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Revision as of 12:21, 19 September 2011 editEnric Naval (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers30,509 editsm N–Q: almost all books capitalize it http://www.google.com/search?rls=en&q=postel's+law&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&channel=suggest#sclient=psy-ab&hl=en&hs=Fnd&rls=en&channel=suggest&prmdo=1&tbm=bks&source=hp&q=%22postel%27s+law%22&pbx=1&oq=%22postel%27s← Previous edit Revision as of 01:37, 20 September 2011 edit undoNoetica (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users12,370 edits Reverted last edit; and lower-cased "law" uniformly, except in one direct quote (now with the source given explicitly); this is a style matter within Misplaced Pages, not a matter of usage in "reliable sources", whose styles are their business, not oursNext edit →
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* ]'s law — "If it's good, they'll stop making it." Possibly coined by ], whose pen name was ]. * ]'s law — "If it's good, they'll stop making it." Possibly coined by ], whose pen name was ].
* ] — In psychology, the time it takes for a person to make a decision as a result of the possible choices he or she has. * ] — In psychology, the time it takes for a person to make a decision as a result of the possible choices he or she has.
* ] — "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law." It was created by ] in his book ]. * ] — "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law" (], '']'', 1979).
* ] — The tension on a spring or other elastic object is proportional to the displacement from the equilibrium. Frequently cited in Latin as "Ut tensio sic vis." Named after ] (1635–1703). * ] — The tension on a spring or other elastic object is proportional to the displacement from the equilibrium. Frequently cited in Latin as "Ut tensio sic vis." Named after ] (1635–1703).
* ] in ] — Under some conditions, it is rational for competitors to make their products as nearly identical as possible. * ] in ] — Under some conditions, it is rational for competitors to make their products as nearly identical as possible.
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*] — Named for the 19th century Austrian monk ] who determined the patterns of inheritance through his plant breeding experiments, working especially with peas. Mendel's first law, or the law of segregation, states that each organism has a pair of ]; that that it inherits one from each parent, and that the organism will pass down only one of these genes to its own offspring. These different copies of the same gene are called ]. Mendel's second law, the law of independent assortment, states that different traits will be inherited independently by the offspring. *] — Named for the 19th century Austrian monk ] who determined the patterns of inheritance through his plant breeding experiments, working especially with peas. Mendel's first law, or the law of segregation, states that each organism has a pair of ]; that that it inherits one from each parent, and that the organism will pass down only one of these genes to its own offspring. These different copies of the same gene are called ]. Mendel's second law, the law of independent assortment, states that different traits will be inherited independently by the offspring.
* ] — In ]s and ], states that the value of a system grows as approximately the square of the number of users of the system. Framed by ] in the context of ]. * ] — In ]s and ], states that the value of a system grows as approximately the square of the number of users of the system. Framed by ] in the context of ].
* ] - "An information retrieval system will tend not to be used whenever it is more painful and troublesome for a customer to have information than for him not to have it." An empirical observation made by American ] ] in 1959. * ] - "An information retrieval system will tend not to be used whenever it is more painful and troublesome for a customer to have information than for him not to have it." An empirical observation made by American ] ] in 1959.
* ] — An empirical observation stating that the complexity of ]s doubles every 24 months. Outlined in 1965 by ], co-founder of ]. * ] — An empirical observation stating that the complexity of ]s doubles every 24 months. Outlined in 1965 by ], co-founder of ].
* ] — "Anything that can go wrong will go wrong." Ascribed to ] * ] — "Anything that can go wrong will go wrong." Ascribed to ]
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}}</ref> Although it originally referred to ], the scope later widened to ].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Aikin|first=Scott|date=2009-01-22|title=Poe's Law, Group Polarization, and the Epistemology of Online Religious Discourse|journal=]|url=http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1332169|accessdate=2010-05-19}}</ref> }}</ref> Although it originally referred to ], the scope later widened to ].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Aikin|first=Scott|date=2009-01-22|title=Poe's Law, Group Polarization, and the Epistemology of Online Religious Discourse|journal=]|url=http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1332169|accessdate=2010-05-19}}</ref>
* ] — For independent random variables with a common distribution, the average value for a sample tends to the mean as sample size increases. Named after ] (1781–1840) and derived from "''Recherches sur la probabilité des jugements en matière criminelle et en matière civile''" (1837; "Research on the Probability of Criminal and Civil Verdicts"). * ] — For independent random variables with a common distribution, the average value for a sample tends to the mean as sample size increases. Named after ] (1781–1840) and derived from "''Recherches sur la probabilité des jugements en matière criminelle et en matière civile''" (1837; "Research on the Probability of Criminal and Civil Verdicts").
*] — Be conservative in what you do; be liberal in what you accept from others. Derived from RFC 761 (], 1980) in which ] summarized earlier communications of desired interoperability criteria for the ] (cf. IEN 111)<ref></ref> *] — Be conservative in what you do; be liberal in what you accept from others. Derived from RFC 761 (], 1980) in which ] summarized earlier communications of desired interoperability criteria for the ] (cf. IEN 111)<ref></ref>
* ] — More probable behaviors will reinforce less probable behaviors. Named by ] (1925 - ) * ] — More probable behaviors will reinforce less probable behaviors. Named by ] (1925 - )


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* ] — Attributed to ] ] and contrasted to ] (discussed hereinbefore), saying that "supply creates its own demand", i.e., if businesses produce more output in a free market economy, the wages and other payment for productive inputs will provide sufficient demand so that there is no ].<ref></ref> * ] — Attributed to ] ] and contrasted to ] (discussed hereinbefore), saying that "supply creates its own demand", i.e., if businesses produce more output in a free market economy, the wages and other payment for productive inputs will provide sufficient demand so that there is no ].<ref></ref>
* ] — "In any dispute the intensity of feeling is inversely proportional to the value of the stakes at issue." By way of corollary, the law adds: "That is why academic politics are so bitter." * ] — "In any dispute the intensity of feeling is inversely proportional to the value of the stakes at issue." By way of corollary, the law adds: "That is why academic politics are so bitter."
* ] — "Any person can invent a security system so clever that she or he can't think of how to break it." * ] — "Any person can invent a security system so clever that she or he can't think of how to break it."
* ] — "A man with a watch knows what time it is. A man with two watches is never sure." * ] — "A man with a watch knows what time it is. A man with two watches is never sure."
* ] — A corollary of ], it states that "Any sufficiently advanced alien intelligence is indistinguishable from God." Originally posited in ]'s "Skeptic" column in the Jan 2002 issue of Scientific American. * ] — A corollary of ], it states that "Any sufficiently advanced alien intelligence is indistinguishable from God." Originally posited in ]'s "Skeptic" column in the Jan 2002 issue of Scientific American.
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* ] — No scientific discovery is named after its original discoverer, named by statistician ] who attributes it to sociologist ], making the law ]. * ] — No scientific discovery is named after its original discoverer, named by statistician ] who attributes it to sociologist ], making the law ].
* ] — An expression for the ]al ] exerted on spherical objects with very small ]s, named for ], (1819–1903) * ] — An expression for the ]al ] exerted on spherical objects with very small ]s, named for ], (1819–1903)
* ] — "Ninety percent of everything is crud." Derived from a quote by ] author ] (1918–1985). * ] — "Ninety percent of everything is crud." Derived from a quote by ] author ] (1918–1985).
*] — "Go where the money is". Often cited in medical schools to teach new doctors to spend resources where they are most likely to pay off. The law is named after bank robber ], who when asked why he robbed banks, is claimed to have answered "Because that's where the money is." *] — "Go where the money is". Often cited in medical schools to teach new doctors to spend resources where they are most likely to pay off. The law is named after bank robber ], who when asked why he robbed banks, is claimed to have answered "Because that's where the money is."
*] — A ] ] rule, named after Hungarian linguist ], according to which word-final clusters of vowels (V), resonants (R) and of either */s/ or */h₂/ are simplified by dropping the word-final fricative (*{{PIE|/h₂/}} was phonetically itself probably a back fricative), with ] of the preceding vowel. *] — A ] ] rule, named after Hungarian linguist ], according to which word-final clusters of vowels (V), resonants (R) and of either */s/ or */h₂/ are simplified by dropping the word-final fricative (*{{PIE|/h₂/}} was phonetically itself probably a back fricative), with ] of the preceding vowel.

Revision as of 01:37, 20 September 2011

This list of eponymous laws provides links to articles on laws, adages, and other succinct observations or predictions named after a person. In some cases the person named has coined the law — such as Parkinson's law. In others, the work or publications of the individual have led to the law being so named — as is the case with Moore's law. There are also laws ascribed to individuals by others, such as Murphy's law; or given eponymous names despite the absence of the named person.

A–B

C–D

E–G

H–K

  • Hanlon's razor — A corollary of Finagle's law, and a play on Occam's razor, normally taking the form, "Never attribute to malice that which can be adequately explained by stupidity." As with Finagle, possibly not strictly eponymous. Alternatively, "Do not invoke conspiracy as explanation when ignorance and incompetence will suffice, as conspiracy implies intelligence."
  • Hartley's law — a way to quantify information and its line rate in an analog communications channel. Named for Ralph Hartley (1888–1970).
  • Hauser's law — empirical observation about U.S. tax receipts as a percentage of GDP, theorized to be a natural equilibrium.
  • Hawthorne effect — A form of reactivity whereby subjects improve an aspect of their behavior being experimentally measured simply in response to the fact that they are being studied. Named after Hawthorne Works.
  • Heisenberg's Uncertainty principle — States that one cannot measure values (with arbitrary precision) of certain conjugate quantities, which are pairs of observables of a single elementary particle. The most familiar of these pairs is position and momentum.
  • Hebb's law — "Neurons that fire together wire together."
  • Henry's law — The mass of a gas that dissolves in a definite volume of liquid is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas provided the gas does not react with the solvent.
  • Herblock's law — "If it's good, they'll stop making it." Possibly coined by Herbert Lawrence Block, whose pen name was Herblock.
  • Hick's law — In psychology, the time it takes for a person to make a decision as a result of the possible choices he or she has.
  • Hofstadter's law — "It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law" (Douglas Hofstadter, Gödel, Escher, Bach, 1979).
  • Hooke's law — The tension on a spring or other elastic object is proportional to the displacement from the equilibrium. Frequently cited in Latin as "Ut tensio sic vis." Named after Robert Hooke (1635–1703).
  • Hotelling's law in economics — Under some conditions, it is rational for competitors to make their products as nearly identical as possible.
  • Hubble's law — Galaxies recede from an observer at a rate proportional to their distance to that observer. Formulated by Edwin Hubble in 1929.
  • Hutber's law — "Improvement means deterioration." Coined by financial journalist Patrick Hutber.
  • Hume's law — In meta-ethics, the assertion that normative statements cannot be deduced exclusively from descriptive statements.
  • Isaac Bonewits's laws of magic — "Laws" synthesized from a multitude of belief systems from around the world, collected in order to explain and categorize magical beliefs within a cohesive framework, by Isaac Bonewits.
  • Kepler's laws of planetary motion — Describe the motion of the planets around the sun. First articulated by Johannes Kepler.
  • Kerckhoffs' principle of secure cryptography — A cryptosystem should be secure even if everything about the system, except the key, is public knowledge.
  • Keynes's law — Demand creates its own supply.
  • Kirchhoff's laws — One law in thermodynamics and two about electrical circuits, named after Gustav Kirchhoff.
  • Kopp's law — The molecular heat capacity of a solid compound is the sum of the atomic heat capacities of the elements composing it. Named for Hermann Franz Moritz Kopp.
  • Kranzberg's first law of technology — Technology is neither good nor bad; nor is it neutral.

L–M

  • Leibniz's law — A principle in metaphysics also known as the Identity of Indiscernibles. It states: "If two objects have all their properties in common, then they are one and the same object."
  • Lenz's law — An induced current is always in such a direction as to oppose the motion or change causing it.
  • Linus' law — "Given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow." Named for Linus Torvalds.
  • Little's law — In queuing theory, "The average number of customers in a stable system (over some time interval) is equal to their average arrival rate, multiplied by their average time in the system." The law was named for John Little from results of experiments in 1961.
  • Littlewood's law — States that individuals can expect miracles to happen to them, at the rate of about one per month. Coined by Professor J E Littlewood, (1885–1977).
  • Lotka's law — In infometrics, states that the number of authors publishing a certain number of articles is a fixed ratio to the number of authors publishing a single article. As the number of articles published increases, authors producing that many publications become less frequent. For example, there may be 1/4 as many authors publishing two articles within a specified time period as there are single-publication authors, 1/9 as many publishing three articles, 1/16 as many publishing four articles, etc. Though the law itself covers many disciplines, the actual ratios involved are very discipline-specific.
  • Marconi's law — An empirical law that relates radio communication distance to antenna tower height
  • Meadow's law — A precept, now discredited, that since cot deaths are so rare, "One is a tragedy, two is suspicious and three is murder, until proved otherwise." It was named for Sir Roy Meadow, a discredited paediatrician prominent in the United Kingdom in the last quarter of the twentieth century.
  • Mendel's laws — Named for the 19th century Austrian monk Gregor Mendel who determined the patterns of inheritance through his plant breeding experiments, working especially with peas. Mendel's first law, or the law of segregation, states that each organism has a pair of genes; that that it inherits one from each parent, and that the organism will pass down only one of these genes to its own offspring. These different copies of the same gene are called alleles. Mendel's second law, the law of independent assortment, states that different traits will be inherited independently by the offspring.
  • Metcalfe's law — In communications and network theory, states that the value of a system grows as approximately the square of the number of users of the system. Framed by Robert Metcalfe in the context of ethernet.
  • Mooers' law - "An information retrieval system will tend not to be used whenever it is more painful and troublesome for a customer to have information than for him not to have it." An empirical observation made by American computer scientist Calvin Mooers in 1959.
  • Moore's law — An empirical observation stating that the complexity of integrated circuits doubles every 24 months. Outlined in 1965 by Gordon Moore, co-founder of Intel.
  • Murphy's law — "Anything that can go wrong will go wrong." Ascribed to Edward A. Murphy, Jr.

N–Q

  • Newton's law of cooling — The rate of cooling (or heating) of a body due to convection is proportional to the difference between the body temperature and the ambient temperature.
  • Newton's laws of motion — In physics, three scientific laws concerning the behaviour of moving bodies, which are fundamental to classical mechanics (and since Einstein, which are valid only within inertial reference frames). Discovered and stated by Isaac Newton (1643–1727), they can be formulated, in modern terms, as follows:
    • First law: "A body remains at rest, or keeps moving in a straight line (at a constant velocity), unless acted upon by a net outside force."
    • Second law: "The acceleration of an object of constant mass is proportional to the net force acting upon it."
    • Third law: "Whenever one body exerts a force upon a second body, the second body exerts an equal and opposite force upon the first body."
  • Niven's laws: "If the universe of discourse permits the possibility of time travel and of changing the past, then no time machine will be invented in that universe."
  • Nyquist rate — The minimum sampling rate required to avoid aliasing, equal to twice the highest frequency contained within the signal. Named after Harry Nyquist.
  • Occam's razor — States that explanations should never multiply causes without necessity. ("Entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem.") When two explanations are offered for a phenomenon, the simplest full explanation is preferable. Named after William of Ockham (ca.1285–1349).
  • Ohm's law — In physics, states that the ratio of the potential difference (or voltage drop) between the ends of a conductor (and resistor) to the current flowing through it is a constant, provided the temperature also does not change. Discovered and named after Georg Simon Ohm (1789–1854).
  • Okun's law — In economics, this refers to the trend that every time unemployment increases by 1%, a 2% decrease in the annual GDP occurs.
  • Orgel's rules — In evolutionary biology, a set of axioms attributed to the evolutionary biologist Leslie Orgel.
    • First rule: "Whenever a spontaneous process is too slow or too inefficient a protein will evolve to speed it up or make it more efficient."
    • Second rule: "Evolution is cleverer than you are."
  • Pareto optimality — Given an initial allocation of goods among a set of individuals, a change to a different allocation that makes at least one individual better off without making any other individual worse off is called a Pareto improvement. An allocation is defined as "Pareto efficient" or "Pareto optimal" when no further Pareto improvements can be made.
  • Pareto principle — States that for many phenomena 80% of consequences stem from 20% of the causes. Named after Italian economist Vilfredo Pareto, but framed by management thinker Joseph M. Juran.
  • Parkinson's law — "Work expands so as to fill the time available for its completion." Coined by C. Northcote Parkinson (1909–1993), who also coined its corollary, "Expenditure rises to meet income." In computers: Programs expand to fill all available memory.
  • Peter Principle — "In a hierarchy, every employee tends to rise to his level of incompetence." Coined by Dr. Laurence J. Peter (1919–1990) in his book The Peter Principle. In his follow-up book, The Peter Prescription, he offered possible solutions to the problems his Principle could cause.
  • Planck's law — In physics, given a black body at a given temperature, describes the spectral radiance of the object. After Max Planck.
  • Plateau's laws — Describe the structure of soap films. Named after Belgian physicist Joseph Plateau.
  • Poe's law (poetry) — There is a maximum desirable length for poems: "The unit of poetry must be fixed by the reader's capacity of attention, and ... the limits of a poem must accord with the limits of a single movement of intellectual apprehension and emotional exaltation," named for Edgar Allan Poe. See "The Philosophy of Composition".
  • Poe's law (religious fundamentalism) — "Without a winking smiley or other blatant display of humour, it is impossible to create a parody of fundamentalism that someone won't mistake for the real thing." named after Nathan Poe who formulated it on the Web site Christian Forums in 2005. Although it originally referred to creationism, the scope later widened to religious fundamentalism.
  • Poisson's law of large numbers — For independent random variables with a common distribution, the average value for a sample tends to the mean as sample size increases. Named after Siméon-Denis Poisson (1781–1840) and derived from "Recherches sur la probabilité des jugements en matière criminelle et en matière civile" (1837; "Research on the Probability of Criminal and Civil Verdicts").
  • Postel's law — Be conservative in what you do; be liberal in what you accept from others. Derived from RFC 761 (Transmission Control Protocol, 1980) in which Jon Postel summarized earlier communications of desired interoperability criteria for the Internet Protocol (cf. IEN 111)
  • Premack's principle — More probable behaviors will reinforce less probable behaviors. Named by David Premack (1925 - )

R–S

T–Z

  • Thomas theorem — "If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences," a social law as far as there are any. (After W.I. Thomas and D.S. Thomas.)
  • Tobler's first law of geography — "Everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things." Coined by Waldo R. Tobler (b.1930).
  • Tully-Fisher relation — Stated by R. Brent Tully and J. Richard Fisher, relates the intrinsic luminosity of a galaxy to its velocity width.
  • Verdoorn's law — In economics, this law pertains to the relationship between the growth of output and the growth of productivity. According to the law, faster growth in output increases productivity due to increasing returns. Named after Dutch economist, Petrus Johannes Verdoorn.
  • Verner's law — Stated by Karl Verner in 1875, Verner's law describes a historical sound change in the Proto-Germanic language whereby voiceless fricatives *f, *þ, *s and *x, when immediately following an unstressed syllable in the same word, underwent voicing and became respectively *b, *d, *z and *g.
  • Wagner's law predicts that the development of an industrial economy will be accompanied by an increased share of public expenditure in gross national product, and is named after the German economist Adolph Wagner (1835–1917).
  • Weber-Fechner law — This law named after the Germans Ernst Heinrich Weber and Gustav Theodor Fechner attempts to describe the human perception of various physical stimuli. In most cases, Stevens' power law gives a more accurate description.
  • Wike's law of low odd primes — "If the number of experimental treatments is a low odd prime number, then the experimental design is unbalanced and partially confounded." (Wike, 1973, pp. 192–193).
  • Wirth's law — Software gets slower faster than hardware gets faster.
  • Wolff's law — Bone adapts to pressure, or a lack of it. A broken bone is stronger once repaired.
  • Zawinski's law — Every program attempts to expand until it can read mail. Those programs which cannot so expand are replaced by ones which can.
  • Zipf's law — In linguistics, the observation that the frequency of use of the nth-most-frequently-used word in any natural language is approximately inversely proportional to n, or, more simply, that a few words are used very often, but many or most are used rarely. Named after George Kingsley Zipf (1902–1950), whose statistical body of research led to the observation. More generally, the term Zipf's law refers to the probability distributions involved, which are applied by statisticians not only to linguistics but also to fields remote from that.

See also

References

  1. Campbell, Donald T., Assessing the Impact of Planned Social Change The Public Affairs Center, Dartmouth College, Hanover New Hampshire, USA. December, 1976.
  2. U.S. Centennial of Flight
  3. Murry, John M. (1923/1969). Pencillings. Ayer Publishing. p. 88. ISBN 0836912292. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help); no-break space character in |first= at position 5 (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
  4. Eliot, TS. Chapbook. as cited in Monte, Steven (2000). Invisible fences: prose poetry as a genre in French and American literature. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 145 Google Books. ISBN 0-8032-3211-X.
  5. Chivers, Tom (2009-10-23). "Internet rules and laws: the top 10, from Godwin to Poe". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 2009-10-25.
  6. "Christian Forums". Retrieved 2009-10-25.
  7. Aikin, Scott (2009-01-22). "Poe's Law, Group Polarization, and the Epistemology of Online Religious Discourse". SSRN. Retrieved 2010-05-19.
  8. Internet Experiment Note 111 (1979)
  9. The New School
  10. Google Books
  11. Wike, E. L. (1973). Water beds and sexual satisfaction: Wike’s law of low odd primes (WLLOP). Psychological Reports, 33, 192-194.
  12. Anahad O'Connor (October 18, 2010). "The Claim: After Being Broken, Bones Can Become Even Stronger". New York Times. Retrieved 2010-10-19. This concept — that bone adapts to pressure, or a lack of it — is known as Wolff's law. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
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