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The Senkaku Islands dispute concerns a territorial dispute on a group of uninhabited islands, known as the Senkaku Islands (尖閣諸島) in Japanese, and known as the Diaoyu Islands (钓鱼岛群岛) or Diaoyutai Islands (釣魚台列嶼) in Chinese. These disputed islands are currently controlled and administered by Japan, and claimed by both the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China (Taiwan). The United States occupied the islands from 1945 to 1972 and holds a neutral stance on the dispute. The controversial diplomatic issues of sovereignty are marked by a complex array of economic and political considerations and consequences.

The islands

The Senkaku Islands are located in the East China Sea between the People's Republic of China, the Republic of China and Japan. It contains five uninhabited islands and three barren rocks, ranging in size from 0.0008 km to 4.32 km.

The territorial dispute

Beginnings

Following the Meiji Restoration, the Meiji Japanese government formally annexed what was known as the Ryukyu Kingdom as Okinawa Prefecture in 1879. The Senkaku Islands, which lie between Ryukyu Kingdom and Qing empire, became the Sino-Japanese boundary for the first time.

In 1885, the Japanese Governor of Okinawa Prefecture, Nishimura Sutezo, petitioned the Meiji government asking that it take formal control of the islands. However, Inoue Kaoru, the Japanese Minister of Foreign Affairs, commented that the islands lay near to the border area with the Qing empire and that they had been given Chinese names. He also cited an article in a Chinese newspaper that had previously claimed that Japan was occupying islands off China's coast. Inoue was concerned that if Japan proceeded to erect a landmark stating its claim to the islands, it would make the Qing empire suspicious. Following Inoue's advice, Yamagata Aritomo, the Minister of the Interior turned down the request to incorporate the islands, insisting that this matter should not be "revealed to the news media".

On 14 January 1895, during the Sino-Japanese War, Japan incorporated the islands under the administration of Okinawa, stating that it had conducted surveys since 1884 and that the islands were terra nullius (Latin: no man's land), with there being no evidence to suggest that they had been under Qing empire's control.

After China lost the war, both countries signed the Treaty of Shimonoseki in April 1895 that stipulated, among other things, that China would cede to Japan "the island of Formosa together with all islands appertaining or belonging to said island of Formosa (Taiwan)".

The treaty, however, was nullified after Japan lost the Second world war in 1945 by the Treaty of San Francisco, which was signed between Japan and part of the Allied Powers in 1951. The document nullifies prior treaties and lays down the framework for Japan's current status of retaining a military that is purely defensive in nature.

There is a disagreement between the Japanese, PRC and ROC governments as to whether the islands are implied to be part of the "islands appertaining or belonging to said island of Formosa" in the Treaty of Shimonoseki. The Japanese government argues that the disputed islands were terra nullius and not implied to be part of the "islands appertaining or belonging to said island of Formosa" but China and Taiwan both dispute the claim by citing Yamagata Aritomo's reasons and decisions to turn down the request to incorporate the islands in 1885.

In 1969, the US expressed its intention to end the formal period of post-war occupation of Japan, which meant ceding a number of islands including the disputed islands to Japan. Both PRC and ROC asserted sovereignty over the islands. The ROC made an official announcement on 11 June 1971. The PRC officially announced its position on 30 December 1971.

On May 15, 1972, the United States ended its occupation of Okinawa and the Ryukyu Island chain, which includes the Senkaku Islands.

Arguments from PRC and ROC

The two governments of China argue that the sovereignty dispute is a legacy of Japanese invasion of China and complicated by the civil war between the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the Kuomintang (KMT) over control of China. The PRC's and ROC's claims include the following arguments:

1. The islands were China's frontier off-shore defence against wokou (Japanese pirates) during the Ming and Qing dynasties (1368-1911). A Chinese map of Asia, as well as a map complied by a Japanese cartographer in the 18th century, shows the islands as a part of China.
2. Japan took control of the islands during the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894-1895, to whom they were formally ceded by the Treaty of Shimonoseki. The letter of the Japanese Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1885, rejecting the annexation of the islands in the worry of raising China's suspicion, shows that Japan knew the islands were not terra nullius.
3. The Potsdam Declaration stated that "Japanese sovereignty shall be limited to the islands of Honshū, Hokkaidō, Kyūshū, Shikoku and such minor islands as we determine", and "we" referred to the victors of WWII who met at Potsdam, the USA, UK and Republic of China. Japan accepted the terms of the Declaration when it surrendered.
4. Both the PRC and ROC governments never endorsed the transfer of control of the islands to Japan in 1970s.

According to Chinese claims, the islands, known to China at least since 1372, had been repeatedly referred to as part of Chinese territory since 1534, and later controlled by the Qing Dynasty along with Taiwan. The earliest written record of Diaoyutai dates back to 1403 in a Chinese book Voyage with the Tail Wind (zh:順風相送), which recorded the names of the islands that voyagers had passed on a trip from Fujian to the Ryukyu Kingdom.

By 1534, all the major islets of the island group were identified and named in the book Record of the Imperial Envoy's Visit to Ryukyu (使琉球錄). and were the Ming Dynasty (the 16th century) 's sea-defense frontier. One of the islands, Chihweiyu, marked the boundary of the Ryukyu Islands. This is viewed by the PRC and ROC as meaning that these islands did not belong to the Ryukyu Islands.

The First Sino-Japanese War broke out in 1894. After the Qing dynasty of China lost the war, both countries signed the Treaty of Shimonoseki on 17 April 1895. In Article 2(b) the Treaty stated that "the island of Formosa, together with all islands appertaining or belonging to the said island of Formosa" should be ceded to Japan. Although the Treaty did not specifically name every ceded island, the PRC and ROC argue that Japan did not include the islands as part of Okinawa Prefecture prior to 1894, and that the eventual inclusion occurred only as a consequence of China's cession of Taiwan and the Pescadores to Japan after the Sino-Japanese War.

The Japanese government argues that the islands were not ceded by this treaty but the claim is disputed by Chinese governments, quoting the documents of Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1884. In that year, the Japanese Minister of Foreign Affairs objected the annexation of those islands by stating that those islands were "near to the Qing (China)'s border", "had Chinese names", and Japanese activity "in the offshore's coast of Qing Dynasty had already raised the attention of Chinese newspapers and were warned by China". Following this advice, the Japanese interior minister, Yamagata Aritomo, turned down the request for incorporating those islands into Japanese territory. The Chinese governments see it as an evidence to disprove Japanese claim that those islands were terra nullius when they decided to incorporate them in 1895.

The Japanese government kept postponing the issue and it was only in 1895, when Japan's victory in the Sino-Japanese War was manifested, that the application was finally accepted in a Cabinet meeting. They also claim that the Japanese reference to these islands did not appear in Japanese government documents before 1884.

After the World War II, there was renewed civil war between the Chinese Communist Party and Kuomintang. The two parties formed competing governments, the PRC and ROC respectively. Both governments held undefined positions on the sovereignty and administration on the islands until 1971, when the U.S. expressed its intention to hand over the islands to Japan. Both the PRC and ROC governments protested and claimed sovereignty over the islands as a part of Taiwan.

The PRC and ROC governments claim that during negotiations with China over the Ryukyu Islands after the First Sino-Japanese War, the islands were not mentioned at all in a partition plan suggested by US ex-President Grant. The lease of the islands in 1896 and subsequent purchase in 1930 by the Koga family were merely domestic arrangements made by the Japanese government which had no bearing on the legal status of the islands."

China has protested since the US announced the Okinawa reversion in 1971.

Arguments from Japan

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The Japanese stance is that there is no territorial issue that needs to be resolved over the Senkaku. It has stated the following points as claim for the islands and counter-argument against China's claim.

1. The islands had been uninhabited and showed no trace of having been under the control of China prior to 1895.
2. The islands were neither part of Taiwan nor part of the Pescadores Islands, which were ceded to Japan by the Qing Dynasty of China in Article II of the May 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki, thus were not later renounced by Japan under Article II of the San Francisco Peace Treaty.
3. Though the islands were controlled by the United States as an occupying power between 1945 and 1972, Japan has since 1972 exercised administration over the islands. The PRC and ROC (Taiwan) have come to claim the sovereignty since a submarine oil field was discovered near these islands.

During a private visit 9 years after stepping down from office, former President of Republic of China, Lee Teng-hui, once said that the Senkaku Islands are part of Okinawa.

After the Meiji Restoration, the Japanese government conducted surveys of the islands beginning in 1885, which found that the islands were terra nullius and that there was no evidence to suggest that they had ever been under Chinese control. At the time of this survey, however, Yamagata Aritomo, the minister of interior of the Meji government, put off the request to incorporate the islands, saying that those islands lay near the Sino-Japanese boundary and already had Chinese names.

On 14 January 1895, Japan incorporated the islands into its territory, during the First Sino-Japanese War, three months after its military victory and three months before the signing of the Treaty of Shimonoseki. Japan erected a marker on Kubajima and Uotsurijima to incorporate them as its territory. This decision was publicized in 1950. Four of the islands were subsequently developed by Koga Tatsushirō (古賀 辰四郎) and his family, with the permission of the Japanese government.

Japan claims that neither China nor Ryukyu had recognized sovereignty over the uninhabited islands. Therefore, they claim that Chinese documents only prove that Kumejima, the first inhabited island reached by the Chinese, belonged to Okinawa. Kentaro Serita (芹田 健太郎) of Kobe University points out that the official history book of the Ming Dynasty compiled during the Qing Dynasty, called the History of Ming (明史), describes Taiwan in its "Biographies of Foreign Countries" (外国列传) section. Thus, China did not control the Senkaku Islands or Taiwan during the Ming Dynasty. The contrary viewpoint is that this evidence goes only to verify that the early Qing Dynasty (which compiled the book) saw Taiwan and its surrounding islands as outside its territory. For 39 years between the end of the Ming Dynasty and the conquest of Taiwan by the Qing Dynasty, Taiwan was ruled by a separate regime, the Kingdom of Tungning, which swore loyalty to the Ming. Such evidence is thus not relevant to the Qing Dynasty's attitude towards the islands after its conquest of Taiwan.

After a number of Chinese were rescued from a shipwreck in 1920, a letter purportedly sent to Japanese fishermen by the Chinese Consul Feng Mien (冯冕/馮冕) in Nagasaki on behalf of the Republic of China (中華民國) on May 20, 1921, reference was made to "Senkaku Islands, Yaeyama District, Okinawa Prefecture, the Empire of Japan". The letter is on exhibition at Yaeyama museum.

The People's Daily, a daily newspaper, which is the organ of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC), had written that Senkaku islands is the part of Japanese territory in 1953.

The Washington Times claimed that they obtained a classified map made by the PRC's map authority in 1969 apparently listing the "Senkaku Islands" as Japanese territory.

A World Atlas published in October 1965 by the National Defense Research Academy and the China Geological Research Institute of Taiwan records the Diaoyu Islands with Japanese names: Gyochojima (Diaoyu Islands), Taishojima (Chiwei Island), and Senkaku Gunto. In the late 1970s, the government of ROC began to recall these books, but it was too late.

A world atlas published in November 1958, by the Map Publishing Company of Beijing, treats the Senkaku Islands as a Japanese territory. A state-prescribed textbook published in 1970 in Taiwan treated the islands as Japanese territories.

After World War II, the islands came under the United States occupation of Okinawa. During this period, the United States and the Ryūkyū Government administered the islands and the US Navy used Kuba-jima and Taisho-jima as maneuver areas.

In 1972, sovereignty over Okinawa, and arguably the surrounding islands, was handed back to Japan as the United States Military Government terminated its jurisdiction over territories originally specified in Article 3 of the Treaty of San Francisco.

From 1895 to 1940, there was a Katsuobushi (fish flakes) factory and about 200 Japanese residents on the islands. In 1978, a Japanese nationalist group, Nihonseinensha built a lighthouse on Uotsuri Jima, which was subsequently handed over to the Japanese government in 2005.

Alternate approaches

When PRC-Japan diplomatic relations were established in 1972, both nations found reasons to set aside this territorial dispute. According to negotiator Deng Xiaoping, "It does not matter if this question is shelved for some time, say, 10 years. Our generation is not wise enough to find common language on this question. Our next generation will certainly be wiser. They will certainly find a solution acceptable to all."

In 1969, the United Nations Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE) identified potential oil and gas reserves in the vicinity of the Senkaku Islands. During subsequent decades, several rounds of bilateral talks considered joint-development of sub-seabed resources in disputed territorial waters. Such efforts to develop a cooperative strategy were unsuccessful.

In 2008, a preliminary agreement on joint development of resources has been reached but the agreement only includes the area far from these islands.

Disputes about the causes

There are disputes about the causes of controversy involving the Senkaku Islands. For example, some use the term "territorial dispute"; however, the Japanese government has consistently rejected this framing since the early 1970s. An analysis of incidents and issues require distinguishing between disputes which are primarily over territory and those which merely have a territorial component.

The real importance of the islands lies in the ... implications for the wider context of the two countries’ approaches to maritime and island disputes, as well as in the way in which those issues can be used by domestic political groups to further their own objectives. — Zhongqi Pan

Other nations are closely monitoring developments , e.g.,

• Senkakus described as a proxy. According to China Daily, the Senkaku Islands are a disruptive mine planted by the United States into Sino-Japanese relations.
• Senkakus characterized as a pretext. According to the New York Times, some analysts frame all discussion about the islands' status within a broader pattern of Chinese territorial assertions.
• Senkakus identified as a tactic. According to the Christian Science Monitor, the Senkakus may represent a tactical distraction from China's internal power struggle over who will replace the current leadership of the Communist Party in 2012.

The historical record is a backdrop for each new incident in the unfolding chronology of these islands.

Historical development

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• 1532: On the 8th of the 5th month (lunar calendar), Chen Kan, leading the envoy on behalf of the emperor of the Ming Dynasty of China to Ryukyu, recorded the islands as landmarks en route.
• 1561: Ming envoy Kuo Ju-lin, following Chen Kan, set sail from Fuzhou on the 29th of the 5th month and recorded passing the islands as landmarks.
• 1785: A Japanese map by Hayashi Shihei indicated the islands in the same color of that of China, and different from that of Ryukyu. (See "Arguments from PRC and ROC" for more information).
• 1879: Ryukyu was officially annexed by Japan as the Okinawa Prefecture.
• 1885: Japan began survey on the islands.
• 1895: Japan claimed the islands were terra nullius in the middle of the First Sino-Japanese war and annexed the islands. 3 months later, the Treaty of Shimonoseki was signed by China and Japan.
• 1900: The name Senkaku was first mentioned in Japanese literatures, a translation of Pinnacles.
• 1909: Japanese population of the islands became 248."
• 1945: US controlled the islands after Japan surrendered
• 1970: A Taiwanese reporter of the China Times landed and hanged the national flag of Republic of China.
• December 1971: The People's Republic of China (PRC) first officially claimed (via People's Daily) sovereignty when Japan made known its official standpoint with the signing of the Okinawa Reversion Treaty.
• 1972: The US returned the islands to Japan as part of Okinawa.
• 1978: The Japan Youth Association set up a lighthouse on the main island.
• 14 July 1996: The Japan Youth Association built a 5 m high, solar-powered, aluminum lighthouse on another island.
• 14 September 1996: the U.S. State Department spokesman reiterated its neutral position on the sovereignty dispute between Japan and China.
• 26 September 1996: David Chan, a Hong Kong protester, drowned near the islets, after leaping off one of the protest vessels with several companions with the object of symbolizing Chinese claim of sovereignty.
• 7 October 1996: Protesters plant the flags of the ROC and the PRC on the main island. It was later removed by the Japanese.
• 9 April 1999: The U.S. Ambassador to Japan Thomas S. Foley said "we are not, as far as I understand, taking a specific position in the dispute.... we do not assume that there will be any reason to engage the security treaty in any immediate sense."
• 20 April 2000: Senkaku Shinto shrine (尖閣神社) was established on Uotsuri Jima/Diaoyudao.
• April 2002: The Japanese government leased Uotsuri and other islands from their private owners.
• 24 March 2004: A group of Chinese activists from the PRC planned to stay on the Islands for three days. The seven people who landed on the islands were arrested by the Japanese for illegal entry. The Japanese Foreign Ministry made a complaint to the PRC government, and the PRC demanded the release of the activists. They were sent to Japan and deported from there. Japan subsequently stated that it would prohibit anybody from landing on the islands without prior permission.
• 24 March 2004: Adam Ereli, deputy spokesman at the U.S. State Department said "the U.S. does not take a position on the question of the ultimate sovereignty of the Senkaku Diaoyu Islands."
• February 2005: Japan planned to take ownership of a privately-owned lighthouse on Uotsuri, after it was offered to them by the owner, a fisherman living on Ishigaki, Okinawa. The lighthouse is expected to be managed by the Japanese Coast Guard.
• 23 April 2004: a member of a Japanese right-wing group rammed a bus into the Chinese consulate in Osaka, to protest Chinese claims.
• July 2004: Japan started exploring for natural gas in what it considers its own exclusive economic zone in the East China Sea as a step to counter China's building of a natural gas complex nearby. Japan plans to survey a 30-kilometer-wide band stretching between latitudes 28 and 30 degrees North, just inside the border demarcated by Japan. China disputes Japan's rights to explore the area east of the median line between the two countries, which Japan has proposed as the demarcation line for their exclusive economic zones.
• July 2004: a group of Chinese held a demonstration outside the Japanese Embassy in Beijing afternoon to protest Japan's "illegal" oil exploration activities in a disputed area of the East China Sea. The protesters, organized by Beijing-based organization called the Patriots Alliance Network.
• 10 February 2005: On Voice of America, the U.S. Undersecretary of State John Bolton said that Japan's new assertiveness is in line with the desires of many Japanese politicians to take their country beyond its post-World War Two reliance on the United States. "It's a question of the evolution of Japanese thinking on its own. Japan has made it clear they want to resolve all of the territorial disputes by diplomatic means and that's certainly something that we agree with. Our kind of getting in the middle of it is probably not the most productive way to proceed."
• June 2005: The ROC dispatched a ROCN frigate near to the disputed waters after Taiwanese fishing vessels were harassed by Japanese patrol boats. The frigate, which was carrying Legislative Yuan President Wang Jin-pyng and ROC Defense Minister Lee Jye, was not challenged and returned to Taiwan without incident. Fisheries talks between Taipei and Tokyo were held in July, but did not cover sovereignty issues.
• 17 March 2006: Kyodo News reported the U.S. Ambassador to Japan, Thomas Schieffer, presented that he considered "the Islands as territory of Japan" in his talk in Tokyo.
• 27 October 2006: A group of activists from the Hong Kong-based Action Committee for Defending the Diaoyu Islands approached the islands to show the support for Chinese claims to the Diaoyu Islands. They were stopped from landing on the islands by the Japan Coast Guard. Later on, the PLAN conducted a military exercise in the area.

2008

• 16 April 2008: two PLAAF J-10A multi-role fighter peremptorily intercepted a Japanese P-3C anti-submarine and reconnaissance airplane that was flying closely above the Senkaku Islands. The two J-10 fighters were suspected of protecting Chinese nuclear submarines that were operating in that area.(source???)
• 8 September 2008: Two Chinese coast guard vessels started routine patrol within 12 kilometers of Senkaku Islands in order to declare the Senkaku Islands as Chinese territory.
• 10 June 2008: The 270 ton sport fishing vessel Lien Ho (聯合號) of Taiwan suffered a collision with the Japanese patrol vessel Koshiki. The vessel sank while in the disputed territorial waters that have been claimed by Japan and Taiwan (ROC). The Taiwanese crew who were aboard the vessel claims that the larger Japanese frigate deliberately crashed into them; their assertions are backed up by recently released video footage. Japanese coast guard initially claimed that the Taiwanese boat had crashed into the patrol ship. While releasing the passengers, Japan initially detained the captain and sought reparations.
• 13 June 2008: The captain was released.
• 16 June 2008: A boat carrying activists from Taiwan, defended by five Republic of China Coast Guard vessels, approached to within 0.4 nautical miles (740 m) of the main island, from which position they circumnavigated the island in an assertion of sovereignty of the islands. This demonstration has prompted Taiwanese politicians to cancel a planned trip on-board Republic of China Navy vessels to demonstrate sovereignty. The Taiwanese vessels were followed by Japanese Coast Guard vessels, but no attempt was made to intercept them.
• 20 June 2008: Upon releasing the video taken by people on board the Taiwanese boat, Japan had apologized for the incident and agreed to pay NT$10 million (US$311,000) as compensation to the owner of the boat. Liu Chao-shiuan, Premier of the Republic of China, has refused to rule out the use of force to defend the islands against Japanese advances. The ROC government recalled its chief representative to Japan in protest. On June 20, the de-facto Japanese ambassador to Taiwan apologized, in person, to the captain of the Taiwanese boat Lien Ho.

2010

• 7 September 2010: A Chinese fishing trawler collided with two Japanese Coast Guard patrol boats in disputed waters near the islands. The collisions occurred after the Japanese Coast Guard ordered the trawler to leave the area. After the collisions, Japanese sailors boarded the Chinese vessel and arrested the captain Zhan Qixiong.
• 18 September 2010: 79th anniversary of the Mukden Incident, widespread anti-Japanese protests held in Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Hong Kong and Shenyang.
• 22 September 2010: Chinese premier Wen Jiabao threatened further action if the captain of the Chinese fishing trawler were not released.
• 24 September 2010: Japan released the Chinese captain, stating keeping the captain in custody would not be appropriate and raised considerable impact on the Sino-Japan relation.
• 25 September 2010: China demanded an apology and compensation from Japan for holding the Chinese boat captain in the collision incident. Japan rejected the Chinese demand.
• 27 September 2010: Japan said they would counter-claim against China for damage to their patrol boats in the collision.
• 2 October 2010: Large scale anti-Chinese protests occurred in Tokyo and six other cities in Japan.
• 3 October 2010: A group of right wing Japanese protesters marched to the Ikebukuro mall specializing in Chinese food demanding to guard the islands against the Chinese.
• 6 October 2010: Joint USA/Japan drill is planned on defending the Okinawa in December but Japanese Prime Minister Kan Naoto told the parliament that the joint military exercise does not have the islands specifically in mind.
• 14 October 2010: Japan's Foreign Minister Seiji Maehara, along with other members of the LDP party filed a complaint against Google Maps demanding the removal of the Chinese name of Diaoyutai from the interactive map services. Google refused, stating that they wish to remain neutral.

2011

• 29 June 2011: A fishing boat from Taiwan, named "Tafa 268", with some activists aboard, navigated to waters some 23 nautical miles off the disputed Diaoyutai/Senkaku Islands in the morning. the Japanese coast guard immediately mobilized four patrol vessels to block the “Tafa 268”, and a Japanese helicopter was also dispatched to monitor the Taiwanese boat. The Coast Guard Agency (CGA) Keelung office of Taiwan had sent five patrol vessels to there and managed to break the Japanese blockade to sail close to the Taiwanese fishing boat. Both sides of coast guard vessels reiterated the disputed islands were their own territory but no collision happened, and "Tafa 268" set off for home escorted by the CGA vessels after a 25-minute standoff.

• 3~4 July 2011: Nine Japanese fishing boats, including one owned by a senior official of a Japanese nationalist group, were fishing near the islands. Beijing lodged a stern remonstration with Tokyo on July 4, 2011, over Japanese such fishing activities. Chinese Foreign Ministry demands that Japanese fishing vessels be immediately withdrawn. On July 3 morning, the Japan Coast Guard found that Chinese fishery patrol vessel “Fishery 201″ in waters near the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands. Japanese patrol vessels issued a waring “Do not enter Japanese territorial waters “. China “Fishery 201″ then responded that it was conducting legitimate task in that the waters around the Diaoyu Islands under the jurisdiction of China. Also on July 4, two Chinese military aircraft approached the disputed islands. When the planes came within 37 miles of the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands, the Japan Air Self-Defence Force (JASDF) immediately scrambled an F-15 to intercept them.

Gallery

• Partial image of headline and 1st paragraph of newspaper article: "Struggle of the people of the Ryukyu Islands against U.S. occupation" (琉球群岛人民反对美国占领的斗争), People's Daily (人民日報), January 8, 1953. Partial image of headline and 1st paragraph of newspaper article: "Struggle of the people of the Ryukyu Islands against U.S. occupation" (琉球群岛人民反对美国占领的斗争), People's Daily (人民日報), January 8, 1953.
• Partial image of map showing Senkaku Islands in World Atlas published in China in 1960

See also

• Liancourt Rocks dispute
• Spratly Islands dispute
• Paracel Islands

Notes

1. Shaw, Han-yi (1999). in Contemporary Asian Studies, No 3 (ed.). The Diaoyutai/Senkaku Islands dispute: Its History and an Analysis of the Ownership Claims of the PRC, ROC, and Japan. Baltimore, USA: School of Law, University of Maryland. ISBN 0-925153-67-2. (On page 10) ... a chain of tiny islets commonly known today to the Chinese as the Diayutai (or simply Diaoyu) Islands 釣魚台列嶼, and Senkaku Islands 尖閣列島 to the Japanese.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: editors list (link)
2. Ogura, Junko (10-14-2010). "Japanese party urges Google to drop Chinese name for disputed islands". CNN World. US. CNN. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
3. Suganuma, Unryu (2001). Sovereign Rights and Territorial Space in Sino-Japanese Relations: Irredentism and the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands. Hawaii, USA: University of Hawaii Press. p. 89-92. ISBN 978-0824821593. {{cite book}}: More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help); More than one of |pages= and |page= specified (help)
4. Netherlands Institute for the Law of the Sea (NILOS). (2000). International Organizations and the Law of the Sea, pp. 107-108., p. 107, at Google Books
5. Lee, Seokwoo et al. (2002). Territorial disputes among Japan, Taiwan and China concerning the Senkaku Islands, pp. 11-12., p. 11, at Google Books
6. Finney, John W. "Senate Endorses Okinawa Treaty; Votes 84 to 6 for Island's Return to Japan," New York Times. November 11, 1971.
7. ^ Unryu Suganuma (2000). Sovereign Rights and Territorial Space in Sino-Japanese Relations. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 89–97. ISBN 0824824938.
8. , Treaty of Shimonoseki
9. ^ Japan's action off Diaoyu raises concern, China Daily, Sept 10, 2010
10. Durdin, Tillman. "Peking Claims Disputed Oil-Rich Isles," New York Times. December 6, 1970.
11. Durdins, Tillman. "Okinawa Islands Returned by U.S. to Japanese Rule; Agnew, in Tokyo, Declares 'Last Major Issue' of the Pacific War Is Resolved U.S. Returns Okinawa to Japanese Rule," New York Times. May 15, 1972.
12. Title: Sangoku tsūran zusetsu.三國通覧圖說. Sŏul : Kyŏngin Munhwasa, 1982.Hayashi, Shihei, 1738-1793.Reprint.Preface by Katsuragawa Hoshū dated Tenmei kinotouma ; introd. by Hayashi Shihei, the author, dated Tenmei 5 .
13. 三国通覧図説 (Sangoku Tsuran Zusetsu), 林子平(Hayashi Shihei)
14. ^ On the sovereignty of Diaoyu Islands (论钓鱼岛主权的归属), Fujian Education Department
15. ^ "China's Diaoyu Islands Sovereignty is Undeniable", People's Daily, 25-05-2003. Retrieved 24-02-2007.
16. Japan Focus - Koji Taira
17. Potsdam Declaration(full text), East Asian Studies Documents, UCLA Asia institute
18. ^ Lee, p. 10., p. 10, at Google Books
19. Title: Liang zhong hai dao zhen jing / .Imprint: Beijing : Zhonghua shu ju : Xin hua shu dian Beijing fa xing suo fa xing, 2000 reprint edition. Contents: Shun feng xiang song--Zhi nan zheng fa. (順風相送--指南正法). ISBN: ISBN 7-101-02025-9. pp96 and pp253. The full text is available on wikisource.
20. The New York Times, Aug 5, 1895
21. People's Daily, Beijing, China, 1971-12-31, Page 1, "An Declaration of The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China, 1971-12-30"
22. 中華民國外交部關於琉球群島與釣魚台列嶼問題的聲明, 1971-6-11
23. ^ "China-Japan tensions". The Washington Times. Retrieved 2010-09-18.
24. ^ "Japan refuses China demand for apology in boat row". Reuter. September 25, 2010. (Archived by WebCite® at http://www.webcitation.org/5t0QZuVJb )
25. ^ The Basic View on the Sovereignty over the Senkaku Islands Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan
26. Satoru Sato, Press Secretary, Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs Clarifying the Senkaku Islands Dispute The Wall Street Journal Letter to the Editor 2010-09-21
27. ^ "Senkaku/Diaoyutai Islands". Globalsecurity.org.
28. "The Basic View on the Sovereignty over the Senkaku Islands". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan.
29. "Lee Teng-hui arrives in Japan". Taipei Times. 2009-09.05. Retrieved 2009-09-22. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
30. "沖縄県下八重山群島ノ北西ニ位スル久場島魚釣島ヘ標杭ヲ建設ス". Japan Center for Asian Historical Records. Retrieved 2010-10-04.
31. "China's Diaoyu Islands Sovereignty is Undeniable," People's Daily. May 25, 2003.
32. "古賀辰四郎". The Asahi Shimbun Company. Retrieved 2010-10-03.
33. http://akebonokikaku.hp.infoseek.co.jp/page092.html
34. ^ "「尖閣は日本の領土」　遭難救助の中国政府感謝状に明記". Ryūkyū Shimpō. 2005-06-15.
35. ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, Q&A, Senkaku Islands, Q4/A4.3. "In addition, an article in the People's Daily dated 8 January 1953, under the title of "Battle of people in the Ryukyu Islands against the U.S. occupation", made clear that the Ryukyu Islands consist of 7 groups of islands including the Senkaku Islands."; retrieved 29 Jan 2011.
36. Representative Office of Japan to PNA, Newsletter #2, November 2010; see Item 3; "... an article in the People’s Daily dated January 8, 1953, under the title of “Battle of people in the Ryukyu Islands against the U.S. occupation”, made clear that the Ryukyu Islands consist of 7 groups of islands including the Senkaku Islands"; accord Embassy of Japan in Israel, Newsletter #2, October 2010 see Item 4.
37. Suganuma, Unryu (2001). Sovereign Rights and Territorial Space in Sino-Japanese Relations: Irredentism and the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands. University of Hawaii Press. p. 127. ISBN 0824824938. To make matters worse, when on January 8, 1953, Renmin Ribao , the official propaganda organ for the Communist Party, criticized the occupation of Rukyu Islands(or Okinawa Prefecture) by the United States, it stated that "the Ryukyu Islands are located northeast of our Taiwan Islands...including Senkaku Shoto. According to this statement, the PRC recognized that the Diaoyu (J:Senkaku) Islands were a part of Liuqiu Islands (or Okinawa Prefecture). In other words, the Diaoyu Islands belonged neither to Taiwan nor to mainland China, but to Japan.
38. Shaw, Han-yi (1999). The Diaoyutai/Senkaku Islands dispute: its history and an analysis of the ownership claims of the P.R.C., R.O.C., and Japan, Issue 3. University of Maryland. p. 34. ISBN 0925153672. With respect to the PRC, a front page news report that appeared on the October 3, 1996 edition of the Sankei Shimbun, reported that the PRC government evidently recognized the disputed islands as Japanese territory as revealed in a government sponsored publication. This particular publication is identified as the January 8, 1953 edition of The Peoples' Daily, China's official party newspaper, in which an article entitled " The People of the Ryukyu Islands Struggle Against American occupation" noted the Senkaku Islands as one of the subgroups of islands that constituted the Ryukyu Islands.
39. "Why Japan claims the Senkaku Islands". Asahi shimbun. 2010-09-25.; "In his book "Gendai Chugoku Nenpyo" (Timeline on modern China), Masashi Ando referred to a People's Daily article dated Jan. 8, 1953, which makes reference to the "Senkaku Islands in Okinawa".
40. Ando, Masashi (2010). (in Japanese). Iwanami shoten. p. 88. ISBN 978-4-00-022778-0. 「人民日報」が米軍軍政下の沖縄の尖閣諸島(当時の中国の呼び方のまま. 現在中国は「釣魚島」という)で日本人民の米軍の軍事演習に反対する闘争が行われていると報道. 「琉球諸島はわが国台湾の東北および日本九州島の西南の間の海上に散在し、尖閣諸島、先島諸島、大東諸島、沖縄諸島、大島諸島、吐噶喇諸島、大隅諸島など7つの島嶼からなっている」と紹介(新華月報：1953-7) {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help); read Google Chinese-English translation
41. "Maehara: People's Daily described Senkaku Islands as Japan's in 1953". The Japan Times. Sept. 29, 2010. The People's Daily described the Ryukyu Islands as "dispersed between the northeastern part of our country's Taiwan and the southwestern part of Japan's Kyushu Island" and as including the Senkaku Islands as well as the Sakishima Islands, Maehara said. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
42. ^ Suganuma, Unryu (2001). Sovereign Rights and Territorial Space in Sino-Japanese Relations: Irredentism and the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands. University of Hawaii Press. p. 126. ISBN 0824824938. Furthermore, the first volume of Shijie Dituji (The World Atlas), published by the Taiwan Defense Ministry and the Institute of Physical Geology in 1965, records the Diaoyu Islands with Japanese names: Gyochojima (Diaoyu Islands), Taishojima (Chiwei Island), and Senkaku Gunto. In addition, a high school textbook in Taiwan uses Japanese name to identify Diaoyu Islands. In the late 1970s, the government of ROC began to recall these books, but it was too little too late -- the damage was already done.
43. Lee, p. 11., p. 11, at Google Books
44. Lee, p. 11., p. 11, at Google Books; excerpt: "Further support for Japan's claim is the fact that in the World Atlas, Volume 1, East Asia Nations, 1st edition, published in October 1965, by the National Defense Research Academy and the China Geological Research Institute of Taiwan, and in the People's Middle School Text-book.
45. 「国民中学地理教科書・第四冊(Geography textbook for national junior high schools)」January, 1970
46. ^ Hiraoka, Akitoshi (2005). "The Advancement of Japanese to the Senkaku Islands and Tatsushiro Koga in the Meiji Era". Japanese Journal of Human Geography. 57 (5). The Human Geographical Society of Japan: p.515. In 1908, the reclaimed area reached to 60 chōbu (595,000m2). The number of residents is two hundred forty some. The number of houses is as many as ninety nine. {{cite journal}}: |page= has extra text (help)
47. Nakauchi, Yasuo (2010.12). "[Issues on Senkaku Islands]" (PDF). (in Japanese) (311). Diplomatic and Defense Committee Research Office, The House of Councilors of Japan: 29. August 1978: A Japanese political group constructed a lighthouse on Uotsurijima. (Later 1988, a new lighthouse was constructed on the same island.) February 2005: The political group relinquished the ownership of the lighthouse, Japanese government nationalized it. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
48. "Japanese Coast Guard commenced the administration of the "Uotsurijima lighthouse" in Senkaku Islands" (in Japanese). Japan Coast Guard. February 2005.
49. Miles, Edward L. (1982). The Management of Marine Regions: the North Pacific, p. 217., p. 217, at Google Books
50. MIT faculty web page, M. Taylor Fravel, "Publications": "Explaining Stability in the Senkaku (Diaoyu) Islands Dispute," pp. 145-167, 157 in Gerald Curtis et al. (2010). Getting the Triangle Straight: Managing China-Japan-US Relations; compare 这个问题可以把它放一下，也许下一代比我们更聪明些，会找到实际解决的方法 in 邓小平文选第三卷 (Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping, Volume III)
51. Pan, Junwu. Toward a New Framework for Peaceful Settlement of China's Territorial and Boundary Disputes. p. 144., p. 144, at Google Books
52. "Q&A: China, Japan and the East China Sea gas dispute," Reuters, May 20, 2010; citing U.S. Energy Information Administration report, China+China Energy Profile; compare Selig S. Harrison ed., Seabed Petroleum in Northast Asia," Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.
53. Yamada, Takao. "Keeping the big picture in sight in Senkaku Islands dispute," Mainichi Shimbun (Tokyo). October 4, 2010, citing 1972 book by Kiyoshi Inoue, 釣魚列島的歷史和主權問題 (Diaoyu dao: li shi yu zhu quan, Historical Facts of Senkaku Islands/Diaoyu Islands, 1972)
54. "Renho refers to Senkakus as territorial issue, but later retracts remark," Japan Today. September 15, 2010; Fackler, Martin and Ian Johnson. "Arrest in Disputed Seas Riles China and Japan," The New York Times. 19 September 2010; retrieved 2011-05-29
55. Koo, Min-gyo. (2010). Island Disputes and Maritime Regime Building in East Asia, p. 2., p. 2, at Google Books; "Japan's Senkaku Islands--what's all the fuss about?" Yomiuri Shimbun. September 10, 2010; retrieved 2011-05-29
56. Pan, Zhongqi. "Sino-Japanese Dispute over the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands: The Pending Controversy from the Chinese Perspective," Journal of Chinese Political Science, Vol. 12, No. 1, 2007; retrieved 2011-05-29
57. Chellaney, Brahma. "India-China: Let facts speak for themselves," The Economic Times (Mumbai). 17 September 2010; "Mismatched intentions end up intensifying Japan-China row over islands," Asahi Shimbun (Japan). September 22, 2009; retrieved 2011-05-29
58. Feng Zhaoku. "Diaoyu dispute sowed by US," China Daily (Beijing). September 15, 2010; Tow, William T. (2001). Asia-Pacific strategic relations: seeking convergent security, p. 68., p. 68, at Google Books; retrieved 2011-05-29
59. Fackler, Martin and Ian Johnson. "Arrest in Disputed Seas Riles China and Japan," The New York Times. 19 September 2010; retrieved 2011-05-29
60. "Fisherman's arrest in Asia: China and Japan must not trawl for trouble," Christian Science Monitor (US). September 21, 2010; retrieved 2011-05-29
61. Lohmeyer, Martin. "The Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands Dispute: Questions of Sovereignty and Suggestions for Resolving the Dispute," University of Canterbury (NZ), 2008, Contents, pp. 1-8; Koo, pp. 103-134., p. 103, at Google Books
62. ^ Inoue Kyoshi, Kyoto University
63. Sakurai, Yoshiko (October 7, 2010). Weekly Shincho (in Japanese) (430). Shinchosha. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |date= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help) (translated copy of the article)
64. History of Diaoyu Movement, diaoyuislands.org
65. (ja) Kyodo News, 17 March 2006
66. International Herald Tribune/Associated Press, 26 October 2006 "Activist ship from Hong Kong briefly enters Japan's waters in protest over islands"
67. (ja) Nihon Keizai Shimbun, 5 November 2006, "中国、東シナ海で軍事演習中に爆発事故"
68. Wu, Sofia. "President reasserts claim to Tiaoyutais, seeks peaceful solution," ROC Central News Agency. June 17, 2008.
69. Officials drop plan to visit Diaoyutais, Taipei Times 18 June 2008; for the video footage released by the boat crew, see, for example, here
70. http://app.mfa.gov.sg/pr/read_content.asp?View,10384,
71. "Taiwan fishing boat sunk by Japanese frigate"
72. "Taiwan protests as Japan holds fishing boat captain"
73. 台強硬施壓　日釋放“聯合號”船長 ("Strong pressure on Taiwan, the release of Captain"), BBC Chinese (UK). June 13, 2008.
74. Officials drop plan to visit Diaoyutais, Taipei Times 18 June 2008
75. 日方向“聯合號”船長道歉 ("Captain's Apology"). BBC CHinese (UK). June 20, 2008.
76. Takahashi, Kosuke. "China signals V for Victory," Asia Times. October 5, 2008.
77. 聯合號船長晚間回國　劉揆要撤銷日本事務會 (Captain of the Lianhe returned to Taiwan tonight; Premier Liu wants to abolish Japan Affairs Association), China Times, Taipei 2008-06-13
78. Taiwan recalls top Japan rep as tensions rise over ship collision, Japan Today 15 June 2008
79. Japan apologises over Taiwan boat incident
80. "High-seas collisions trigger Japan-China spat". AFP. September 7, 2010.
81. South China Morning Post. "SCMP." Article. Retrieved on 2010-09-19.
82. Yahoo News. "http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20100922/ap_on_re_as/as_china_japan_ships_collide" Article. Retrieved on 2010-09-22.
83. Japan to free Chinese boat captain.
84. Nhật đáp trả Trung Quốc, đòi bồi thường Template:Vi
85. "Tokyo Protests Blast China's Response to Collision". THE WALL STREET JOURNAL. Retrieved 2010-10-11.
86. "China accused of invading disputed islands". CNN. Retrieved 2010-10-11.
87. Japan activists rail against Chinese `cockroaches'
88. Taiwan probing report on U.S.-Japan joint exercise over Tiaoyutai
89. Japan gov't support slides on handling of China row The China Post of Taiwan, 5 October 2010
90. Sankei
91. Ogura, Junko (14 October 2010). "Japanese party urges Google to drop Chinese name for disputed islands". CNN World. Retrieved 31 January 2011.
92. "Taiwan fishing boat repelled by Japanese ships near Diaoyutai". Want China Times. Taiwan. China Times News Group. 06-30-2011. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
93. ^ Blanchard, Ben; Yoko Kubota; Yoko Nishikawa (06-29-2011). "China lambastes Japan after Taiwan boat confrontation". UK. Reuters. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help) Cite error: The named reference "06-29-2011 Reuters" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
94. Sun, Xiuping; Linlin Liu (07-05-2011). "China warns Japan over trespassing in waters off Diaoyu Islands". Global Times. Beijing, P.R. China. Global Times. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
95. Ho, Stephanie. "China, Japan Trade Words Over Disputed Islands." VoA, 4 July 2011.
96. "Japanese media said the Chinese fishing boat 201 in waters near the Diaoyu Islands". China News. Beijing, P.R. China. China News. 07-04-2011. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
97. "Chinese Fighters Fly Again Over Disputed Diaoyu Islands". The Watchtowers. 07-09-2011. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

References

• Curtis, Gerald, Ryosei Kokubun and Wang Jisi. (2010). Getting the Triangle Straight: Managing China-Japan-US Relations. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. 10-ISBN 488907080X/13-ISBN 9784889070804; OCLC 491904160
• Lee, Seokwoo, Shelagh Furness and Clive Schofield. (2002). Territorial disputes among Japan, China and Taiwan concerning the Senkaku Islands. Durham: University of Durham, International Boundaries Research Unit (IBRU). 10-ISBN 1897643500/13-ISBN 9781897643501; OCLC 249501645
• Netherlands Institute for the Law of the Sea. (2000). International Organizations and the Law of the Sea. London : Graham & Trotman/Martinus Nijhoff. OCLC 16852368
• Pan, Junwu. (2009). Toward a New Framework for Peaceful Settlement of China's Territorial and Boundary Disputes. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff. 10-ISBN 9004174281/13-ISBN 9789004174283; OCLC 282968950
• Suganuma, Unryu. (2000). Sovereign Rights and Territorial Space in Sino-Japanese Relations. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 10-ISBN 0824821599/13-ISBN 9780824821593; 10-ISBN 0824824938/13-ISBN 9780824824938; OCLC 170955369

External links

• Global Security, Senkaku/Diaoyutai Islands
• Diaoyu Islands-China's Indisputable Territory.Foreign Affairs University
• Basic View on Senkaku (by the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs)
• Article by Kiyoshi Inoue Professor of History department Kyoto University, and original text and maps in Japanese
• Senkaku @BBC
• "Senkaku/Diaoyutai Islands". Globalsecurity.org.
• Law School Article by William Heflin
• Diaoyutai History (in Chinese)
• Satellite image of Senkaku Islands
• Alexander M. Peterson's 2009 Note in the Cornell International Law Journal detailing the dispute, clarifying the legal impact of the 2008 Sino-Japanese arrangement to cooperate in the East China Sea, and proposing increased Sino-Japanese cooperation.
• "The Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands Dispute:", Durham University, 2008. Dzurek, Daniel.
• "INTERNATIONAL LAW'S UNHELPFUL ROLE IN THE SENKAKU ISLANDS:", University of Pennsylvania, 18 October 1996. Ramos-Mrosovsky, Carlos.

• 琉球群岛人民反对美国占领的斗争 "Ryukyu Islands, the struggle of peoples against U.S. occupation," 人民日報 (People's Daily), January 8, 1953.
  • Template:Ja琉球群島人民による反米闘争
• "China's Diaoyu Islands Sovereignty is Undeniable" at People's Daily Online, May 26 2003.

• Disputed islands
• Territorial disputes of Japan
• Territorial disputes of the People's Republic of China
• Territorial disputes of the Republic of China