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The history of the Jews in Bulgaria dates to at least as early as the 2nd century CE. Since then, the Jews have had a continuous presence in the Bulgarian lands and have played an often considerable part in the history of Bulgaria from ancient times through the Middle Ages until today.

Antiquity

The earliest written trace of Jewish communities in what is today Bulgaria date to the late 2nd century BCE. A Latin inscription found at Ulpia Oescus (modern day Gigen, Pleven Province) bearing a menorah and mentioning archisynagogos Joseph testifies to the presence of a Jewish population in the city. A decree of Roman Emperor Theodosius I from 379 regarding the persecution of Jews and destruction of synagogues in Illyria and Thrace is also a proof of earlier Jewish settlement in Bulgaria.

Bulgarian Empire

After the establishment of the First Bulgarian Empire and its recognition in 681, a number of Jews persecuted in the Byzantine Empire may have settled in Bulgaria. During the rule of Boris I there may have been attempts to convert the pagan Bulgarians to Judaism, but in the end the Bulgarian Orthodox Church was established and the population of the Bulgarian Empire was Christianized in the 9th century. The names of many members of the 10th-11th-century Comitopuli dynasty—such as Samuil, Moses, David—could indicate partial Jewish origin, most likely maternal, though this is disputed.

Jews also settled in Nikopol in 967, as well as from the Republic of Ragusa and Italy, when merchants from these lands were allowed to trade in the Second Bulgarian Empire by Ivan Asen II. Later, Tsar Ivan Alexander married a Jewish woman, Sarah (renamed Theodora), who had converted to Christianity and had considerable influence in the court. A church council of 1352 led to the excommunication of the heretics and the Jews and the death sentence of three Jews, who were killed by the mob despite the verdict's having been repealed by the tsar.

The medieval Jewish population of Bulgaria was Romaniote until the 14th-15th century, when Ashkenazim from Hungary (1376) and other parts of Europe settled.

Ottoman rule

By the time the Ottomans overran the Bulgarian Empire, there were sizable Jewish communities in Vidin, Nikopol, Silistra, Pleven, Sofia, Yambol, Plovdiv (Philippopolis) and Stara Zagora. Another wave of Ashkenazim, from Bavaria, arrived after being banished from this country in 1470, and Yiddish could often be heard in Sofia according to contemporary travellers. An Ashkenazi prayer book was printed in Thessaloniki by the rabbi of Sofia in the middle of the 16th century.

The first waves of Sephardim came from various places (through Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Italy, Ragusa, Bosnia) after 1494, with Jews settling in the already established centres of Jewish population — the major trade centres of Ottoman-ruled Bulgaria. The modern capital, Sofia, had communities of Romaniotes, Ashkenazim and Sephardim until 1640, when a single rabbi was appointed for all three.

In the 17th century, the ideas of Sabbatai Zevi became popular in Bulgaria, with supporters of his movement like Nathan of Gaza and Samuel Primo being active in Sofia. Jews continued to settle in various parts of the country (such as the new trade centres like Pazardzhik), extending their economic activities due to the privileges they were given and the banishment of many Ragusan merchants after they took part in the Chiprovtsi Uprising of 1688.

Independent Bulgaria

With Bulgaria being liberated from Ottoman rule after the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 and some small-scale looting of Jewish property by people regarding them as supporters of the Ottomans, the Jews in Bulgaria were secured equal rights by the Treaty of Berlin. The rabbi of Sofia, Gabriel Mercado Almosnino, together with three other Jews welcomed the Russian forces in the city and took part in the Constituent National Assembly of Bulgaria in 1879. However, signs of anti-Semitism and discrimination began to emerge.

Jews were drafted in the Bulgarian Army and participated in the Serbo-Bulgarian War in 1885. The Treaty of Neuilly after World War I emphasized their equality, bur nevertheless anti-Semitism began to spread and was indirectly introduced by the governments of the time, particularly after 1923 and the government of Aleksandar Tsankov. In 1936, the nationalist and anti-Semitic organization Ratnik was established.

Before World War II, the percentage of Jews steadily declined compared to that of other ethnic groups, however they still grew in number. In 1920 the 16,000 Jews were 0.9% of all citizens of Bulgaria, and in 1934 there were 48,565 (or 0.8%), with more than half living in Sofia. Ladino was the dominant language in most communities, but the young often preferred Bulgarian. The Zionist movement was completely dominant among the local population ever since Hovevei Zion.

Bulgarian Jews during World War II

Unlike the Italians, the other Nazi Germany allies, the Bulgarians treated the Jews with exceptional cruelty and strictly applied the racial restrictions: The Bulgarian parliament and Tsar Boris III had enacted the Law for the Protection of the Nation patterned after the 1935 Nazi regulationsin the August of 1940, which introduced numerous legal restrictions on Jews in Bulgaria even before Bulgaria became member of the Tripartite Pact (in 1st March 1941). According to it the Jews were prohibited from using the main thoroughfares, were not allowed to move from one town to another or to engage in commerce, had to wear the yellow badge, and were issued special yellow identity cards. Jewish houses were identified as such by a special sign. Under a "Commissariat for the Jewish Problem", headed by Alexander Belev, a Bulgarian anti-Semite, every town with Jewish population had took a commissioner for the Jewish affairs whose task was to ensure that the anti-Jewish orders were properly carried out. Any jewelry and gold currency in the possession of Jews was confiscated and handed over to the Bulgarian national bank. The law also prohibited Jews from voting, running for office, working in government positions, serving in the army, marrying or rehabilitating with ethnic Bulgarians, using Bulgarian names, or owning rural land. The legislation also established quotas that limited the number of Jews in Bulgarian universities. Not only did Jewish leaders protest the law, the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, Bulgarian Communist Party officials, twenty-one writers, and professional organizations also opposed.

Tamir Vicki, in "Bulgaria and Her Jews:The History of a Dubious Symbiosis" (Yeshiva University Press,N.York 1979) analyses the complex reasons for the Bulgarian anti-semitism which resulted in the survival of almost the entire Jewish community (48,000), but also accounted to the mass exodus to Palestine almost every Bulgarian Jew during the postwar period. Dimitar Peshev played a crucial role in preventing the deportations until his removal from the parliament in 1943, as well as Bulgarian Church officials. According to Professor Chary Frederick (The Bulgarian Jews and the Final Solution, University of Pittsburgh Press. 1972, p.246) "the survival of Bulgarian Jews was due to complex political and social internal struggles, and not because of Bulgarian humanity". The story of the Bulgarian Jews during WWII has been told in "Beyond Hitler's Grasp: The Heroic Rescue of Bulgaria's Jews" by Michael Bar-Zohar, an Israeli historian, politician and former Knesset member who was born in Bulgaria. On the subject is also a book by Tzvetan Todorov, a French intellectual born in Bulgaria and the Director of Research at the Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique in Paris. Todorov wrote "The Fragility of Goodness: Why Bulgaria's Jews Survived the Holocaust" (published by Princeton Univ. Press), where he uses letters, diaries, government reports and memoirs to reconstruct what happened in Bulgaria during WWII. Though they were not deported or killed, the able-bodied Bulgarian Jewish men were forced to participate in hard labour under poor conditions during the entire war

Instead, the Bulgarian authorities deported a very large majority of the Jews in the areas of Macedonia and Thrace. They didn't regard those Jews as Bulgarians despite that these areas had been officially annexed some years before (1941) to the Bulgarian State, nor did they protect the Jews who had fled to Bulgaria from Nazi occupation elsewhere. Approximately 14,000, including nearly all the Jews of Bulgarian-occupied Macedonia and Thrace, were arrested by Bulgarian authorities and deported. They were transferred to German control and then shipped to Treblinka for extermination between March 1943 and September 1944 after an agreement signed between the two allies, Bulgaria and Nazi Germany. None of the deportees survived. Their unique suffering in the gas chamber is described by Dr. Itzhak Arad in his book Treblinka, Tel Aviv 1983, pp.102-105.

After the war and the establishment of a Communist government, almost the entire Jewish population was forced to leave Bulgaria for Israel, making Bulgaria the country with the smallest Jewish population in Europe (1,363 according to the 2001 census). According to Israeli government statistics, 43,961 people from Bulgaria have emigrated to Israel between 1948 and 2006, which is the fourth largest number of all European countries, behind the Soviet Union, Romania and Poland.

References

1. jewishvirtuallibrary.org:Bulgaria
2. jewishvirtuallibrary.org:Bulgaria
3. Marushiakova, Elena (2006). "Bulgarian Romanies: The Second World War". The Gypsies during the Second World War. Univ of Hertfordshire Press. p. 90. ISBN 0900458852. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
4. Fischel, Jack (1998). The Holocaust. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 69. ISBN 0313298793. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
5. Wyman, David S. (1996). The world reacts to the Holocaust. JHU Press. p. 265. ISBN 0801849691. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
6. ^ Benbassa, Esther (2000). Sephardi Jewry: a history of the Judeo-Spanish community, 14th-20th centuries. University of California Press. p. 174. ISBN 0520218221. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
7. Levin, Itamar (2001). His majesty's enemies: Great Britain's war against Holocaust victims and survivors. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 37. ISBN 0275968162. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
8. Levy, Richard S (2005). Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution. ABC-CLIO. p. 90. ISBN 1851094393. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
9. http://www.amazon.com/Beyond-Hitlers-Grasp-Heroic-Bulgarias/dp/158062541X ISBN 158062541X Adams Media Corporation, 2001.
10. A description of the book and some reviews can be found on the website of Princeton Univ. Press, http://press.princeton.edu/titles/7026.html
11. In the Trenches: 2004-2005, David A. Harris, 2006, p.102
12. War and social change in modern Europe:The great transformation revisited, Sandra Halperin, Cambridge University Press 2002, p.170
13. Bulgaria and Her Jews: The History of a Dubious Symbiosis, Tamir Vicki, Yeshiva University Press, N.York 1979, p.314
14. "Immigrants by period if immigration, country of birth and last country of residence" (in Hebrew and English). The Central Bureau of Statistics (Israel). Retrieved 2008-08-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

• "The Virtual Jewish History Tour Bulgaria". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 2006-11-26.
• "Историческа справка за евреите в България" (in Bulgarian). OMDA. Retrieved 2006-11-26.
• "The Optimists: A film about the Rescue of the Bulgarian Jews during the Holocaust". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |Year= ignored (|year= suggested) (help)

Further reading

• Avraham Ben-Yakov, Encyclopaedia of the Holocaust vol. 1, pp. 263-272 (map, illus.)
• Frederick B. Chary, The Bulgarian Jews and the Final Solution 1940–1944. University of Pittsburg Press, 1972. ISBN 0-8229-3251-2
• Michael Bar-Zohar, Beyond Hitler's Grasp: The Heroic Rescue of Bulgaria's Jews. Holbrook, MA: Adams Media, 2001. ISBN 158062541X
• Tzvetan Todorov, "The Fragility of Goodness: Why Bulgaria's Jews Survived the Holocaust." Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 2003. ISBN13: 978-0-691-11564-1

External links

• Bulgarian Subject Files - Social Issues: Minorities: Jews Open Society Archives, Budapest
• The Jewish Virtual Library

• Jewish Bulgarian history