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'''Tengriism''' (or '''Tengerism''', '''Tengrianism'''<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=j6lx-20TKMsC&pg=PA351&dq=tengrianism&hl=en&ei=da-uTYXtE8b5sgbct5zYDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=tengrianism&f=false</ref>) is a ]n religion that incorporates elements of ], ], ] and ]. Despite still being active in some minorities, it was, in old times, the major belief of ] (such as the ], ] and ]) ] and ].<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=I-RTt0Q6AcYC&pg=PA151&dq=hungarians+tengrism&hl=tr&ei=5dfbTfyDNsSUswbrr43wDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> It focuses around the sky deity ''']''' (or '''Tangra''', '''Tangri''', '''Tanrı''' etc.) and reverence for the sky in general. Majority of Tengrists today live in ] and ] such as ] and ]. "Khukh" and "Tengri" literally mean "blue" and "sky" in ] and modern ] still pray to "Munkh Khukh Tengri" ("Eternal Blue Sky"). Therefore Mongolia is sometimes poetically referred to by Mongolians as the "Land of Eternal Blue Sky" ("Munkh Khukh Tengriin Oron" in Mongolian).{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}} '''Tengriism''' (or '''Tengerism''', '''Tengrianism'''<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=j6lx-20TKMsC&pg=PA351&dq=tengrianism&hl=en&ei=da-uTYXtE8b5sgbct5zYDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=tengrianism&f=false</ref>, also called ] by Christian devices<ref>A.S. Amanjolov, History of ancient Türkic Script, Almaty 2003, p.305</ref>) is a ]n religion that incorporates elements of ], ], ] and ]. Despite still being active in some minorities, it was, in old times, the major belief of ] (such as the ], ] and ]) ] and ].<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=I-RTt0Q6AcYC&pg=PA151&dq=hungarians+tengrism&hl=tr&ei=5dfbTfyDNsSUswbrr43wDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> It focuses around the sky deity ''']''' (or '''Tangra''', '''Tangri''', '''Tanrı''' etc.) and reverence for the sky in general. Majority of Tengrists today live in ] and ] such as ] and ]. "Khukh" and "Tengri" literally mean "blue" and "sky" in ] and modern ] still pray to "Munkh Khukh Tengri" ("Eternal Blue Sky"). Therefore Mongolia is sometimes poetically referred to by Mongolians as the "Land of Eternal Blue Sky" ("Munkh Khukh Tengriin Oron" in Mongolian).{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}}


In modern ] Tengriism is known as the ''Gök Tanrı'' ("Sky God") religion,<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=CORMAAAAMAAJ&q=g%C3%B6k+tanr%C4%B1&dq=g%C3%B6k+tanr%C4%B1&hl=en&ei=RacDTe-QMsn84Aax45jYCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAA</ref> Turkish "Gök" (sky) and "Tanrı" (God) corresponding to the Mongolian ''khukh'' (blue) and ''Tengri'' (sky), respectively. In modern ] Tengriism is known as the ''Gök Tanrı'' ("Sky God") religion,<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=CORMAAAAMAAJ&q=g%C3%B6k+tanr%C4%B1&dq=g%C3%B6k+tanr%C4%B1&hl=en&ei=RacDTe-QMsn84Aax45jYCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAA</ref> Turkish "Gök" (sky) and "Tanrı" (God) corresponding to the Mongolian ''khukh'' (blue) and ''Tengri'' (sky), respectively.
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Publications committed to the subject of Tengrism are more and more frequently published in scientific journals of human sciences in Kyrgyzstan as well as in Kazakhstan. The partisans of this movement endeavor to influence the political circles, and have in fact succeeded in spreading their concepts into the governing bodies. ]’s President ] and even more frequently former Kyrgyz president ] have several times mentioned that Tengrism as the national and “natural” religion of the Turkic peoples. Publications committed to the subject of Tengrism are more and more frequently published in scientific journals of human sciences in Kyrgyzstan as well as in Kazakhstan. The partisans of this movement endeavor to influence the political circles, and have in fact succeeded in spreading their concepts into the governing bodies. ]’s President ] and even more frequently former Kyrgyz president ] have several times mentioned that Tengrism as the national and “natural” religion of the Turkic peoples.

== Nestorianism and Tengriism ==
Turkish ] manuscripts, that have the same rune-like duct as the ], have been found especially in the oasis of ] and in the fortress of Miran.<ref>Georg Stadtmüller, Saeculum , Band 1, K. Alber Publishing, 1950, p.302</ref><ref>University of Bonn. Department of Linguistics and Cultural Studies of Central Asia, Issue 37, VGH Wissenschaftsverlag GmbH Publishing, 2008, p.107</ref><ref>Theodore Brieger, Bernhard Bess, Society for Church History, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, Volume 115, issues 1-3, W. Kohlhammer Publishing, 2004, p.101</ref><ref>Jens Wilkens, Wolfgang Voigt, Dieter George, Hartmut-Ortwin Feistel, German Oriental Society, List of Oriental Manuscripts in Germany, Volume 12, Franz Steiner Publishing, 2000, p.480</ref><ref>Volker Adam, Jens Peter Loud, Andrew White, Bibliography old Turkish Studies, Otto Harrassowitz Publishing, 2000, p.40</ref><ref>Ural-Altaic Yearbooks, Volumes 42-43, O. Harrassowitz Publishing, 1970, p.180</ref> When and by whom the Bible or any part thereof have been translated into Turkish for the first time, is completely in the dark.<ref>Materialia Turcica, Volumes 22-24, Brockmeyer Publishing Studies, 2001, p.127</ref> Most of these written records in the pre-Islamic era of Central Asia are written in the Old Turkic language.<ref></ref> Nestorian Christianity also had followers among the ]. In the Nestorian sites of Turfan, a fresco depicting the rites of ] has been discovered.<ref>M. S. Asimov, The historical,social and economic setting, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1999, p.204</ref>

Fragments of an Old Turkish ] story written in Runic script were also found. (see: ])


==Some symbols related to Tengriism== ==Some symbols related to Tengriism==

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File:Shamans Drum.jpg
A cosmological diagram from an early 20th century shaman's drum.

Tengriism (or Tengerism, Tengrianism, also called Nestorianism by Christian devices) is a Central Asian religion that incorporates elements of shamanism, animism, totemism and ancestor worship. Despite still being active in some minorities, it was, in old times, the major belief of Turkic peoples (such as the Huns, Xiongnu and Bulgars) Hungarians and Mongols. It focuses around the sky deity Tengri (or Tangra, Tangri, Tanrı etc.) and reverence for the sky in general. Majority of Tengrists today live in Northern and Central Asia such as Khakassia and Tuva. "Khukh" and "Tengri" literally mean "blue" and "sky" in Mongolian and modern Mongolians still pray to "Munkh Khukh Tengri" ("Eternal Blue Sky"). Therefore Mongolia is sometimes poetically referred to by Mongolians as the "Land of Eternal Blue Sky" ("Munkh Khukh Tengriin Oron" in Mongolian).

In modern Turkey Tengriism is known as the Gök Tanrı ("Sky God") religion, Turkish "Gök" (sky) and "Tanrı" (God) corresponding to the Mongolian khukh (blue) and Tengri (sky), respectively.

Background

Spelling of Tengri in the Orkhon script (written from right to left).

In Tengriism, the meaning of life is seen as living in harmony with the surrounding world. Tengriist believers view their existence as sustained by the eternal blue Sky, Tengri, the fertile Mother-Earth, spirit Eje, and a ruler who is regarded as the holy spirit of the Sky. Heaven, Earth, the spirits of nature and the ancestors provide every need and protect all humans. By living an upright and respectful life, a human being will keep his world in balance and maximize his personal power Wind Horse.

In Europe, Tengrism was the religion of the Huns and of the early Bulgars who brought it to the region. It is said that the Huns of the Northern Caucasus believed in two gods. One is called Tangri han, that is Tengri Khan, who is thought to be identical to the Persian Aspandiat, and for whom horses were sacrificed, and the other is called Kuar, whose victims are struck down by lightning.

It is still actively practised in Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Sakha, Buryatia, Tuva, Mongolia and Turkey in parallel with Tibetan Buddhism and Burkhanism.

A number of Kyrgyz politicians are actively pushing Tengrism, to fill the ideological void. Dastan Sarygulov, currently secretary of state and formerly chair of the Kyrgyz state gold mining company, has established Tengir Ordo (Army of Tengri) which is a civic group that seeks to promote the values and traditions of the Tengrism.

There is a Tengrist society in Bishkek, which officially claims almost 500,000 followers and an international scientific center of Tengrist studies. Both institutions are run by Dastan Sarygulov, the main theorist of Tengrism in Kyrgyzstan and a member of the Parliament.

Publications committed to the subject of Tengrism are more and more frequently published in scientific journals of human sciences in Kyrgyzstan as well as in Kazakhstan. The partisans of this movement endeavor to influence the political circles, and have in fact succeeded in spreading their concepts into the governing bodies. Kazakhstan’s President Nursultan Nazarbayev and even more frequently former Kyrgyz president Askar Akayev have several times mentioned that Tengrism as the national and “natural” religion of the Turkic peoples.

Nestorianism and Tengriism

Turkish Nestorian manuscripts, that have the same rune-like duct as the Old Turkic script, have been found especially in the oasis of Turfan and in the fortress of Miran. When and by whom the Bible or any part thereof have been translated into Turkish for the first time, is completely in the dark. Most of these written records in the pre-Islamic era of Central Asia are written in the Old Turkic language. Nestorian Christianity also had followers among the Uighurs. In the Nestorian sites of Turfan, a fresco depicting the rites of Palm Sunday has been discovered.

Fragments of an Old Turkish Manichaean story written in Runic script were also found. (see: Irk Bitig)

Some symbols related to Tengriism

Kazakh Flag

Holy mountains and lakes

Khan Tengri (Kazakhstan)

See also

Notes

  1. The original drawing was made in 1909-1913, during the ethnograpical expeditions in South Siberia, in the Altai mountains. The head of those expeditions was Anokhin A.V. (Anokhin Andrei Viktorovich). The drawing was published in Anokhin A.V. Materialy po shamanstvy u altaitsev (Materials on the Shamanism of the Altai people). Leningrad, 1924, and reprinted as Sbornik Muzeia Antropologii i etnografii Akademii Nauk SSSR (Collection of the museum of Anthropology and Ethnography), vol.4, issue 2. .
  2. http://books.google.com/books?id=j6lx-20TKMsC&pg=PA351&dq=tengrianism&hl=en&ei=da-uTYXtE8b5sgbct5zYDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=tengrianism&f=false
  3. A.S. Amanjolov, History of ancient Türkic Script, Almaty 2003, p.305
  4. http://books.google.com/books?id=I-RTt0Q6AcYC&pg=PA151&dq=hungarians+tengrism&hl=tr&ei=5dfbTfyDNsSUswbrr43wDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false
  5. http://books.google.com/books?id=CORMAAAAMAAJ&q=g%C3%B6k+tanr%C4%B1&dq=g%C3%B6k+tanr%C4%B1&hl=en&ei=RacDTe-QMsn84Aax45jYCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAA
  6. Tekin, Talat (1993). Irk bitig (the book of omens). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. p. 8. ISBN 9783447034265.
  7. http://books.google.com/books?id=I-RTt0Q6AcYC&pg=PA151&dq=huns+tengrism&hl=tr&ei=orPfTfP0FI33sgakhKXjBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=huns%20tengrism&f=false
  8. Balkanlar'dan Uluğ Türkistan'a Türk halk inançları Cilt 1, Yaşar Kalafat, Berikan, 2007
  9. http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=31177
  10. Georg Stadtmüller, Saeculum , Band 1, K. Alber Publishing, 1950, p.302
  11. University of Bonn. Department of Linguistics and Cultural Studies of Central Asia, Issue 37, VGH Wissenschaftsverlag GmbH Publishing, 2008, p.107
  12. Theodore Brieger, Bernhard Bess, Society for Church History, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, Volume 115, issues 1-3, W. Kohlhammer Publishing, 2004, p.101
  13. Jens Wilkens, Wolfgang Voigt, Dieter George, Hartmut-Ortwin Feistel, German Oriental Society, List of Oriental Manuscripts in Germany, Volume 12, Franz Steiner Publishing, 2000, p.480
  14. Volker Adam, Jens Peter Loud, Andrew White, Bibliography old Turkish Studies, Otto Harrassowitz Publishing, 2000, p.40
  15. Ural-Altaic Yearbooks, Volumes 42-43, O. Harrassowitz Publishing, 1970, p.180
  16. Materialia Turcica, Volumes 22-24, Brockmeyer Publishing Studies, 2001, p.127
  17. Turfan research: Scripts and languages ​​in pre-Islamic Central Asia, Academy of Sciences of Berlin and Brandenburg, 2011
  18. M. S. Asimov, The historical,social and economic setting, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1999, p.204
  19. A Spell In Time: Bulgarian Myth and Folklore

References

  • Brent, Peter. The Mongol Empire: Genghis Khan: His Triumph and his Legacy. Book Club Associates, London. 1976.
  • Bruno J. Richtsfeld: Rezente ostmongolische Schöpfungs-, Ursprungs- und Weltkatastrophenerzählungen und ihre innerasiatischen Motiv- und Sujetparallelen; in: Münchner Beiträge zur Völkerkunde. Jahrbuch des Staatlichen Museums für Völkerkunde München 9 (2004), S. 225–274.

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