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{{Infobox Person {{Infobox Christian leader
| type = ]
| name = Mar Dinkha IV
| honorific-prefix = ]
| residence =
| name = Dinkha IV Khanania<br />ܡܪܝ ܕܢܚܐ ܪܒܝܥܝܐ
| other_names =
| image = | honorific-suffix =
| title = His Holiness
| image_size =
| caption = | image =
| imagesize =
| birth_date = {{Birthdate|1935|9|15}}
| alt =
| birth_place = ], ]
| death_date = | caption =
| church = ]
| province =
| metropolis =
| diocese = ]
| see = ] of ] (in exile in ])
| enthroned = 17 October 1976
| ended = ''current''
| predecessor = ] (1920–1975)
| opposed = ] (], since 1976)
| successor =
| ordination = 15 August 1957
| consecration = 17 October 1976
| rank = Catholicos-Patriarch
| other_post = Deaconate at Mar Yokhanan Church, Harir (1950), ] at ] (11 February 1962)
| birth_name = Dinkha Khananya (Khanania)
| birth_date = 25 October 1935
| birth_place = ], ], ], ], ]
| death_date =
| death_place = | death_place =
| death_cause = | buried =
| nationality = ] ] (]i)
| known = Patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East
| religion = ], ]
| occupation =
| residence = ], ], ]
| title =
| parents = Andrews Khananya (father) and Panna Khananya (mother)
| salary =
| occupation = ]
| term =
| alma_mater =
| predecessor = ]
| signature =
| successor = Incumbent
| party = | other =
| boards =
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| spouse =
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}} }}
'''Mar Dinkha IV''' (]: <big>ܡܪܝ ܕܢܚܐ ܪܒܝܥܝܐ</big> ]: مار دنخا الرابع) is the current Catholicos-Patriarch of the ]. He was born Dinkha Khananya on 15 September 1935 in the village of ], ], and was ] in the Church of Mar Qaryaqos located in the village of his birth. He is the fourth in the line of succession to the Bishopric of ]. '''Mar Dinkha IV''' (]: ܡܪܝ ܕܢܚܐ ܪܒܝܥܝܐ and {{lang-ar|مار دنخا الرابع}}) is the current ] of the ]. He was born Dinkha Khananya on 15 September 1935, in the village of ] (Derbendoki), ], and was ] in the Church of Mar Qaryaqos located in the village of his birth. He is the fourth in the line of succession to the Bishopric of ].


==Early life==
He gained his elementary education under the tutorship of his grandfather, Benyamin Soro. In 1947, at the age of twelve, he was entrusted to the care of ], Metropolitan and the Patriarchal representative for all Iraq, the second highest ranking ecclesiastic of the Assyrian Church of the East. After two years of study, on 12 September 1949, he was ordained ] in the church of Mar Youkhana in ] by Mar Yousip. Eight years later, on 15 August 1957, he was ordained to the priesthood, and appointed to minister in ], ]. As a young priest, he quickly built a very viable, well organized and progressive institution that attracted its strayed adherents by the thousands.
He gained his elementary education under the tutorship of his grandfather, Benyamin Soro. In 1947—at the age of eleven—he was entrusted to the care of ], Metropolitan and the Patriarchal representative for all Iraq, the second-highest ranking ecclesiastic of the Assyrian Church of the East.<ref>Baum, p. 150</ref> After two years of study, he was ordained ] in the church of Mar Youkhana in ] by Mar Yousip on 12 September 1949. On 15 August 1957, he was ] to the ]hood, and appointed to minister ], ]. Dinkha's priesthood as ] of Iran and Teheren<ref>Baum, p. 150</ref> reestablished a line of succession which ceased to exist after the 1915 killing of his predecessor.<ref>Baum, p. 147</ref> In 1962, Dinkha moved from northern Iraq to ].<ref>Baum, p. 147</ref> During his tenure in Iran, he established a ] and advocated for ] and ].<ref>Baum, p. 150</ref> Responding to popular demand, Catholicos-Patriarch ] ] Khananya as bishop on 17 October 1968, in the church of ] in Tehran.


==Tenure as Catholicos-Patriarch==
Responding to popular demand, ] consecrated Khananya as bishop on 17 October 1968, in the church of Martyr Mar Gewargis in ].
After the assassination of Mar Eshai Shimun XXIII, the Church of the East had an urgent need to restore the leadership. In 1976, the ]s of the church convened in ] to elect a new Catholicos Patriarch and chose was Dinkha as the most qualified candidate to fill the post.<ref>Baum, p. 150</ref> He was consecrated on 17 October 1976, in the West London Church of St. Barnabas, Ealing.<ref>Joseph, p.252</ref> With this consecration, Mar Dinkha IV became the ] to the ] of ] (]). He also announced that the hereditary line of succession for the Patriarchy which had existed for 500 years<ref>Baumer, p. 247</ref> was discontinued with his tenure, allowing any cleric from the Church of the East to be elevated to Catholicos-Patriarch.<ref>Baumer, p. 244</ref>


Dinkha established headquarters—along with four other houses of worship—in ], ], ] in part due to the instability of the ].<ref>Joseph, p. 252</ref> This conflict as well as ]'s policy of ] in ], the ] and subsequent ] intensified the ] from the region. Meanwhile, the ] and ] emphasis in Iran created a tense situation for Assyrians in the Middle East.<ref>Baum, pp. 150–151</ref> During the reign of Shimun XXIII and Dinkha IV, American membership in the Church of the East has gone from 3,200 in the 1950s<ref>Baum, p. 147</ref> to approximately 100,000 in 2008.<ref>Baum, p. 155</ref>
After the assassination of ], the Church of the East had an urgent need to restore the leadership. In 1976, the prelates of the church convened in ] to elect a new Catholicos Patriarch. At this historic meeting, the conscientious choice of all the prelates in session was Mar Dinkha as the most qualified candidate to fill this high post. With this consecration, Mar Dinkha IV became the 120th successor in this line to the Apostolic See of Seleucia-Ctesiphon (Babylon). He has his headquarters (along with four other houses of worship) in ], ].


In 2005, the Patriarch conducted discussions with ] of ] ] on returning to the Apostolic See in northern Iraq and constructing a new residence in ].<ref>Baumer, p. 270</ref> On 15 July 2007, Mar Dinkha celebrated 50 years of his priesthood. A ceremony was held at St. George Cathedral {{coord|42|0|47|N|87|40|11|W|type:landmark}} in ], where a portion of Ashland Avenue was renamed "His Holiness Mar Dinkha IV Blvd".{{Fact|date=September 2008}} In 2008, he received an ] from the ],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.acegyo.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/nomination.pdf |title=Nomination of His Holiness Mar Dinkha IV for an Honorary Degree |publisher=Assyrian Church of the East Global Youth Organization |daate=November 2008 |accessdate=2009-10-02}}</ref> in part because of his emphasis on education—he has a stated goal of only appointing ] with ]s to the position of ].<ref>Baumer, p. 272</ref>
In 1994, he agreed to a Joint Christological Declaration with the ]. In 1996, he signed an agreement of cooperation with the ] Patriarch of Baghdad, ], in ]. In 1997, he entered into negotiations with the ] and the two churches ceased ]tizing each other.


==Travels and ecumenism==
In September 2006, Mar Dinkha IV paid a historic visit to northern ] to give oversight to the churches there and to encourage the governor of the ] to open a Christian school in ].
Dinkha has made ] a priority during his reign,<ref>Baumer, p. 280</ref> as well as advocacy for the ].<ref>Baumer, p. 7</ref>


===Relations with the Catholic Church===
On 15 July 15, 2007, Mar Dinkha celebrated 50 years of his priesthood. A ceremony was held at St. George Cathedral {{coord|42|0|47|N|87|40|11|W|type:landmark}} in ], where a portion of Ashland Avenue was renamed "His Holiness Mar Dinkha IV Blvd".{{Fact|date=September 2008}}
Dinkha has been particularly active in relation to the ]—particularly the ] and ]s—he first met ] immediately after the ]'s consecration in 1978<ref>Baum, p. 152</ref> and made his first visit to the ] in 1984.<ref>Joseph, p. 253</ref> The two continued to meet informally over the next decade.<ref name="gros">{{citation |last= Gros |first=Jeffrey |coauthors=Meyer, Harding; and Rusch, William G. |title=Growth in Agreement II: Reports and Agreed Statements of Ecumenical Conversations on a World Level, 1982–1998 |edition=1st |series=Faith and Order Commission Papers |volume=187 |year=2000 |publisher=] |language=] |isbn=2825413291 |page=709}}</ref> After a decision by the ] to have better relations with the ] in 1994,<ref>Bailey, p. 131</ref> Dinkha agreed to a Joint ] Declaration with the ].<ref>Bailey, p. 42</ref> The "Common Christological Declaration Between the Catholic Church and the Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East" declares that it is " basic step on the way towards the full communion to be restored between their Churches;" emphasized common ] positions between the two bodies, such as the ]; and clarifies that the centuries the two have spent out of ] were due to geographic and cultural issues rather than doctrinal differences.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/documents/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_11111994_assyrian-church_en.html |title=Common Christological Declaration Between the Catholic Church and the Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East |author=] and Mar Dinkha IV |publisher=] |date=1994-11-11 |accessdate=2009-10-02}}</ref>


On 29 November 1996, Dinkha signed an agreement of cooperation with the ] ]—]—in ], ]<ref name="gros" /> and met again on 16 August 1997, to bless an Assyrian church.<ref>Baumer, p. 272</ref> This "Joint Synodal Decree for Promoting Unity" also established a Joint Commission for Unity which helped draft the 2001 "Guidelines for Admission to the Eucharist between the Chaldean Church and the Assyrian Church of the East" that allows Assyrians and Chaldeans to accept the ] from one another.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/documents/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_20011025_chiesa-caldea-assira_en.html |title=Guidelines for Admission to the Eucharist between the Chaldean Church and the Assyrian Church of the East |author=] |publisher=] |date=2001-07-20 |accessdate=2009-10-02}}</ref> The prior year, Assyrians and Roman Catholics also produced "A Common Statement on Sacramental Life" that assessed the importance of ]s in both churches.<ref>{{Citation |last=Bliss |first=Frederick M. |title=Catholic and Ecumenical: History and Hope: Why the Catholic Church Is Ecumenical and What She Is Doing About It |edition=2nd |year=2007 |publisher=] |language=] |isbn=0742552578 |page=59}}</ref> Assyrians have also been allowed to study at ]'s ] and unmarried ]s and ]s can study at Catholic universities in ].<ref>Baumer, p. 272</ref>
==References and External links==

*
===Middle Eastern and Syriac ecumenism===
The Church of the East has been a member of the ] since its 1948 inception and Dinkha has used this membership as a vehicle for bi- and multi-lateral ecumenism that would have been impossible prior to its inception.<ref>Baumer, p. 282</ref> In 1984, the Assyrian Church applied for membership in the ] (MECC), but was denied due to objections by the ], whose ]-]—required the Church of the East to condemn its ] ], ], and ].<ref>Baumer, p. 282</ref> The dispute between the Assyrians and Copts resulted in a common Christological declaration in 1996, which was later rejected by the Coptic ].<ref>Baum, pp. 151–152</ref> In 1996, the Church of the East was offered membership in the MECC, but declined to join at the time.<ref>Bailey, p.132</ref> Discussions for the Church of the East to join the MECC have stalled since 1999.

The ]n ] brought together several ] in ] in 1994 to start a common dialogue amongst the ], the Assyrian Church of the East, ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]. Representatives of these churches along with academics founded the Commission on Dialogue Within the Syriac Tradition.<ref>Baum, p. 153</ref> Consultations have been convened intermittently since that time. As a product of this process, Dinkha entered into negotiations with the ] of the ] in 1997 and the two churches ceased ]tizing each other.<ref>Joseph, p. 258</ref> Although Dinkha has spent over 20 years in dialogue with the Ancient Church of the East, the two remain out of communion.<ref>Joseph, p. 253</ref> In 1995, the Indian metropolitan see pledged its allegiance to Dinkha,<ref>Baumer, p. 244</ref> leaving the Ancient Church primarily active in the Middle East, with some 50,000–70,000 members.<ref>Baumer, p. 272</ref> In 1999, Dinkha declared that all ordinations and ] from the Ancient Church were valid.<ref>Baum, p. 154</ref>

===Political work and Assyrian advocacy===
In September 2006, Mar Dinkha IV paid a historic visit to northern ] to give oversight to the churches there and to encourage the governor of ] to open a Christian school in ]. During this trip, he also met Iraqi ] ] and ] ]. Dinkha has pursued a pragmatic political course, calling on Assyrians to work together with their respective governments rather than press for an ].<ref>Baumer, p. 272</ref> He has sought to de-politicize the office of Catholicos-Patriarch and change the national character of the Church of the East from Assyrian to a universal church, including non-Syriac ] composed in local languages.<ref>Baumer, p. 279</ref>

==References==
*{{Citation |last=Bailey |first=J. Martin |title=Who Are the Christians in the Middle East? |format=Paperback |edition=1st |year=2003 |publisher=] |language=] |isbn=0802810209}}
*{{Citation |last=Baum |first=Willhelm |coauthors=Winkler, Dietmar W. |title=The Church of the East: A Concise History |format=Hardback |edition=1st |origyear=2000 |year=2003 |publisher=] |location=], ], ] |language=]; translated from the {{lang-de|Die Apostoliche Kirche de Ostens}} |isbn=0-415-29770-2}}
*{{Citation |last=Baumer |first=Christoph |title=The Church of the East: An Illustrated History of Assyrian Christianity |format=Hardback |edition=1st |year=2006 |publisher=] |location=], ], ] |language=] |isbn=1-84511-115-X}}
*{{Citation |last=Joseph |first=John |title=The Modern Assyrians of the Middle East: Encounters with Western Christian Missions, Archaeologists, and Colonial Powers |format=Hardback |edition=2nd |series=Studies in Christian Mission |volume=26 |year=2000 |publisher=] |language=] |isbn=9004116419}}
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*
* *
*


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Revision as of 05:00, 4 October 2009

Mar
Dinkha IV Khanania
ܡܪܝ ܕܢܚܐ ܪܒܝܥܝܐ
His Holiness
ChurchAssyrian Church of the East
DiocesePatriarchal Diocese of the Eastern United States
SeeApostolic See of Seleucia-Ctesiphon (in exile in Chicago)
Installed17 October 1976
Term endedcurrent
PredecessorMar Shimun XXIII Eshai (1920–1975)
Opposed toMar Addai II (Ancient Church of the East, since 1976)
Other post(s)Deaconate at Mar Yokhanan Church, Harir (1950), Bishopric at Urmia (11 February 1962)
Orders
Ordination15 August 1957
Consecration17 October 1976
RankCatholicos-Patriarch
Personal details
BornDinkha Khananya (Khanania)
25 October 1935
Darbandokeh, Harir, Shaqlawa, Erbil, Iraq
NationalityNochiya Assyrian (Iraqi)
DenominationChristian, Assyrian Church of the East
ResidenceChicago, Illinois, United States
ParentsAndrews Khananya (father) and Panna Khananya (mother)
OccupationCleric

Mar Dinkha IV (Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܡܪܝ ܕܢܚܐ ܪܒܝܥܝܐ and Template:Lang-ar) is the current Catholicos-Patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East. He was born Dinkha Khananya on 15 September 1935, in the village of Darbandokeh (Derbendoki), Iraq, and was baptized in the Church of Mar Qaryaqos located in the village of his birth. He is the fourth in the line of succession to the Bishopric of Urmia.

Early life

He gained his elementary education under the tutorship of his grandfather, Benyamin Soro. In 1947—at the age of eleven—he was entrusted to the care of Mar Yousip Khnanisho, Metropolitan and the Patriarchal representative for all Iraq, the second-highest ranking ecclesiastic of the Assyrian Church of the East. After two years of study, he was ordained deacon in the church of Mar Youkhana in Harir by Mar Yousip on 12 September 1949. On 15 August 1957, he was ordained to the priesthood, and appointed to minister Urmia, Iran. Dinkha's priesthood as metropolitan of Iran and Teheren reestablished a line of succession which ceased to exist after the 1915 killing of his predecessor. In 1962, Dinkha moved from northern Iraq to Tehran. During his tenure in Iran, he established a seminary and advocated for Assyrian nationalism and ecumenism. Responding to popular demand, Catholicos-Patriarch Mar Eshai Shimun XXIII consecrated Khananya as bishop on 17 October 1968, in the church of Martyr Mar Gewargis in Tehran.

Tenure as Catholicos-Patriarch

After the assassination of Mar Eshai Shimun XXIII, the Church of the East had an urgent need to restore the leadership. In 1976, the prelates of the church convened in London to elect a new Catholicos Patriarch and chose was Dinkha as the most qualified candidate to fill the post. He was consecrated on 17 October 1976, in the West London Church of St. Barnabas, Ealing. With this consecration, Mar Dinkha IV became the 120th successor to the Apostolic See of Seleucia-Ctesiphon (Babylon). He also announced that the hereditary line of succession for the Patriarchy which had existed for 500 years was discontinued with his tenure, allowing any cleric from the Church of the East to be elevated to Catholicos-Patriarch.

Dinkha established headquarters—along with four other houses of worship—in Chicago, Illinois, United States in part due to the instability of the Iran–Iraq War. This conflict as well as Saddam Hussein's policy of Arabization in Iraq, the Gulf War and subsequent sanctions against Iraq intensified the Assyrian diaspora from the region. Meanwhile, the Islamic Revolution and Shi'a emphasis in Iran created a tense situation for Assyrians in the Middle East. During the reign of Shimun XXIII and Dinkha IV, American membership in the Church of the East has gone from 3,200 in the 1950s to approximately 100,000 in 2008.

In 2005, the Patriarch conducted discussions with President of Iraqi Kurdistan Massoud Barzani on returning to the Apostolic See in northern Iraq and constructing a new residence in Ankawa. On 15 July 2007, Mar Dinkha celebrated 50 years of his priesthood. A ceremony was held at St. George Cathedral 42°0′47″N 87°40′11″W / 42.01306°N 87.66972°W / 42.01306; -87.66972 in Chicago, where a portion of Ashland Avenue was renamed "His Holiness Mar Dinkha IV Blvd". In 2008, he received an honorary degree from the University of Chicago, in part because of his emphasis on education—he has a stated goal of only appointing theologians with doctoral degrees to the position of bishop.

Travels and ecumenism

Dinkha has made ecumenism a priority during his reign, as well as advocacy for the Assyrian people.

Relations with the Catholic Church

Dinkha has been particularly active in relation to the Catholic Church—particularly the East Syrian and Latin Rites—he first met John Paul II immediately after the Pope's consecration in 1978 and made his first visit to the Vatican in 1984. The two continued to meet informally over the next decade. After a decision by the Holy Synod of the Assyrian Church of the East to have better relations with the Roman Catholic Church in 1994, Dinkha agreed to a Joint Christological Declaration with the Holy See. The "Common Christological Declaration Between the Catholic Church and the Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East" declares that it is " basic step on the way towards the full communion to be restored between their Churches;" emphasized common doctrinal positions between the two bodies, such as the Nicene Creed; and clarifies that the centuries the two have spent out of communion were due to geographic and cultural issues rather than doctrinal differences.

On 29 November 1996, Dinkha signed an agreement of cooperation with the Chaldean Patriarch of Baghdad—Raphael I Bidawid—in Southfield, Michigan and met again on 16 August 1997, to bless an Assyrian church. This "Joint Synodal Decree for Promoting Unity" also established a Joint Commission for Unity which helped draft the 2001 "Guidelines for Admission to the Eucharist between the Chaldean Church and the Assyrian Church of the East" that allows Assyrians and Chaldeans to accept the Eucharist from one another. The prior year, Assyrians and Roman Catholics also produced "A Common Statement on Sacramental Life" that assessed the importance of sacraments in both churches. Assyrians have also been allowed to study at Baghdad's Chaldean Catholic College and unmarried deacons and priests can study at Catholic universities in Rome.

Middle Eastern and Syriac ecumenism

The Church of the East has been a member of the World Council of Churches since its 1948 inception and Dinkha has used this membership as a vehicle for bi- and multi-lateral ecumenism that would have been impossible prior to its inception. In 1984, the Assyrian Church applied for membership in the Middle East Council of Churches (MECC), but was denied due to objections by the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, whose pope-Shenouda III—required the Church of the East to condemn its Church Fathers Diodore of Tarsus, Nestorius, and Theodore of Mopsuestia. The dispute between the Assyrians and Copts resulted in a common Christological declaration in 1996, which was later rejected by the Coptic synod. In 1996, the Church of the East was offered membership in the MECC, but declined to join at the time. Discussions for the Church of the East to join the MECC have stalled since 1999.

The Austrian Pro Oriente Foundation brought together several Syriac churches in Vienna in 1994 to start a common dialogue amongst the Ancient Church of the East, the Assyrian Church of the East, Chaldean Catholic Church, Indian (Malankara) Orthodox Church, Maronite Church, Syriac Catholic Church, Syriac Orthodox Church, Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, and Syro-Malankara Catholic Church. Representatives of these churches along with academics founded the Commission on Dialogue Within the Syriac Tradition. Consultations have been convened intermittently since that time. As a product of this process, Dinkha entered into negotiations with the Ignatius Zakka I Iwas of the Syriac Orthodox Church in 1997 and the two churches ceased anathematizing each other. Although Dinkha has spent over 20 years in dialogue with the Ancient Church of the East, the two remain out of communion. In 1995, the Indian metropolitan see pledged its allegiance to Dinkha, leaving the Ancient Church primarily active in the Middle East, with some 50,000–70,000 members. In 1999, Dinkha declared that all ordinations and orders from the Ancient Church were valid.

Political work and Assyrian advocacy

In September 2006, Mar Dinkha IV paid a historic visit to northern Iraq to give oversight to the churches there and to encourage the governor of Iraqi Kurdistan to open a Christian school in Arbil. During this trip, he also met Iraqi President Jalal Talabani and Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki. Dinkha has pursued a pragmatic political course, calling on Assyrians to work together with their respective governments rather than press for an Assyrian homeland. He has sought to de-politicize the office of Catholicos-Patriarch and change the national character of the Church of the East from Assyrian to a universal church, including non-Syriac liturgies composed in local languages.

References

  1. Baum, p. 150
  2. Baum, p. 150
  3. Baum, p. 147
  4. Baum, p. 147
  5. Baum, p. 150
  6. Baum, p. 150
  7. Joseph, p.252
  8. Baumer, p. 247
  9. Baumer, p. 244
  10. Joseph, p. 252
  11. Baum, pp. 150–151
  12. Baum, p. 147
  13. Baum, p. 155
  14. Baumer, p. 270
  15. "Nomination of His Holiness Mar Dinkha IV for an Honorary Degree" (PDF). Assyrian Church of the East Global Youth Organization. Retrieved 2009-10-02. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |daate= ignored (help)
  16. Baumer, p. 272
  17. Baumer, p. 280
  18. Baumer, p. 7
  19. Baum, p. 152
  20. Joseph, p. 253
  21. ^ Gros, Jeffrey (2000), Growth in Agreement II: Reports and Agreed Statements of Ecumenical Conversations on a World Level, 1982–1998, Faith and Order Commission Papers (in English), vol. 187 (1st ed.), Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, p. 709, ISBN 2825413291 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  22. Bailey, p. 131
  23. Bailey, p. 42
  24. Pope John Paul II and Mar Dinkha IV (1994-11-11). "Common Christological Declaration Between the Catholic Church and the Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East". Holy See. Retrieved 2009-10-02.
  25. Baumer, p. 272
  26. Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity (2001-07-20). "Guidelines for Admission to the Eucharist between the Chaldean Church and the Assyrian Church of the East". Holy See. Retrieved 2009-10-02.
  27. Bliss, Frederick M. (2007), Catholic and Ecumenical: History and Hope: Why the Catholic Church Is Ecumenical and What She Is Doing About It (in English) (2nd ed.), Rowman & Littlefield, p. 59, ISBN 0742552578{{citation}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  28. Baumer, p. 272
  29. Baumer, p. 282
  30. Baumer, p. 282
  31. Baum, pp. 151–152
  32. Bailey, p.132
  33. Baum, p. 153
  34. Joseph, p. 258
  35. Joseph, p. 253
  36. Baumer, p. 244
  37. Baumer, p. 272
  38. Baum, p. 154
  39. Baumer, p. 272
  40. Baumer, p. 279

External links

Preceded byMar Shimun XXIII Eshai Catholicos-Patriarch of Babylon
1976–present 		Succeeded byIncumbent
Categories: