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Settlements existed in the area for several centuries before the birth of Christ. The coast was called 'Gothiscandza' by ]; Tacitus also referred to it in his ''Germania''. Both historians believed the area to be populated. Although there were already wooden structures in existence, the year ] has in recent years been considered to be the year of the foundation of the city itself: in 1997 Poland celebrated the ''1000 Years Gdańsk Aniversary'' of the foundation of Gdańsk by ], Duke of a land much later called Poland and subject to the empire "to compete with the ports of ] and ] on the ]". That same year, Saint ] entered ] from the castle of Gdańsk to convert the inhabitants. By 1148, the town had been assigned to the diocese of ] and ], while several crusades were ordered by the popes, to 'christianize' the pagan Prussians. Missionary activity was brought by the empire to Pomerania from the west and to eastern Prussia coming from the east via ]. Settlements existed in the area for several centuries before the birth of Christ. The coast was called 'Gothiscandza' by ]; Tacitus also referred to it in his ''Germania''. Both historians believed the area to be populated. Although there were already wooden structures in existence, the year ] has in recent years been considered to be the year of the foundation of the city itself: in 1997 Poland celebrated the ''1000 Years Gdańsk Aniversary'' of the foundation of Gdańsk by ], Duke of a land much later called Poland and subject to the empire "to compete with the ports of ] and ] on the ]". That same year, Saint ] entered ] from the castle of Gdańsk to convert the inhabitants. By 1148, the town had been assigned to the diocese of ] and ], while several crusades were ordered by the popes, to 'christianize' the pagan Prussians. Missionary activity was brought by the empire to Pomerania from the west and to eastern Prussia coming from the east via ].


A city charter according to Luebeck Law for the city was granted in ]. Merchants from the ] cities of ] and ] were the principal founders. The new city seal read, ''Sigillum Burgensium Dantzike'' or "Seal of the city of Dantzike," and was similar to the seals of Lubeck and other Hanseatic cities. Pomeranian Duke ], that maneuvered between powers of the central authority of Poland and universal authorities of ] governed in this part of Pomerania. Gdańsk rose to become one of the more important of the many trading and fishing ports along the ] coast and overtook nearby ]in Prussia. A city charter according to Luebeck Law for the city was granted in ]. Merchants from the ] cities of ] and ] were the principal founders. The new city seal read, ''Sigillum Burgensium Dantzike'' or "Seal of the city of Dantzike," and was similar to the seals of Lubeck and other Hanseatic cities. Pomeranian Duke ], who maneuvered between powers of the central authority of Poland and universal authorities of ] governed in this part of Pomerania. Gdańsk rose to become one of the more important of the many trading and fishing ports along the ] coast and overtook nearby ] in Prussia.
⚫ During the period of Fragmentation Poland was invaded by the Bohemian ruler Przemysl II. After his assassination in 1295, the city was temporary ruled by the ] and his son ].

⚫ In line with the will of the last duke Mscislaw of the Eastern ] , the kings of ] starting with ] took over Gdańsk in 1294. After his assassination in 1295, the city was temporary ruled by the ] and his son ] , eventually in 1306 ] possessed Gdańsk .

The rulers of Brandenburg had interitance rights and when in 1308 the margrave of Brandenburg came to claim his rights, Lokietek called the ] for help. The Brandenburgers had to leave, but then the Teutonic Knights also chased the occupying Polish garrison from the Danzig castle. This was followed by the slaughter of the citizens of the Danzig city, known as "massacre of Gdańsk ". However, supposedly Poland never renounced her rights to Pomerania and Gdańsk itself.


After the extinction of the Pomerelian ducal dynasty in 1294, the region was plunged into war involving Poland and Brandenburg. Brandenburg's fictitious claim to the Gdansk Pomerania was based on a treaty between ]. and the ] which took place on August 8, 1305, promising the Misnia (Meissen) territory to the Czech Kingdom in exchange for the Gdansk Pomerania. The claim was fictitious, because the Czech king ]. had no right to Pomerania, and Brandenburg never ceded Misnia to Bohemia or Poland. During the course of war Gdansk was invaded (November 1308) by the Teutonic Knights, called in by Wladislaw Lokietek of Poland. All the inhabitants of the city, both Polish and German, were brutally slaughtered. The Teutonic Order continued its invasion of the Polish lands, incorporaing them into the Monastic State. Later they also chased the Poles out. In September 1309, Margrave Waldemar of Brandenburg sold his ficticious claim over the territory to the Teutonic Order for 10,000 marks. At this time the city became known under its German name - Danzig. This was also the start of a series of conflicts between Poland and the Teutonic Order
Danzig flourished under the authority of the Teutonic Knights, benefiting from the major foreign investment committed by the order in the country, that was then called Prussia. Gdańsk became a full member of the ] by ]. The richer it became, the more Gdańsk suffered from the barriers in the trade up the ] river to Poland, which had a period of the economic prosperity under the wise government of the ]. Furthermore, Gdańsk resented lack of any political rights in the state ruled in the interest of the few knight-monks, motivated by the religious motives. Danzig flourished under the authority of the Teutonic Knights, benefiting from the major foreign investment committed by the order in the country, that was then called Prussia. Gdańsk became a full member of the ] by ]. The richer it became, the more Gdańsk suffered from the barriers in the trade up the ] river to Poland, which had a period of the economic prosperity under the wise government of the ]. Furthermore, Gdańsk resented lack of any political rights in the state ruled in the interest of the few knight-monks, motivated by the religious motives.


In ], Gdańsk joined the other ] cities of {] and ] to form the ], which was supported by ] of Poland in its rebellion (]) against the Teutonic Order's rule. The resulting wars between the cities or] ended with the Order's defeat and the ] in ]). This treaty was never ratified by emperor nor pope. In ], Gdańsk joined the other ] cities of {] and ] to form the ], which was supported by ] of Poland in its rebellion (]) against the Teutonic Order's rule. The resulting wars between the cities or] ended with the Order's defeat and the ] in ]), which resulted in return of entire Gdańsk Pomerania to the Polish Kingdom, as part of the province called ] or Polish Prussia.

The 15th and 16th centuries brought changes to the city's cultural heritage. We can see these changes in the arts, language, and in Gdańsk contributions to the world of science. In 1471, a refurbished sailing ship under Gdańsk captain Paul Beneke the famous altar painting titled: Latest Judgement (''Juengste Gericht'') by artist ] to Gdańsk. In around 1480-1490, tablets were installed at St. Mary's church, depicting the ''Ten Commandments'' (external link: ) in the Low German language. In 1566, the official language of the city's governing institutions was changed from the ] used throughout the Hanseatic cities to ]. The 15th and 16th centuries brought changes to the city's cultural heritage. We can see these changes in the arts, language, and in Gdańsk contributions to the world of science. In 1471, a refurbished sailing ship under Gdańsk captain Paul Beneke the famous altar painting titled: Latest Judgement (''Juengste Gericht'') by artist ] to Gdańsk. In around 1480-1490, tablets were installed at St. Mary's church, depicting the ''Ten Commandments'' (external link: ) in the Low German language. In 1566, the official language of the city's governing institutions was changed from the ] used throughout the Hanseatic cities to ].


] visited the mayor of Gdańsk in 1539, while he was working with ] in nearby ]. The mayor of Gdańsk gave Rheticus financial assistance for the publication of the so-called ''Narratio Prima''. Published by the Gdańsk printer Rhode in 1540, the ''Narratio Prima'' is to this day considered to be the best introduction to the ] theory. While in Gdańsk, Rheticus, who was also a cartographer and navigational instrument maker, interviewed Gdańsk pilots as to their navigational needs. He presented the ''Tabula chorographica auff Preusse'' to Duke ] in 1541. ] visited the mayor of Gdańsk in 1539, while he was working with ] in nearby ]. The mayor of Gdańsk gave Rheticus financial assistance for the publication of the so-called ''Narratio Prima''. Published by the Gdańsk printer Rhode in 1540, the ''Narratio Prima'' is to this day considered to be the best introduction to the ] theory. While in Gdańsk, Rheticus, who was also a cartographer and navigational instrument maker, interviewed Gdańsk pilots as to their navigational needs. He presented the ''Tabula chorographica auff Preusse'' to Duke ] in 1541.


The Danzig printer Andreas Huenefeld(t) (''Hunsfeldus'') (1606-1652) printed a Danzig editition of the ] Manifestos. Later on, he published the poems of ]. The famous poet Opitz had died in 1639 and his friend, the pastor of Danzig, known as ], together with two associates edited the Opitz poems for the Huenefeld printing house. The Danzig printer Andreas Huenefeld(t) (''Hunsfeldus'') (1606-1652) printed a Danzig editition of the ] Manifestos. Later on, he published the poems of ]. The famous poet Opitz had died in 1639 and his friend, the pastor of Gdańsk, known as ], together with two associates edited the Opitz poems for the Huenefeld printing house.


In ] a distillery named ''Der Lachs'' (the Salmon) was founded , which In ] a distillery named ''Der Lachs'' (the Salmon) was founded , which
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From the ] until the mid-] Gdańsk experienced rapid growth, becoming the largest city on the Baltic seaboard by the ], due to its heavy trading with Holland and handling most of Poland's seaborne trade brought up the Vistula river. The city's prosperity was severely damaged, however, by the ] (]-]) and the ] (]-]), and it suffered an epidemic of ] in ]. From the ] until the mid-] Gdańsk experienced rapid growth, becoming the largest city on the Baltic seaboard by the ], due to its heavy trading with Holland and handling most of Poland's seaborne trade brought up the Vistula river. The city's prosperity was severely damaged, however, by the ] (]-]) and the ] (]-]), and it suffered an epidemic of ] in ].


Gdańsk took part in all Hanseatic League conferences until the last one in 1669. By that time ] and other long distance overseas trade had overtaken the ] traders such as Danzig. Gdańsk took part in all Hanseatic League conferences until the last one in 1669. By that time ] and other long distance overseas trade had overtaken the ] traders such as Gdańsk.


In 1743 a ] (''Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Danzig'') was formed by ]. In 1743 a ] (''Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Danzig'') was formed by ].
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The feeling of grief felt by the citizens of Gdańsk when their city was incorporated into the state of Prussia is well reflected in the pessimistic philosophy of ]. The feeling of grief felt by the citizens of Gdańsk when their city was incorporated into the state of Prussia is well reflected in the pessimistic philosophy of ].


From the first partion of Poland, Gdańsk lost its function as a major port for Polish exports on the shore of the Baltic Sea. This was followed by an extended time of economic and population crisis. After 1772, Danzig no longer held the position as the largest port on the Baltic. From the first partion of Poland, Gdańsk lost its function as a major port for Polish exports on the shore of the Baltic Sea. This was followed by an extended time of economic and population crisis. After 1772, Gdańskno longer held the position as the largest port on the Baltic.


From ] until ], ] and ] were combined as a single province under the Prussian kingdom. However, although Gdańsk was a part of Prussia, it was never a member of so called Deutsche Bund. After the desolved ] it was included in the newly created ] in 1871. From ] until ], ] and ] were combined as a single province under the Prussian kingdom. However, although Gdańsk was a part of Prussia, it was never a member of so called Deutsche Bund. After the desolved ] it was included in the newly created ] in 1871.
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Gda&#324;sk's unification with Germany was one of the objectives of the ] government which came to power in Germany in January 1933. Following the annexation of ] and the ], Germany in October ] urged the territory's return to Germany. Not surprisingly, Poland refused to accept reunification and, on ], ], Germany invaded the Danzig port ], and annexed Danzig, effectively initiating the ]. Danzig and areas of the "]" to the south and west became the German <i>Gau</i> (administrative district) of Danzig-West Preussen. Gda&#324;sk's unification with Germany was one of the objectives of the ] government which came to power in Germany in January 1933. Following the annexation of ] and the ], Germany in October ] urged the territory's return to Germany. Not surprisingly, Poland refused to accept reunification and, on ], ], Germany invaded the Danzig port ], and annexed Danzig, effectively initiating the ]. Danzig and areas of the "]" to the south and west became the German <i>Gau</i> (administrative district) of Danzig-West Preussen.


In January ] the Soviet Army overran Gda&#324;sk . Already before the end of World War II, the Treaty of Yalta had placed Gda&#324;sk under Polish administration, which had immediately started to expel ethnic Germans from the city. This expulsion included Gda&#324;sk burghers the so-called ethnic Germans whose families' roots in Danzig went back many generations and hundreds of years as well as Gda&#324;sk burghers of Kashubian descent. In January ] the Soviet Army liberated Gda&#324;sk from the Nazi terror. Already before the end of World War II, the Treaty of Yalta had placed Gda&#324;sk under Polish administration, which had immediately started to expel ethnic Germans from the city. This expulsion included Gda&#324;sk burghers the so-called ethnic Germans whose families' roots in Danzig went back many generations and hundreds of years as well as Gda&#324;sk burghers of Kashubian descent.


Nearly all ethnic German inhabitants of Gda&#324;sk were eventually removed forcibly to Germany and other countries, when it received now Polish Communist government. Polish sovereignty was recognized by the Soviet-installed East German government in ]; the Federal Republic of Germany (or West Germany acknowledged <i>de facto</i> Polish possession of the city in ]). Nearly all ethnic German inhabitants of Gda&#324;sk were eventually removed forcibly to Germany and other countries, when it received Polish Communist government. Polish sovereignty was recognized by the Soviet-installed East German government in ]; the Federal Republic of Germany (or West Germany acknowledged <i>de facto</i> Polish possession of the city in ]).


Gda&#324;sk was the scene of anti-government demonstrations which led to the downfall of Poland's communist leader ] in December 1970, and ten years later was the birthplace of the ] trade union movement, whose opposition to the government led to the end of communist party rule (]) and the election as president of Poland of its leader ]. It remains today a major port and industrial city. Gda&#324;sk was the scene of anti-government demonstrations which led to the downfall of Poland's communist leader ] in December 1970, and ten years later was the birthplace of the ] trade union movement, whose opposition to the government led to the end of communist party rule (]) and the election as president of Poland of its leader ]. It remains today a major port and industrial city.

Revision as of 04:24, 30 November 2002

Gdańsk is a city in northern Poland, on the coast of the Baltic Sea, with a population of 460,000 (2002). When dealing with the city's pre-1945 existence, English speakers often use the German name Danzig. Part of this may have been because the city much of its existence was a German-speaking community of traders, and because most English-speaking scholars are more familiar with the German language. Alternative spellings from documents from the medieval and Early Modern periods are Gyddanzyc, Dantzig, Dantzigk or Dantzk.

The city is situated at the Motlawa (German: Mottlau) river, that adheres to the swampy area in the delta of the Vistula river. Location in the mouth of the Vistula which waterway systems connects 60% of the area of todays Poland, gives Gdańsk unique advantage as the center of the sea trade. In the past Gdańsk did a very good job leveraging his advantages and became the biggest city of todays Poland.

A major regional port since the 14th century and subsequently a principal ship-building centre, today's Gdańsk remains an important industrial centre despite the development in the 1920s of the nearby port of Gdynia. Both cities combined together also with a spa in Sopot creates metropolitan area of 850,000 people called Tricity.

History of the city

Settlements existed in the area for several centuries before the birth of Christ. The coast was called 'Gothiscandza' by Jordanes; Tacitus also referred to it in his Germania. Both historians believed the area to be populated. Although there were already wooden structures in existence, the year 997 has in recent years been considered to be the year of the foundation of the city itself: in 1997 Poland celebrated the 1000 Years Gdańsk Aniversary of the foundation of Gdańsk by Mieszko I, Duke of a land much later called Poland and subject to the empire "to compete with the ports of Szczecin and Wolin on the Oder River". That same year, Saint Adalbert of Prague entered Prussia from the castle of Gdańsk to convert the inhabitants. By 1148, the town had been assigned to the diocese of Wloclawek and Pomerania, while several crusades were ordered by the popes, to 'christianize' the pagan Prussians. Missionary activity was brought by the empire to Pomerania from the west and to eastern Prussia coming from the east via Riga.

A city charter according to Luebeck Law for the city was granted in 1224. Merchants from the Hansa cities of Lübeck and Bremen were the principal founders. The new city seal read, Sigillum Burgensium Dantzike or "Seal of the city of Dantzike," and was similar to the seals of Lubeck and other Hanseatic cities. Pomeranian Duke Swaitopolk I, who maneuvered between powers of the central authority of Poland and universal authorities of Holy Roman Empire governed in this part of Pomerania. Gdańsk rose to become one of the more important of the many trading and fishing ports along the Baltic Sea coast and overtook nearby Elblag in Prussia. During the period of Fragmentation Poland was invaded by the Bohemian ruler Przemysl II. After his assassination in 1295, the city was temporary ruled by the Wenceslaus II of Bohemia and his son Wenceslaus III.

After the extinction of the Pomerelian ducal dynasty in 1294, the region was plunged into war involving Poland and Brandenburg. Brandenburg's fictitious claim to the Gdansk Pomerania was based on a treaty between Wenceslaus III. and the Brandenburg which took place on August 8, 1305, promising the Misnia (Meissen) territory to the Czech Kingdom in exchange for the Gdansk Pomerania. The claim was fictitious, because the Czech king Wenceslaus III. had no right to Pomerania, and Brandenburg never ceded Misnia to Bohemia or Poland. During the course of war Gdansk was invaded (November 1308) by the Teutonic Knights, called in by Wladislaw Lokietek of Poland. All the inhabitants of the city, both Polish and German, were brutally slaughtered. The Teutonic Order continued its invasion of the Polish lands, incorporaing them into the Monastic State. Later they also chased the Poles out. In September 1309, Margrave Waldemar of Brandenburg sold his ficticious claim over the territory to the Teutonic Order for 10,000 marks. At this time the city became known under its German name - Danzig. This was also the start of a series of conflicts between Poland and the Teutonic Order Danzig flourished under the authority of the Teutonic Knights, benefiting from the major foreign investment committed by the order in the country, that was then called Prussia. Gdańsk became a full member of the Hanseatic League by 1361. The richer it became, the more Gdańsk suffered from the barriers in the trade up the Vistula river to Poland, which had a period of the economic prosperity under the wise government of the Casimir The Great. Furthermore, Gdańsk resented lack of any political rights in the state ruled in the interest of the few knight-monks, motivated by the religious motives.

In 1440, Gdańsk joined the other Hanseatic League cities of {] and Torun to form the Prussian Confederation, which was supported by Casimir IV of Poland in its rebellion (1454) against the Teutonic Order's rule. The resulting wars between the cities orThirteen Years' War ended with the Order's defeat and the Second Treaty of Thorn in 1466), which resulted in return of entire Gdańsk Pomerania to the Polish Kingdom, as part of the province called Royal or Polish Prussia. The 15th and 16th centuries brought changes to the city's cultural heritage. We can see these changes in the arts, language, and in Gdańsk contributions to the world of science. In 1471, a refurbished sailing ship under Gdańsk captain Paul Beneke the famous altar painting titled: Latest Judgement (Juengste Gericht) by artist Hans Memling to Gdańsk. In around 1480-1490, tablets were installed at St. Mary's church, depicting the Ten Commandments (external link: ) in the Low German language. In 1566, the official language of the city's governing institutions was changed from the Low German used throughout the Hanseatic cities to High German.

Georg Joachim Rheticus visited the mayor of Gdańsk in 1539, while he was working with Nicolaus Copernicus in nearby Frombork. The mayor of Gdańsk gave Rheticus financial assistance for the publication of the so-called Narratio Prima. Published by the Gdańsk printer Rhode in 1540, the Narratio Prima is to this day considered to be the best introduction to the Copernicus theory. While in Gdańsk, Rheticus, who was also a cartographer and navigational instrument maker, interviewed Gdańsk pilots as to their navigational needs. He presented the Tabula chorographica auff Preusse to Duke Albert of Prussia in 1541.

The Danzig printer Andreas Huenefeld(t) (Hunsfeldus) (1606-1652) printed a Danzig editition of the Rosicrucian Manifestos. Later on, he published the poems of Martin Opitz. The famous poet Opitz had died in 1639 and his friend, the pastor of Gdańsk, known as Bartholomaeus Nigrinus, together with two associates edited the Opitz poems for the Huenefeld printing house.

In 1606 a distillery named Der Lachs (the Salmon) was founded , which produced one of Gdańsk's most famous products, a liqueur named Danziger Goldwasser ("Gdańsk gold water"), made from herbs and with small 22-carat gold flakes floating in the bottle. The recipe for this went with the expellees of 1945 to western Germany, where it continued to be produced.

From the 14th century until the mid-17th century Gdańsk experienced rapid growth, becoming the largest city on the Baltic seaboard by the 16th century, due to its heavy trading with Holland and handling most of Poland's seaborne trade brought up the Vistula river. The city's prosperity was severely damaged, however, by the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) and the Second Northern War (1655-1660), and it suffered an epidemic of bubonic plague in 1709.

Gdańsk took part in all Hanseatic League conferences until the last one in 1669. By that time Holland and other long distance overseas trade had overtaken the Baltic traders such as Gdańsk.

In 1743 a Gdańsk Research Society (Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Danzig) was formed by Daniel Gralath.

During the time of the Partitions of Poland in the late 18th century (1772), Gdańsk remained an Polish enclave surrounded by the Kingdom of Prussia until 1793, when it became part of the Kingdom of Prussia as part of the province of West Prussia, reverting under Napoleon to direct Prussian rule after a second brief period (1807-1814) as a free city.

The feeling of grief felt by the citizens of Gdańsk when their city was incorporated into the state of Prussia is well reflected in the pessimistic philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer.

From the first partion of Poland, Gdańsk lost its function as a major port for Polish exports on the shore of the Baltic Sea. This was followed by an extended time of economic and population crisis. After 1772, Gdańskno longer held the position as the largest port on the Baltic.

From 1824 until 1878, East and West Prussia were combined as a single province under the Prussian kingdom. However, although Gdańsk was a part of Prussia, it was never a member of so called Deutsche Bund. After the desolved Holy Roman Empire it was included in the newly created German Empire in 1871.

Following Germany's defeat in World War I, Gdańsk was separated from Germany in 1920 under the Treaty of Versailles, forming with a small surrounding territory a Free City under a commissioner appointed by the League of Nations. The League of Nations rejected the citizens' petition to have their city officially named Free Hanseatic city of Gdańsk). However, the League recognized them as citizens of Gdańsk , and thus no longer possessors of German Reich citizenship.

A customs union with Poland was created and gave the Gdańsk Westerplatte port to the Polish republic. The separation of the Gdańsk port, post office and customs office under the treaty was said to be justified by Poland's need for direct access to the Baltic Sea. Poland then stationed troops in Gdańsk . Directly next to Gdańsk , Poland built a large military style trade harbor in Gdynia and immediately went to defensive war against Soviet Union, where Poland recovered a large section of the ethnically Polish lands from the Soviet Republics of Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine.

Local opposition to the the war and the desire to rescind the League of Nations' decision on the status of Gdańsk's citizens spurred groundroots efforts for a reunification with Germany. It culminated in the election of a Nazi government in Danzig's elections of May 1933.

Gdańsk's unification with Germany was one of the objectives of the Nazi government which came to power in Germany in January 1933. Following the annexation of Austria and the Sudetenland, Germany in October 1938 urged the territory's return to Germany. Not surprisingly, Poland refused to accept reunification and, on September 1, 1939, Germany invaded the Danzig port Westerplatte, and annexed Danzig, effectively initiating the Second World War. Danzig and areas of the "Polish Corridor" to the south and west became the German Gau (administrative district) of Danzig-West Preussen.

In January 1945 the Soviet Army liberated Gdańsk from the Nazi terror. Already before the end of World War II, the Treaty of Yalta had placed Gdańsk under Polish administration, which had immediately started to expel ethnic Germans from the city. This expulsion included Gdańsk burghers the so-called ethnic Germans whose families' roots in Danzig went back many generations and hundreds of years as well as Gdańsk burghers of Kashubian descent.

Nearly all ethnic German inhabitants of Gdańsk were eventually removed forcibly to Germany and other countries, when it received Polish Communist government. Polish sovereignty was recognized by the Soviet-installed East German government in 1950; the Federal Republic of Germany (or West Germany acknowledged de facto Polish possession of the city in 1970).

Gdańsk was the scene of anti-government demonstrations which led to the downfall of Poland's communist leader Wladyslaw Gomulka in December 1970, and ten years later was the birthplace of the Solidarity trade union movement, whose opposition to the government led to the end of communist party rule (1989) and the election as president of Poland of its leader Lech Walesa. It remains today a major port and industrial city.

A list of the 173 mayors of the City of Gdańsk from 1347 - Mar 30,1945 was compiled by the current Gdańsk city government and can be found on their recent website with the invitation for a reunion meeting of Gdańsk at the "First World Gdańsk Reunion". It took place in May 2002. This ] is of interest, as it demonstrates the shifting ethnicity of the city's inhabitants before and after the World Wars.

Famous people born in Gdańsk

External Links