. 4–5
96. Leo, Alex (05-11-09). "Maggie Speaks! The Littlest Simpson Says Her First Sentence While Acting Out "The Fountainhead"". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 2009-08-01. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
97. Crace, John (11 March 2009). "Ayn Rand's A-list fan club". The Guardian. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
98. The Word - Rand Illusion The Colbert Report, March 11, 2009
99. Dennett, Daniel; Steglich-Petersen, Asbjørn (2008). "The Philosophical Lexicon: R". Retrieved 2009-08-02.
100. Fein, Esther B (November 20, 1991). "Book Notes". The New York Times. p. C26.
101. "100 Best". Random House. Retrieved 2009-06-02.
102. "Literature and Millennial Lists". eNotes.com. Retrieved 2009-08-02.
103. "Atlas Shrugged by Ayn Rand Read by 8.1%". Freestar Media. October 17, 2007. Retrieved 2009-06-02.
104. Gladstein 2005, p. 66-67
105. Delbroy, Bibek (2006). "Ayn Rand — The Indian Connection". In Machan, Tibor R. (ed.). Ayn Rand at 100. New Delhi, India: Pragun Publications. pp. 2–4. ISBN 81-89645-57-9.
106. Cohen, David (December 7, 2001). "A growing concern". The Guardian.
107. Boaz, David (February 2, 2005). "Ayn Rand at 100". CATO Institute. Retrieved 2009-06-02.
108. "Atlas felt a sense of déjà vu", The Economist, February 26, 2009
109. Brook, Yaron (March 15, 2009). "Is Rand Relevant?". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2009-06-02.
110. "Penn Jillette's Facebook Page". Retrieved 2009-08-02..
111. Sciabarra 2004, pp. 8–11
112. Cooke, Jon B (2000). "Toasting Absent Heroes: Alan Moore Discusses the Charlton-Watchmen Connection". Comic Book Artist (9). Retrieved 2009-05-06. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthor= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
113. Sciabarra, Chris Matthew (2002). "Rand, Rush, and Rock". The Journal of Ayn Rand Studies. 4 (1): 161–185. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
114. Sciabarra 2004, p. 3
115. Bray, Hiawatha (August 27, 2007). "BioShock lets users take on fanaticism through fantasy". Boston Globe. Retrieved 2009-08-02.
116. "Ayn Rand U.S. Postage Stamp Ceremony". The Objectivist Center. Retrieved 2009-06-02.
117. "Ayn Rand: A Sense of Life - Awards". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-08-02.
118. Elber, Lynn (September 13, 1999). "'Ally,' 'Practice' grab top honors at Emmy awards". Ventura County Star. Associated Press. p. A01.
119. Tourtellotte, Bob (January 24, 2000). "Family dramas top Golden Globe Awards". The Seattle Times. Reuters. p. E1.
120. Britting, Jeff (2009). "Bringing Atlas Shrugged to Film". In Mayhew, Robert (ed.). Essays on Ayn Rand's Atlas Shrugged. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. p. 195. ISBN 978-0-7391-2779-7.
121. Ayn Rand in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
122. Salmieri, Gregory; Gotthelf, Allan (2005). "Rand, Ayn (1905-82)". In Shook, John R. (ed.). The Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers. London: Thoemmes Continuum. p. 1995. ISBN 1-84371-037-4. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
123. McLemee, Scott (September 1999). "The Heirs Of Ayn Rand: Has Objectivism Gone Subjective?". Retrieved 2007-07-20.
124. Sharlet, Jeff. ""Ayn Rand Has Finally Caught the Attention of Scholars"". Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved 2006-03-28.
125. Vallicella, William (June 9, 2004). "Rand's Misunderstanding of Kant". Maverick Philosopher. Retrieved February 13, 2009.Vallicella, William (May 28, 2004). "Is Ayn Rand a Good Philosopher?". Maverick Philosopher. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
126. Kukathas, Chandran (1998). "Rand, Ayn (1905–82)". In Craig, Edward (ed.). Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. New York: Routledge. pp. 55–56. ISBN 0415073103.
127. Younkins, Edward W. (2005). Philosophers of Capitalism: Menger, Mises, Rand, and Beyond. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. p. 194. ISBN 0-7391-1076-4.
128. Tisdale, Sara Dabney (August 13 2007). "A Celebration of Self". U.S. News & World Report. p. 72. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
129. Karlin, Rick (August 26 1994). "Ayn Rand Followers Push on Objectivists Reflect the Philosophy Found in 'The Fountainhead'". The Times Union. Albany, NY. p. C1. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
130. Sciabarra 1995, pp. 9–14
131. "Journal of Ayn Rand Studies". Retrieved 2006-03-28.
132. "Ayn Rand Society". Retrieved 2007-10-03.
133. Harvey, Benjamin (May 15, 2005). "Ayn Rand at 100: An 'ism' struts its stuff". Columbia News Service. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
134. Gladstein 2005, p. 59, 65-70
135. Lewis, John David (20 October 2001). "Ayn Rand". The Literary Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2009-08-02.
136. "Charity Navigator Rating - The Ayn Rand Institute". Charity Navigator. Retrieved 2009-06-02.
137. "Anthem Foundation Renews Gift for Ayn Rand Research on 50th Anniversary of "Atlas Shrugged"". University of Texas at Austin. October 1, 2007. Retrieved 2009-05-31.

Works cited

• Baker, James T. (1987). Ayn Rand. Boston, Massachusetts: Twayne Publishers. ISBN 0-8057-7497-1. OCLC 14933003.
• Branden, Barbara (1986). The Passion of Ayn Rand. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company. ISBN 0-385-19171-5. OCLC 12614728.
• Branden, Nathaniel (1998). My Years with Ayn Rand. San Francisco: Jossey Bass. ISBN 0-7879-4513-7. OCLC 39391081.
• Britting, Jeff (2004). Ayn Rand. Overlook Illustrated Lives. New York: Overlook Duckworth. ISBN 1-58567-406-0. OCLC 56413971.
• Den Uyl, Douglas; Rasmussen, Douglas, eds. (1986) . The Philosophic Thought of Ayn Rand (paperback ed.). Chicago: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-01407-3. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
• Gladstein, Mimi Reisel (1999). The New Ayn Rand Companion. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-30321-5. OCLC 40359365.
• Gladstein, Mimi Reisel (2005). "Breakthroughs in Ayn Rand Literary Criticism". In Thomas, William (ed.). The Literary Art of Ayn Rand. Poughkeepsie, New York: The Objectivist Center. pp. 57–74. ISBN 1-57724-070-7.
• Mayhew, Robert (2005). Ayn Rand and Song of Russia. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-5276-4.
• Paxton, Michael (1998). Ayn Rand: A Sense of Life (The Companion Book). Layton, Utah: Gibbs Smith. ISBN 0-87905-845-5. OCLC 38048196.
• Peikoff, Leonard (1991). Objectivism: The Philosophy of Ayn Rand. New York: E. P. Dutton. ISBN 0-452-01101-9.
• Rand, Ayn (1971) . "Introduction". Night of January 16th (paperback ed.). New York: Signet. ISBN 0-451-12530-4.
• Rand, Ayn (1992) . Atlas Shrugged (35th anniversary ed.). New York: Dutton. ISBN 0-525-94892-9.
• Rand, Ayn (1995). Berliner, Michael S (ed.). Letters of Ayn Rand. New York: Dutton. ISBN 0-525-93946-6.
• Rand, Ayn (1997). Harriman, David (ed.). Journals of Ayn Rand. New York: Dutton. ISBN 0-525-93946-6.
• Sciabarra, Chris Matthew (1995). Ayn Rand: The Russian Radical. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 0-271-01440-7. OCLC 31133644.
• Sciabarra, Chris Matthew (2004). "The Illustrated Rand" (PDF). The Journal of Ayn Rand Studies. 6 (1): 1–20. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

Further reading

• Bernstein, Andrew (2009). Objectivism in One Lesson: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Ayn Rand. Lanham, Maryland: Hamilton Books. ISBN 0-7618-4359-0.
• Gladstein, Mimi Reisel; Sciabarra, Chris Matthew, eds. (1999). Feminist Interpretations of Ayn Rand. Re-reading the Canon. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 0-271-01830-5. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
• Gotthelf, Allan (2000). On Ayn Rand. Wadsworth Philosophers Series. Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing. ISBN 0-534-57625-7.
• Machan, Tibor R. (2000). Ayn Rand. Masterworks in the Western Tradition. New York: Peter Lang Publishing. ISBN 0-8204-4144-9.
• Walker, Jeff (1999). The Ayn Rand Cult. La Salle, Illinois: Open Court Publishing. ISBN 0-8126-9390-6.

External links

1. Part 1
4. Part 4

• Ayn Rand Biographical FAQ from the Objectivism Reference Center
• Frequently Asked Questions About Ayn Rand from the Ayn Rand Institute
• Ayn Rand Lexicon
• "Ayn Rand". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
• Ayn Rand in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
• Works by Ayn Rand at Project Gutenberg
• Rand's papers at The Library of Congress
• Ayn Rand at IMDb
• Ayn Rand at Find a Grave
• Ayn Rand Phil Donahue Interview (Part 1 - 5)
• Ayn Rand interviewed by Mike Wallace in 1959: Part 1 Part 2
• "Ayn Rand at 100", by Edward Rothstein, The New York Times, February 2, 2005

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