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===Volcanoes and CO<sub>2</sub>=== ===Volcanoes and CO<sub>2</sub>===
⚫ Plimer has long argued<ref>http://www.abc.net.au/rural/content/2010/s2878843.htm?site=southeastnsw</ref> that volcanoes emit more carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) than humans; in particular that ]es emit huge amounts of CO<sub>2</sub> and that the influence of the gases from these volcanoes on the earth's climate is drastically underrepresented in ]s.<ref>Plimer, Ian, '']'', Conner Court Publishing (2009), pp. 207-225.</ref>. However, Plimer is wrong <ref name="Plimer-v-Monbiot">{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/georgemonbiot/2009/dec/16/ian-plimer-versus-george-monbiot |title=Ian Plimer's volcano claims vaporise under questioning on Australian TV | George Monbiot | Environment | guardian.co.uk |publisher=guardian.co.uk |accessdate=2010-04-21 | location=London | date=2009-12-16}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/blog/2009/dec/14/climate-change-sceptic-ian-plimer |title=How climate change sceptic Ian Plimer dodges valid criticism | James Randerson | Environment | guardian.co.uk |publisher=guardian.co.uk |accessdate=2009-12-14 | location=London | date=2009-12-14}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/joss-garman-climate-change-deniers-cost-the-earth-1835058.html |title=Joss Garman: Climate change deniers cost the earth - Commentators, Opinion - The Independent |publisher=www.independent.co.uk |accessdate=2009-12-06 | location=London | date=2009-12-06}}</ref> as does ] author ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/rn/scienceshow/stories/2009/2593166.htm |title=Heaven + Earth - review by David Karoly - Science Show - 13 June 2009 |publisher=www.abc.net.au |accessdate=2010-04-25 }}</ref> The ] (EPA) has stated that Plimer's statement "has no factual basis" since "Volcanoes are only responsible for a couple of hundred megatons per year of CO<sub>2</sub> — a couple of orders of magnitude smaller than human emissions — and are balanced by deep ocean burial", and because volcanoes produce 200 million tons of CO<sub>2</sub> a year compared with 600 million tons from U.S. passenger cars alone.<ref name="epa-debunk">{{cite web |url=http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/endangerment/downloads/RTC%20Volume%202.pdf |title=Endangerment and Cause or Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases Under Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act: EPA’s Response to Public Comments Volume 2: Validity of Observed and Measured Data |accessdate=2010-04-23 |publisher=US EPA |format=PDF |year=2009 |month=May}}, p. 2.</ref>
Plimer has long argued<ref>http://www.abc.net.au/rural/content/2010/s2878843.htm?site=southeastnsw</ref> that volcanoes emit more carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) than humans. Plimer states that ]es, in particular, emit huge amounts of CO<sub>2</sub> and that the influence of the gasses from these volcanoes on the earth's climate is drastically underrepresented in ]s.<ref>Plimer, Ian, '']'', Conner Court Publishing (2009), pp. 207-225.</ref>

⚫ ]<ref name="Plimer-v-Monbiot">{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/georgemonbiot/2009/dec/16/ian-plimer-versus-george-monbiot |title=Ian Plimer's volcano claims vaporise under questioning on Australian TV | George Monbiot | Environment | guardian.co.uk |publisher=guardian.co.uk |accessdate=2010-04-21 | location=London | date=2009-12-16}}</ref> and '']'' columnist James Randerson<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/blog/2009/dec/14/climate-change-sceptic-ian-plimer |title=How climate change sceptic Ian Plimer dodges valid criticism | James Randerson | Environment | guardian.co.uk |publisher=guardian.co.uk |accessdate=2009-12-14 | location=London | date=2009-12-14}}</ref> dispute Plimer's argument, stating that humans emit 130 times more CO<sub>2</sub> than volcanoes based on statements by the ].<ref></ref> Climate scientists ] and ] also dispute Plimer's position on this issue,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/joss-garman-climate-change-deniers-cost-the-earth-1835058.html |title=Joss Garman: Climate change deniers cost the earth - Commentators, Opinion - The Independent |publisher=www.independent.co.uk |accessdate=2009-12-06 | location=London | date=2009-12-06}}</ref> as does ] author ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/rn/scienceshow/stories/2009/2593166.htm |title=Heaven + Earth - review by David Karoly - Science Show - 13 June 2009 |publisher=www.abc.net.au |accessdate=2010-04-25 }}</ref> The ] (EPA) has stated that Plimer's statement "has no factual basis" since "Volcanoes are only responsible for a couple of hundred megatons per year of CO<sub>2</sub> —a couple of orders of magnitude smaller than human emissions— and are balanced by deep ocean burial", and because volcanoes produce 200 million tons of CO<sub>2</sub> a year compared with 600 million tons from U.S. passenger cars alone.<ref name="epa-debunk">{{cite web |url=http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/endangerment/downloads/RTC%20Volume%202.pdf |title=Endangerment and Cause or Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases Under Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act: EPA’s Response to Public Comments Volume 2: Validity of Observed and Measured Data |accessdate=2010-04-23 |publisher=US EPA |format=PDF |year=2009 |month=May}}, p. 2.</ref>

During a debate between Plimer and Monbiot on Australian television,<ref name="abcdebate">{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/content/2009/s2772906.htm |title=Lateline - 15/12/2009: Plimer, Monbiot cross swords in climate debate |publisher=www.abc.net.au |accessdate=2009-12-16 }}</ref> Plimer stated that the USGS had failed to take into account the CO<sub>2</sub> emitted by submarine volcanoes. The host responded that a UK journalist had gone back to the USGS and asked it whether or not submarine volcanoes were included in its calculations, and the USGS said that they were. Plimer responded that there are many huge undersea volcanoes which are not known about or measured.<ref name="Plimer-v-Monbiot">{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/georgemonbiot/2009/dec/16/ian-plimer-versus-george-monbiot |title=Ian Plimer's volcano claims vaporise under questioning on Australian TV | George Monbiot | Environment | guardian.co.uk |publisher=guardian.co.uk |accessdate=2010-04-21 | location=London | date=2009-12-16}}</ref><ref name="volc-debunk">{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/blog/2010/apr/21/iceland-volcano-climate-sceptics |title=Iceland volcano gives warming world chance to debunk climate sceptic myths | Leo Hickman | Environment | guardian.co.uk |publisher=guardian.co.uk |accessdate=2010-04-21 | location=London | date=2010-04-21}}</ref>


===Heaven and Earth (book)=== ===Heaven and Earth (book)===

Revision as of 09:16, 7 May 2010

Ian Rutherford Plimer
Born (1946-02-12) 12 February 1946 (age 78)
NationalityAustralian
CitizenshipAustralia
Alma materUniversity of New South Wales
Macquarie University
Known forOutspoken views against creationism and the scientific consensus on global warming
AwardsEureka Prize (1995, 2002)
Scientific career
FieldsGeology
InstitutionsUniversity of Adelaide

Ian Rutherford Plimer (born February 12, 1946) is an Australian geologist, academic and businessman. He was first known as a prominent critic of creationism, but more recently he has been known for his skeptical views on global warming. He has published approximately 60 academic papers and six books, including his book on the global warming debate, Heaven and Earth — Global Warming: The Missing Science. He is a director of three mining companies.

Early life and career

Plimer grew up in Sydney. He was educated at Gordon Public School and Normanhurst Boys' High School. He earned a BSc at the University of New South Wales, and a PhD at Macquarie University.

Plimer then went to work at the Broken Hill mines, ultimately as chief research geologist at North Broken Hill. He has maintained an interest in the Broken Hill mining district throughout his career.

Plimer then moved to academia, first at the University of New England, New South Wales, next at the University of Newcastle, Australia , and then at the University of Melbourne. He is currently Professor of Mining Geology at the University of Adelaide.

Mining and geology

He is a director of three Australian mining companies: Ivanhoe, CBH Resources and Kefi Minerals. In 2008 and 2009, according to a columnist in The Age, Plimer earned over AU$400,000 from these interests, and he has mining shares and options worth hundreds of thousands of Australian dollars. Plimer rejects claims of a conflict between his commercial mining interests and his view that man-made climate change is a myth. Plimer has said that the proposed Australian carbon-trading scheme could decimate the Australian mining industry, and probably destroy it totally, as well as creating massive unemployment.

In 2009 a new phosphate mineral, plimerite, from the Broken Hill Ore Deposit in New South Wales was named for Plimer in recognition of his work at that mine and contributions to ore geology.

Affiliations

Plimer is listed as an associate of the Institute of Public Affairs, a free market think tank. In 2007, Plimer was listed as an "allied expert" for the Natural Resources Stewardship Project, a Canadian advocacy group that opposes the Kyoto Protocol.

In November 2009, Plimer was named as a member of the academic advisory council for Nigel Lawson's global warming skeptic group, the Global Warming Policy Foundation.

Plimer is a life member of the Australian Skeptics.

Climate change scepticism

Carbon dioxide has an effect on the atmosphere and it has an effect for the first 50 parts per million and once it's done its job then it's finished and you can double it and quadruple it and it has no effect because we've seen that in the geological past, and we've seen it in times gone by when the carbon dioxide content was 100 times the current content. We didn't have runaway global warming, we actually had glaciation, so there's immediately a disconnect. So carbon dioxide is absolutely vital for living on earth; it's plant food, all of life lives off carbon dioxide. To demonise it shows that you don't understand school child science.

Ian Plimer, interviewed on ABNNewswire, June 2009

Plimer is critical of what he sees as an irrational environmental movement and believes that the vast bulk of the scientific community, including most major scientific academies, is prejudiced by the prospect of research funding. He has characterised the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change so: "The IPCC process is related to environmental activism, politics and opportunism" and "the IPCC process is unrelated to science". He is critical of greenhouse gas politics and argues that extreme environmental changes are inevitable.

Volcanoes and CO2

Plimer has long argued that volcanoes emit more carbon dioxide (CO2) than humans; in particular that submarine volcanoes emit huge amounts of CO2 and that the influence of the gases from these volcanoes on the earth's climate is drastically underrepresented in climate models.. However, Plimer is wrong as does IPCC author David Karoly. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has stated that Plimer's statement "has no factual basis" since "Volcanoes are only responsible for a couple of hundred megatons per year of CO2 — a couple of orders of magnitude smaller than human emissions — and are balanced by deep ocean burial", and because volcanoes produce 200 million tons of CO2 a year compared with 600 million tons from U.S. passenger cars alone.

Heaven and Earth (book)

Main article: "Heaven and Earth", Plimer's book on climate change

In 2009, Plimer released Heaven and Earth, a book in which he claims that climate models focus too strongly on the effects of carbon dioxide, rather than factoring other issues such as solar variation. This is disputed by scientists involved in climate change research.

Debate with George Monbiot

Plimer challenged George Monbiot of The Guardian to a public debate on the issues covered in the book, after Monbiot criticised the book, calling Plimer a climate change denialist. Negotiations for a face-to-face debate eventually broke down over a series of questions the two exchanged beforehand, and no debate was held. They did eventually meet in debate on the ABC's Lateline program in December, 2009.

Copenhagen Climate Challenge

During the United Nations Climate Change Conference 2009 (COP15), Plimer spoke at a rival conference in Copenhagen for sceptics, called the Copenhagen Climate Challenge, which was organised by the Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow and attended by 60 people. According to Lenore Taylor of The Australian, Plimer was a star attraction of the two-day event. In closing his speech, Plimer stated that “They’ve got us outnumbered, but we’ve got them outgunned, and that’s with the truth.”

El Niño, earthquakes and sea levels

Plimer has stated that El Niño is caused by earthquakes and volcanic activity at the mid-ocean ridges and that the melting of polar ice has nothing to do with man-made carbon dioxide. Plimer told Radio Australia that Pacific island nations are seeing changes in relative sea level not because of global warming but quite commonly due to other factors, such as "vibration consolidating the coral island sands", extraction of water, and extraction of sand for road and air strip making.

Political influence

Plimer was cited by the leader of the Liberal Party of Australia, Tony Abbott, in dismissing the IPCC and its findings:

I think that in response to the IPCC alarmist — in inverted commas — view, there've been quite a lot of other reputable scientific voices. Now not everyone agrees with Ian Plimer's position, but he is a highly credible scientist and he has written what seems like a very well-argued book refuting most of the claims of the climate catastrophists.

— 8px, in Tony Abbott, The Sydney Morning Herald, 8px

Christopher Monckton visited Australia a few months after this, and Plimer's views came to be associated with Monckton's claim that the international left created the threat of catastrophic global warming. On this association, left-wing columnist Phillip Adams commented: "Praise the lord for Lord Monckton! For Ian Plimer! For Andrew Bolt! Not only does this evil axis of scientists tell lies but they've also doctored the weather to frighten people with huge droughts, cyclones and tsunamis to prove what they now call "global warming"."

Critic of creationism

Plimer is an outspoken critic of creationism and is famous for a 1988 debate with creationist Duane Gish in which he asked his opponent to hold live electrical cables to prove that electromagnetism was 'only a theory'. Gish accused him of being theatrical, abusive and slanderous.

In 1990 Plimer's anti-creationist arguments were criticised in Creation/Evolution journal, in an article titled "How Not to Argue with Creationists" by skeptic and anti-creationist Jim Lippard for (inter alia) including false claims and errors, for "behaving poorly" in the 1988 Gish debate, for misrepresenting the views of Michael Denton, author of Evolution: A Theory in Crisis in that debate, for making unsupported (and false) claims about alleged financial fraud involving the Australian Creation Science Foundation (CSF), which led to an apology for Plimer's remarks by the magazine Media Information Australia, for falsely claiming on Australian national radio that the CSF had not submitted financial reports for 1986, 1987, or 1988, a claim which led to an apology by the Australian Broadcasting Company, and for writing a letter to a creationist following the debate with Gish in which Plimer offered unsupported sexual innuendo about Gish.

Book: Telling Lies for God

In his book Telling Lies for God: Reason vs Creationism (1994), Plimer attacked the creationists in Australia, in specific the Queensland-based Creation Science Foundation (now called Creation Ministries International or CMI), arguing that claims of a Biblical global flood are untenable. In the book he also attacked aspects of traditional Christian belief and literal interpretations of the Bible, with chapters titled "Scientific Fraud: The Great Flood of Absurdities" and "Disinformation Doublespeak". The ministry published a rebuttal criticising the arguments made in the book.

Court case

In the late 1990s, Plimer went to court alleging misleading and deceptive advertising under the Trade Practices Act 1974 against Ark searcher Allen Roberts, arising from Plimer's attacks on Roberts' claims concerning the location of Noah's Ark. Before the trial, Plimer was forcibly ejected by police from public meetings at which Roberts spoke. The court ruled that Roberts had indeed made false and misleading claims on two of 16 instances cited by Plimer, Plimer had failed to show the other 14, and the two were minor enough to not require remedy, so Plimer lost the case, and was ordered to pay his own and Roberts' legal costs estimated at over 500,000 Australian dollars.

Awards, fellowships and prizes

Source:

Bibliography

  • Telling Lies for God - Reason vs Creationism, Ian Plimer, Random House, Sydney, 1994 (ISBN 0-09-182852-X)
  • A Short History of Planet Earth, Ian Plimer, ABC Books, 2001 (ISBN 0-7333-1004-4)
  • Heaven and Earth, Ian Plimer, Quartet Books (May 1, 2009 hardcover ISBN 978-0704371668) and Taylor Trade Publishing, Lanham, MD, (July 2009 Paperback ISBN 978-1-58979-472-6)

References

  1. Johnson, Anne (2006-05-28). "The coffin, the Ark & the Prof". The Sunday Mail. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  2. ^ Ian Plimer at the School of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering, University of Adelaide.
  3. ^ "Mining Journal - Warming up". www.mining-journal.com. Archived from the original on 2009-08-15. Retrieved 2009-08-16.
  4. ^ "AdelaideNow... Why I'd put global warming on ice (profile of Plimer and his climate-sceptic views)". www.news.com.au. Retrieved 2009-08-15.
  5. "Proactive Investors UK - Kefi Minerals has How many gold prospects in Turkey?". www.proactiveinvestors.co.uk. Retrieved 2009-08-15.
  6. "A resourceful climate sceptic". theage.com.au. Retrieved 2010-02-12.
  7. ^ "Lateline Business - 11/11/2008: Ian Plimer joins Lateline Business". www.abc.net.au. Retrieved 2009-08-30.
  8. Mineralogical Magazine; February 2009; v. 73; no. 1; p. 131-148; DOI: 10.1180/minmag.2009.073.1.131
  9. Mindat - Plimerite
  10. "The Global Warming Sceptics Club — a Crikey list - Crikey". www.crikey.com.au. Retrieved 2009-08-30.
  11. "Ian Plimer". www.ipa.org.au. Retrieved 2009-08-30. {{cite web}}: Text "Institute of Public Affairs Australia" ignored (help)
  12. "Natural Resources Stewardship Project (NRSP)". 2007. Archived from the original on 12/02/2007. Retrieved 08/07/2009. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |archivedate= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  13. Davies, Caroline (2009-11-24). "The voices of climate change sceptics". London: guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 2009-11-24. {{cite news}}: Text "Environment" ignored (help); Text "The Guardian" ignored (help)
  14. "Top scientist debunks global warming". www.news.com.au. Retrieved 2009-08-30. {{cite web}}: Text "The Courier-Mail" ignored (help)
  15. Penelope Debelle, The Advertiser (Adelaide), May 28, 2009, Why I'd put global warming on ice (archived by Plimer's publisher, Connor Court). "The outcome of the Federal Court case was not clear-cut but Plimer says he won...The Australian Sceptics were so impressed they made Plimer a life member."
  16. "Doomed Planet". Quadrant Online. Retrieved 2009-07-07.
  17. Hendrik Gout (2009). "Ian Plimer: A question of faith". Independentweekly.com.au. Retrieved 2009-08-11. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  18. http://www.abc.net.au/rural/content/2010/s2878843.htm?site=southeastnsw
  19. Plimer, Ian, Heaven and Earth: Global Warming — The Missing Science, Conner Court Publishing (2009), pp. 207-225.
  20. "Ian Plimer's volcano claims vaporise under questioning on Australian TV". London: guardian.co.uk. 2009-12-16. Retrieved 2010-04-21. {{cite news}}: Text "Environment" ignored (help); Text "George Monbiot" ignored (help); Text "guardian.co.uk" ignored (help)
  21. "How climate change sceptic Ian Plimer dodges valid criticism". London: guardian.co.uk. 2009-12-14. Retrieved 2009-12-14. {{cite news}}: Text "Environment" ignored (help); Text "James Randerson" ignored (help); Text "guardian.co.uk" ignored (help)
  22. "Joss Garman: Climate change deniers cost the earth - Commentators, Opinion - The Independent". London: www.independent.co.uk. 2009-12-06. Retrieved 2009-12-06.
  23. "Heaven + Earth - review by David Karoly - Science Show - 13 June 2009". www.abc.net.au. Retrieved 2010-04-25.
  24. "Endangerment and Cause or Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases Under Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act: EPA's Response to Public Comments Volume 2: Validity of Observed and Measured Data" (PDF). US EPA. 2009. Retrieved 2010-04-23. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help), p. 2.
  25. "Beware the climate of conformity". Smh.com.au. Retrieved 2009-04-14.
  26. "Heaven + Earth - review by David Karoly - Science Show - 13 June 2009". www.abc.net.au. Retrieved 2009-09-12.
  27. Let battle commence! Climate change denialist ready for the fight, The Guardian, August 6, 2009, George Monbiot
  28. "This professor of denial can't even answer his own questions on climate change". London: guardian.co.uk. 2009-09-14. Retrieved 2009-09-20. {{cite news}}: Text "George Monbiot" ignored (help); Text "The Guardian" ignored (help)
  29. "Spectator's new editor fails to tell a straight story". London: guardian.co.uk. 2009-09-23. Retrieved 2009-09-23. {{cite news}}: Text "Environment" ignored (help); Text "George Monbiot" ignored (help); Text "guardian.co.uk" ignored (help)
  30. "Quadrant Online - Why Monbiot ran". www.quadrant.org.au. Retrieved 2009-12-15.
  31. "Lateline - 15/12/2009: Plimer, Monbiot cross swords in climate debate". www.abc.net.au. Retrieved 2009-12-16.
  32. "The parallel universe with a life of its own". The Australian. Dec 17, 2009.
  33. ^ "Copenhagen Calling: Bolstering Barack - Giles Parkinson - News - Business Spectator". www.businessspectator.com.au. Retrieved 2009-12-09.
  34. Gray, Louise (2009-12-09). "Copenhagen climate summit: Behind the scenes at the sceptics' conference - Telegraph". London: telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 2009-12-10.
  35. "Plimer addresses Copenhagen 'heretics'". smh.com.au. Retrieved 2009-12-09.
  36. "Plimer the toast of Copenhagen sceptics meeting". www.theaustralian.com.au. Retrieved 2009-12-10. {{cite web}}: Text "The Australian" ignored (help)
  37. Kirby, Simon (2007-04-12). "Mankind 'can't influence' climate". dailytelegraph.com.au. Retrieved 2010-04-25.
  38. "Australia Network News:Stories:Australian scientist sceptical of climate change". australianetworknews.com. Retrieved 2009-08-19.
  39. "Marian Wilkinson". smh.com.au. Retrieved 2009-12-01.
  40. Adams, Phillip (2010-02-13). "The great greenhouse plot". The Weekend Australian Magazine. p. 3. Retrieved 2010-02-19.
  41. ^ Thomas H. Jukes (1995). "Battling creationism down under". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 40 (6): pp. 707–708. doi:10.1007/BF00160521. {{cite journal}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  42. Jim Lippard (1992). "How Not To Argue With Creationists" (PDF). Creation/Evolution (National Center for Science Education). 11 (2): 9–21.
  43. "How Not To Argue With Creationists". www.discord.org. Retrieved 2010-04-22.
  44. How Not To Argue With Creationists by Jim Lippard, issue XXIX of Creation/Evolution, 11(2):9–21, Winter 1991–1992
  45. ^ ""Telling Lies For God"? - One Man's Crusade". www.abc.net.au. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
  46. ^ "Plimer book - Our point-by-point rebuttal". creation.com. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
  47. "Ian Plimer's Bloopers — a selection". Creation Ministeries International. Retrieved 2009-07-13.
  48. Leigh Dayton (1997). "Ark verdict spells ruin for geologist". New Scientist. Retrieved 2009-07-16. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  49. "The Plimer/Roberts verdict". Creation Ministries International. Retrieved 2010-04-04.
  50. Justice Sackville. "David Fasold & Anor v Allen Roberts & Anor [1997] FCA 439 (2 June 1997)". Federal Court of Australia. Retrieved 2010-04-04.
  51. Carl Wieland. "Plimer Settles". Creation Ministries. Retrieved 2009-07-16.
  52. "Denialist ark a wobbly craft". The Australian. 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-13. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  53. Geoff Maslen. "Noah's Ark case leaves professor high and dry". Times Higher Education. Retrieved 2009-07-16.
  54. ATSE.org.au
  55. AUSimm.com.au
  56. AIG.org.au

External links

Awards
Preceded byLesley Joy Rogers Clarke Medal
2004 		Succeeded byMark Westoby
Categories: