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Bradwall is a small village and civil parish in the unitary authority of Cheshire East, situated near Sandbach in the ceremonial county of Cheshire, England. According to the 2001 census, the population of the entire parish was 166. The town is about two and a half miles north-west of Sandbach, and is supposed to have been waste at the time of the Domesday Survey, and attached to the Barony of Kinderton.

History

Roman finds

Well before the establishment of Bradwall, the Romans left a small mark in the area. Around a thousand Roman coins dating from not earlier than 270 A.D. were discovered in 1820, ".. on the eastern side of Bradwall .. a short distance from the Brindley Moor's Farm and about four miles direct from the Roman station at Kinderton, at a point where a small brook is crossed by the footpath from Brereton to Sandbach". The remains of part of a Roman road, are also thought to have been discovered "near the western side of Bradwall, by Boothlane, towards the west of Sandbach". Since the 1936 parish boundary changes, the road's location is now in Elworth on Roman Way in Sandbach Parish.

Manor of Bradwall

Bradwall is not mentioned in the Domesday Book, completed in 1086 for William I of England, at which point it was considered to be waste moors between Brereton and Warmingham, that formed part of the southern boundary of the Barony of Kinderton, the historic name of Middlewich. The first records that mention Bradwall are around the 13th century, when the the Venables family of Kinderton divide the Manor of Bradwall between Richard de Bradwall, and a younger branch of the family referred to as Venables of Bradwall. Richard de Bradwall's son, Reginald, was known to be living in 1232 and the subject of a dispute of the land. Around this time, the seat of the Bradwalls was thought to be in on the west side of land, within a rectangular moat with a large pool, with the name Hallfields, near Hollins-wood. Hall Field next to Hollins Wood is also found on 19th century tithe maps.

Place name

Bradwall derives its name from the Old English word brāde, meaning broad, and wælla meaning spring. Variant spellings include (dates in brackets): Brade-, -wal, -wale, -walle, Bradwall (1226), Brad(e)well(e) (1281), Brod(e)wall (1324), Beatwall (1326), Broadwall (1415), Bardwell (1438), Bradwell (1724).

Bradwall Hall

Bradwall Hall was the seat of the Latham family. It is old, but of uncertain date. It was originally possessed by the Venables, who, before 1287, granted it out in two family, one of which too from the place itself the name of Bradwall.

A daughter and heiress of the Berington family conveyed it by marriage to William Oldfield, whose descendant, in 1719, sold it to Charles Ward, of Dublin; and he again in 1725 conveyed it to John Jervis as a marriage portion with his daughter, Grace. Dr. Latham, who purchased the estate from the executors of John Jervis in 1802.

Barlow Baronetcy of Bradwall Hall

The Barlow Baronetcy of Bradwall Hall was created on 20 July 1907 for John Emmott Barlow (1857-1932), a successful businessman and Liberal Member of Parliament representing Frome. He was succeeded by his eldest son, John Denman Barlow the second Baronet (1898-1986), a Member of Parliament for Eddisbury and Middleton and Prestwich. The title has been held since 1986 by his eldest son, Sir John Kemp Barlow, 3rd Bt. (1934-). Sir John Denman's brother, Thomas Bradwall Barlow (1900-1988), was a director of the family firm, Bradwall (F.M.S) Rubber Estate, Ltd. which developed rubber plantations in what was then British Malaysia.

Bradwall Reformatory School for Boys

Bradwall Reformatory School was built by George William Latham (1827–1886) on his own property at Bradwall Hall, in 1855:

"The School is intended for the benefit of the County of Chester, a district partly agricultural but comprising also the manufacturing towns of Stockport, Macclesfield, Ashton and Staleybridge, the coal fields of Poynton, the salt works of Northwich, Middlewich and Nantwich, and the sea-ports of Birkenhead and Warrington — and is now about half finished, and will be in operation at the end of September or October. Mr. George William Latham of Bradwall Hall, is the sole manager, there is no committee, and he has the entire responsibility and control. The school is built on his land, about half a mile from his house, and he will be able to add from time to time such land as is wanted for the industrial labour of the boys, and will charge the school with an agricultural rent for it. It is intended that the labour shall be entirely agricultural, and that as many of the boys as places can be found for, shall be apprenticed to farmers when their reform has sufficiently advanced to allow them to leave the school."

In 1861, two eight year old boys, Peter Barratt and James Bradley, who had killed two-year-old George Burgess, were charge with manslaughter, and sentenced by the judge Sir Charles Compton to be sent to the Reformatory at Bradwall, which "was to rank as the most enlightened and successful institution of its kind in the country". A report to the House of Commons in 1861 reported that:

"There were 58 boys in the school when I inspected it. They looked well and healthy, and appeared much more bright and cheerful than formerly. The officers seemed also more kindly, and the whole of the establishment was in a very comfortable and satisfactory condition. The premises were in excellent order, and the farm much improved ; it now comprises 90 acres. I was glad to find that more of the ordinary farming processes were being resorted to ; the plough and other common agricultural machines employed, so that the training of the lads as farm servants would be gradually made more complete than the use of spade labour allows of. The books are well kept. The punishments had been much fewer, chiefly fines or loss of privilege. The boys passed a very good examination. Of 23 boys in the first class, most of whom had not been more than two years in the institution, 15 wrote from dictation with only one or two mistakes (5 of them with none), and 9 did eleven sums, extending to practice and rule of three, without a mistake, 9 others did nine or ten of these. The spelling and writing were equally good. The second class also acquitted themselves very fairly, and on the whole I have not examined any school during the year in which the instruction of the boys has been more successfully attended to. Much of this is no doubt to be attributed to the pains which the schoolmaster, Mr. Goode (now superintendent of the Glamorgan Reformatory), had bestowed on the duties of his office.

The cost per head for the year was 18l. 9s. 11d., on an average of 58 boys. The parents' payments 65l. 7s. 3d. The loss on the farm was 110l. 15s. 4d.; but stock in hand had increased in value 265l. 10s. 3d. Of 24 admissions 12 were on first commitment."

George William Latham's cousin, Charles Latham (1816-1907) was surgeon to the Bradwall Reformatory from its foundation until his retirement in 1903.

Geography

Bradwall is a village and parish council in south-east Cheshire in the north west of England. As the crow flies, the Irish Sea is about 37 miles north west, Manchester city centre is about 22 miles north, the county capital Chester is 22 miles west, the Peak District is 13 miles east, Stoke on Trent is 13 miles south east, and London is 150 miles south east (172 miles by car)

Locally, Bradwall is a mile north of Sandbach parish council, 7.5 miles northeast of Crewe, 4 miles south east of Middlewich, 4 miles south of Holmes Chapel, and 8 miles west of Congleton. The Parish covers 1938 acres (7.8 km, 3.0mi) Somewhat irregular is shape, it extends about 5.0 km east-west, and 3.8 km north-south. The land is slightly undulating, at an elevation of about 40m (130-ft) in the north-west, rising to about 60m (195-ft) in the south-east.

A handful of brooks flow throughout the parish, the most notable being the so-called Small Brook which flows into Sanderson's Brook in the adjacent Sproston Parish. The River Croco is about a 1.5 miles north of Bradwall, and the River Wheelock about 2½ miles away from the south-west boundary of Bradwall. Both rivers join the River Dane in Middlewich, which itself flows about 2.5 miles north. The rivers are illustrated on the 1577 map of Cheshire by cartographer Christopher Saxton (illustrated).

Hamlets

Bradwall parish also includes the hamlets of Bradwall Green in the east, and Hollinsgreen in the west, which used to be called Hollins, and sometimes referred to as Bradwall-cum-Hollins. There is mention of a water-powered corn mill (watercorn miln) there:

"In 1589 there is mention of "a watercorn milne in Bradwall, called Hollynwood milne" and" Hollin Wood in Bradwall, formerly called Bradwall Wood. In the list of Cheshire Freeholders in 1579, Richard Halton of Hollins occurs."

Hope also used to be a hamlet in Bradwall. It is not to be confused with Bradwell in the parish of Hope, in Derbyshire.

"A hamlet named HOPE in this township is referred to at an early period. By a charter without date, and so before the year 1300, William de Venables, formerly son and heir of Sir Roger de Venables, confirms the gift, which Hugh de Venables, formerly son of Sir William de Venables, had made to Reginald, his son, of the fourth part of Hope, according to the tenour of the charter which the said Hugh made to the said Roger; these being witnesses: Sir (dño) Thomas de Dutton, Sir (dño) John de Sandbach, Richard Starki, Ralph de Norton, Rauf de Brereton, John de Queloc , Richard de Bradwall, and Richard Dodefyne. This Reginald appears to have called himself after the name of his estate, and in 1309, William, the son of Reginald de Hope, occurs. In the next century, I Edward IV., 1461, Richard del Hope grants to John, his son, certain lands in Bradwall."

Climate

Source.

Geology

Bradwall sits mainly over mudstone, a fine grained sedimentary rock. Locally, the rock layer consists of Wilkesley Halite member with Halite-stone, which is part of the larger Sidmouth Mudstone Formation, which in turn is part of the Mercia Mudstone Group. The thickness of the rock is estimated at around 404m, and was formed around 221 to 227 million years ago in the Late Triassic Carnian period, in a hot dry environment. It is surround by Devensian glacial till from the last glacial period from between approximately 110,000 to 10,000 years ago. A small pocket of undifferentiated river terrace deposits of sand and gravel, dating from the Quaternary about 2.5 million years old, is located south-east of the intersection of Pillar Box Lane with Bradwall Road.

Soil

The top soil grain size is medium to course grain, described as Arenaceous-Rudaceous, surrounded by fine-grained to course, called Argillic-Rudaceous. A soil sample in south Bradwall reveals many trace elements including Ag Al B Ba Be Bi Ca Cd Ce Co Cr Cu Fe Ga K La Li Mg Mn Mo Nb Nd Ni P Pb Rb Sc Si Sr Sn Ti U V Y Zn Zr, and a soil acidity that has been decreasing from a high of pH 5.79 in 1978 to pH 6.27 in 2007.

Several boreholes up to 30m deep have been made in Bradwall along the route of the M6 motorway. A typical bore reveals glacial sand and clays to about 25m, with a couple of layers of ground water.

Seismology

One of the six major regional seismic profiles lines, the 304km Lancaster to Birmingham profiles passes directly through Bradwall, as part of the Sandbach-Knutsford Sub-Basin of the Cheshire Basin. About five other minor seismic profiles also pass through Bradwall, all managed by the UK Onshore Geophysical Library, that are uses by resources exploration companies (such as oil, gas and coal).

Bradwall does not lie in an earthquakes zone, although in 11 Nov 1997, a rare magnitude 1.5 earthquake was recorded about 5 miles due north in Byley.

Demographics

According the 2001 census, the population of Bradwall Civil Parish totals 166 people (85 men and 81 women) in 65 households. Of these, 127 are aged 16 to 74, of which 90 are employed, 36 in "Extractive and Manufacturing Industries" and 54 in "Service Industries". Since the average distance travelled to work is 18.13km (11.3 miles), then a proportion will work outside the parish.

The population of Bradwall peaked in the 1920s at over 1300. The sharp decline in population in the 1930s is due to the 1936 change in the parish boundaries, when the populated area of Elworth was moved from Bradwall Parish and into Sandbach Parish. Since the 1950s, there has been a slight decline in population, and is now well under 200:

1801, 1831. 1811. 1841-1851. 1861-1871. 1881-1961
2011 census data is due between November 2012 and February 2013.

Life expectancy

The life expectancy at birth in 2007 - 2009 is 79 years for men, and 82 for women.

Economy

Historically, Bradwall has been farming and pasture land with the majority of people working in agriculture. The 1881 Census records nearly 20% of the residents in agriculture followed by nearly 12% in domestic service; 43% had an unknown, or non-specific occupation (see table below).

The 1902 Kelly's Directory of Cheshire, noted that in Bradwall, "the crops are oats, roots, wheat and rye. The land is chiefly pasture", and that commercially, there are a total of 15 farmers, one blacksmith and the superintendent of the Reformatory School.

Culture and Community

Arts

Cheshire Rural Touring Arts, one of 36 similar rural touring schemes operating nationally, stages arts and entertainment events at Bradwall Village Hall a couple of time each year.

Beekeeping

The South Cheshire Cheshire Beekeepers' Association holds a monthly meeting a the Village Hall.

Coarse Fishing

Although it has a Sandbach postcode, coarse fishing is available in south east of Bradwall Civil Parish at Field Farm Fisheries with five pools stocked with barbel, bream, carp, chub, crucian, rudd, roach and tench.

Equestrian

The equestrian governing body, British Eventing, holds horse trials in eventing at Manor Farm each year. Plum Tree Farm Riding Centre is the riding school and livery stables. Chellebeech Livery Yard is at Springbank Farm.

Folk dancing

Sandbach Folk Dance Club, which has been going for over 30 years, meets every alternative Tuesdays at the Village Hall.

Probus Clubs

The Probus Club of Sandbach for retired professionals and businessmen, hold their meetings in the Village Hall, every second Tuesday in the month.

Village Hall

Bradwall Village Hall is used for public events, such as the Cheshire Rural Touring Arts (see above), public meetings, and as the local Polling Station.

Landmarks

Bradwall is home to three Grade II listed buildings, though none are open to the public. In chronological order:

1. Cottage and coach-house of the former Bradwall Hall, probably 16th century.
2. Plumbtree Farmhouse in Bradwall Green, built around 1700.
3. The Reformatory School and Cottages on Walnut lane, dating from around 1855. Bradwall Reformatory School for Boys is detailed above.

Transport

Air

Manchester International Airport is about 25 miles from Bradwall. The nearest airfield is about 4 miles away at Arclid Airfield, currently used by Cheshire Microlights. A few miles north of Bradwall, RAF Cranage was built during the Second World War, and was operational between 1940–1958.

Buses

There are no bus services into Bradwall. There nearest services are a couple of miles away in Sandbach, where the No.32 goes to Crewe, 37(E) to Middlewich, 38 to Macclesfield and Crewe, 49 to Holmes Chapel, 78 to Nantwich, 319 to Holmes Chapel, D1 to Crewe, H1 to Whitehill, X81 to Middlewich, X22 to Liverpool, and X38 to Congleton.

Canalways

The Trent and Mersey Canal passes about 100m from the western border of Bradwall.

Cycling

National Cycle Way Route 71 Parkgate to Teggs Nose, Macclesfield, passes about 100m from the north-east boundary of Bradwall.

Rail

Built in 1841, the Crewe to Manchester railway Line passes through Bradwall from south-west to north-east. The parish has no stations of its own, the nearest being Sandbach station in Elworth, between 1-4 miles away by road, which runs between Crewe and Manchester. Closing to passengers in 1960, a single freight line between Sandbach via Middlewich railway station and Northwich also just enters Bradwall in the north-west, near the electricity sub-station in Moston. The closest railway junction is Crewe railway station, serving Chester, Derby, London, Manchester and beyond.

Roads

The M6 motorway passes through Bradwall, about a 1.5-miles (2.5 km) stretch through the east of the parish. By road, Bradwall is a couple of miles from the M6 Exit 17. Before the motorway was built in the 1960s, and still available to local traffic, Bradwall is served by the A54 Middlewich to Holmes Chapel road to the north, the A50 Holmes Chapel to Arclid in the east , the A534 Arclid to Sandbach to the south, and the A533 Sandbach to Middlewich in the west. The main road through Bradwall is Bradwall Road, which runs from Middlewich in the North-West, to Sandbach in the South.

Walking

There are several public footpaths forming rights of way in Bradwall. For example, a 2km footpath runs from Congleton Road in Sandbach, northwards through the fields and across the Small Brook to Bradwall Manor, and another 2km footpath runs from the end of Vicarage Lane in Elworth, northeastwards across the Small Brook, Wood Lane to Bradwall Lane near the junction of Pillar Box Lane.

Governement

Bradwall civil parish was originally part of Sandbach Ancient Parish, and was created a separate parish from it in 1866. It also was part of Nantwich Hundred, Congleton Poor Law Union, Rural Sanitary District, and (after 1866) it formed part of Congleton Rural District until 1974, when it became part of the Borough of Congleton.

In terms of parliamentary representation, the Bradwall area (including the time when it was not a separate civil parish) was in the Cheshire Southern Division from 1832 to 1867; in the Cheshire Mid Division, from 1867 to 1885; in the Eddisbury Division, from 1885 to 1918; in the Northwich Division, from 1918 to 1948; from 1948 it was in Knutsford County Constituency, but it is currently in Congleton County Constituency.

The current clerk of Bradwall Parish Council is Mrs F C Stops. The local polling station is Bradwall Village Hall.

Education

There are no schools in Bradwall parish, so it falls into either the Offley or Sandbach School Admission Catchment areas, which determines the nearest appropriate school. Further education colleges and universities are also some distances away.

Religious sites

Built 1882, Bradwall's only place of worship is the Wesleyan Chapel Methodist Church on Ward's Lane. The church is one of four in the Sandbach Mission Area (the others are in Sandbach, Sandbach Heath and Wheelock), and services are held fortnightly on Sunday. The minister is the Rev’d Kim Stilwell. Historic Minutes, financial and administrative records between 1882-1928 are held at the Cheshire Record Office. In 1982, the Chapel celebrated its centenary.

St Mary's Church in Sandbach has a chancel that belonged to Bradwall Hall, and includes the arms of Oldfield. Once called the Bradwall Chancel or Bradwall Chapel, it is not called the Chapter House, "Church records state that Philip Oldfield of Bradwall had a confirmation of his right to this Chapel from the Bishop of Chester on 8th October 1589.

Nearest churches

Notable people

• Humphrey Berington (c.1535 - 1591), his son John Berington (1564-1603). and his granddaughter Helen who married Philip Oldfield, resided at Bradwall Hall.
• Edwin Foden, (1841–1911), vehicle manufacturer, died 31 August 1911 at his home, Elworth House, Bradwall.
• William Foden (1868–1964), vehicle manufacturer, born 23 September 1868, Bradwall Green.
• John Jervis (d.c.1747) who family was seated at Bradwall for two or three generations.
• John Latham (1761–1843), physician, moved to Bradwall Hall in 1829, an died there in 1843.
• Philip Oldfield (c.1541 - 15 Dec 1616), lawyer.
• Sir William Venables (c.1245 - c.1292), brother of the Baron of Kinderton.

Notable seats

In his book, The History of the Ancient Parish of Sandbach, published in 1890, historian John Parsons Earwaker (1847–1895) provides the pedigree of five notable families from Bradwall named: Venables, Berington, Oldfield, Jervis and Latham, whose arms are described below:

Services

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112. "Electricity Distribution Map", Energy Networks Association website, retrieved 9 May 2012
113. "National Grid Gas owned: North West gas network" at the nationalgrid.com website, retrieved 9 May 2012
114. "Who is your water company?", Ofwat website, retrieved 9 May 2012
115. "Sandbach Exchange" at SamKnows.com, website, retrieved 9 May 2012
116. VirginMedia website, retrieved 9 May 2012
117. "Check your speed", BT Broadband website
118. "3G mobile data network crowd-sourcing survey by BBC News", BBC News, 24 August 2011
119. "Mobile Phone Base Station Database" at ofcom.org.uk, retrieved 15 May 2012
120. Postbox Locations Website, as referred to by The Guardian newspaper on 16 Sep 2009 and confirmed by Google Maps Street View, retrieved 15 May 2012
121. "Middlewich and Holmes Chapel Neighbourhood Policing Team" at police.uk, retrieved 16 May 2012

Bibliography

• John Parsons Earwaker, The History of the Ancient Parish of Sandbach, "Bradwall Township", Co. Chester including the two chapelries of Holmes Chapel and Goostrey from original records. (1890)
• "Reformatory Work at Bradwall", Cheshire Observer, Saturday, February 11, 1893; pg. 5; Issue 2114.
• Youngs, F. A. (1991). Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England. Volume I: Northern England. London: Royal Historical Society. ISBN 0-86193-127-0.

External links

• "Bradwall Reformatory School" at The National Archives, retrieved 28 Nov 2011 (and also)
• Bradwall CP (Parish), Office for National Statistics, Neighbourhood Statistics
• Bradwall Population, Housing and Industry, 1801-2001, at A Vision of Britain Through Time website
• Bradwall Civil Parish map at Cheshire East
• Bradwall Tithe and historic OS Maps at Cheshire Archives and Local Studies
• Cheshire Archives catalogue search
• Bradwall at the National Archives
• 16th - 19th Century maps of Cheshire showing Bradwall, at Cheshire Local History Association
• OpenGeoscience, British Geological Survey, geological data
• Bradwall, in the History, Gazetteer & Directory of Cheshire, 1850
• Bradwall, in Morris & Co.'s Directory & Gazetteer of Cheshire, 1874
• "Opening up Government", government data tools and information

Media related to Bradwall at Wikimedia Commons

See also

• Nearby towns and villages: Arclid, Brereton, Elworth, Kinderton, Sandbach and Wheelock

• Villages in Cheshire
• Civil parishes in Cheshire