Revision as of 00:31, 27 May 2012 edit236TruthTeller (talk | contribs)17 edits →1973 to present← Previous edit | Revision as of 00:34, 27 May 2012 edit undo236TruthTeller (talk | contribs)17 edits →1973 to presentNext edit → | ||
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From 1979 through the mid-1980s, the submarine's operators added revenue-generating tugs and survey boats to the museum's inventory without the city's permission. Further, a city investigation revealed that the operators intentionally deflated tourist counts and revenue. Because of this, city officials saw the ''Silversides'' and her "fleet" as a commercial business operating under the guise of a nonprofit organization and began to seek $30,000 back rent for pier space. The Illinois Attorney General's office also launched an investigation into the group's finances in 1985. Questions also were raised about allegations that museum management was receiving government surplus equipment for free or reduced cost then selling it at a personal profit for one individual. | From 1979 through the mid-1980s, the submarine's operators added revenue-generating tugs and survey boats to the museum's inventory without the city's permission. Further, a city investigation revealed that the operators intentionally deflated tourist counts and revenue. Because of this, city officials saw the ''Silversides'' and her "fleet" as a commercial business operating under the guise of a nonprofit organization and began to seek $30,000 back rent for pier space. The Illinois Attorney General's office also launched an investigation into the group's finances in 1985. Questions also were raised about allegations that museum management was receiving government surplus equipment for free or reduced cost then selling it at a personal profit for one individual. | ||
Furthermore, supplies vital to the preservation of the ''Silversides'' were rarely made available to volunteers. Additionally, the chairman, president and executive director expressed blatant contempt toward the will of the frontline volunteers and a disrespect of their talent and time. These volunteers were frequently taunted, harassed and physically threatened by members of the board of directors and operating staff, until the board decided a volunteer restoration crew no longer was needed in 1985. Management was unable to develop a long-term relationship with the city of Chicago and the boat was moved to ] on 7 August 1987. As further proof, two pallets of unused Rust-Oleum paint moved along with the submarine (volunteers had bought their own) it was found that teak wood donated to replace the old deck had been stolen and sold by the management. |
Furthermore, supplies vital to the preservation of the ''Silversides'' were rarely made available to volunteers. Additionally, the chairman, president and executive director expressed blatant contempt toward the will of the frontline volunteers and a disrespect of their talent and time. These volunteers were frequently taunted, harassed and physically threatened by members of the board of directors and operating staff, until the board decided a volunteer restoration crew no longer was needed in 1985. Management was unable to develop a long-term relationship with the city of Chicago and the boat was moved to ] on 7 August 1987. As further proof, two pallets of unused Rust-Oleum paint moved along with the submarine (volunteers had bought their own) it was found that teak wood donated to replace the old deck had been stolen and sold by the management, according to museum chairman Robert Morin Sr. | ||
The city announced plans to renovate Navy Pier, buoyed by a $150 million state bond issue, while the Chicago Maritime Society revealed that it would build a new museum. Both plans were without the ''Silversides''. The U.S. Navy, watching these developments, and initially put the brakes on any move but reversed itself and allowed the sub to move to Muskegon, Michigan. | The city announced plans to renovate Navy Pier, buoyed by a $150 million state bond issue, while the Chicago Maritime Society revealed that it would build a new museum. Both plans were without the ''Silversides''. The U.S. Navy, watching these developments, and initially put the brakes on any move but reversed itself and allowed the sub to move to Muskegon, Michigan. | ||
Line 173: | Line 173: | ||
Different management brought No. 1 and No. 2 engines on line by Labor Day 1991. Parts and equipment salvaged from scrapped fleet submarines and stored beneath the weather deck and inside her below decks compartments were removed to storage sites on shore. The familiar dark-green linoleum was replaced throughout below decks. Crew's bunks in the after battery compartment were fitted with new vinyl covers. | Different management brought No. 1 and No. 2 engines on line by Labor Day 1991. Parts and equipment salvaged from scrapped fleet submarines and stored beneath the weather deck and inside her below decks compartments were removed to storage sites on shore. The familiar dark-green linoleum was replaced throughout below decks. Crew's bunks in the after battery compartment were fitted with new vinyl covers. | ||
But the management was unable to work below the waterline. Her material condition began to deteriorate in the early years of the 21st century; her bottom needed sandblasting and repainting as well as a protective recoating.{{Fact|date=September 2011}} Sadly, instead of investing money into the badly needed drydocking, museum management during the 2000s chose instead to build a museum that takes more than 20 minutes to reach from the main highway instead of repairing the sub and moving it closer to the central business district where it would be easier to reach and gain more exposure. Unfortunately, |
But the management was unable to work below the waterline. Her material condition began to deteriorate in the early years of the 21st century; her bottom needed sandblasting and repainting as well as a protective recoating.{{Fact|date=September 2011}} Sadly, instead of investing money into the badly needed drydocking, museum management during the 2000s chose instead to build a museum that takes more than 20 minutes to reach from the main highway instead of repairing the sub and moving it closer to the central business district where it would be easier to reach and gain more exposure. Unfortunately, Morin, the museum chairman who ran the local Hunter Hughes company into bankruptcy during the 1990s and former mayor of Roosevelt Park, alienated too many civic leaders and could not mend fences. | ||
Normally, United States Navy submarines are dry-docked every five years while on active duty. If permanently moored in fresh water the maintenance interval can be extended to 25 years. In 2004, 55 years after ''Silversides''’s last dry-docking, the museum and two submarine veterans organizations have formed a "Save the Silversides" fund and have begun soliciting tax-deductible donations through veterans groups and military publications. They based their plans on the dry-dock overhaul of ], a memorial in ], which cost US $500,000 in 1996. | Normally, United States Navy submarines are dry-docked every five years while on active duty. If permanently moored in fresh water the maintenance interval can be extended to 25 years. In 2004, 55 years after ''Silversides''’s last dry-docking, the museum and two submarine veterans organizations have formed a "Save the Silversides" fund and have begun soliciting tax-deductible donations through veterans groups and military publications. They based their plans on the dry-dock overhaul of ], a memorial in ], which cost US $500,000 in 1996. |
Revision as of 00:34, 27 May 2012
For other ships with the same name, see USS Silversides. United States historic placeHistory | |
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Builder | Mare Island Naval Shipyard |
Laid down | 4 November 1940 |
Launched | 26 August 1941 |
Sponsored by | Elizabeth H. Hogan |
Commissioned | 15 December 1941 |
Decommissioned | 17 April 1946 |
Stricken | 30 June 1969 |
Fate | Museum ship at Muskegon, Michigan |
General characteristics | |
Class and type | Gato-class diesel-electric submarine |
Displacement | list error: <br /> list (help) 1,525 long tons (1,549 t) surfaced 2,424 long tons (2,463 t) submerged |
Length | 311 ft 9 in (95.02 m) |
Beam | 27 ft 3 in (8.31 m) |
Draft | 17 ft (5.2 m) maximum |
Propulsion |
|
Speed | list error: <br /> list (help) 21 knots (39 km/h) surfaced 9 kn (17 km/h) submerged |
Range | 11,000 nautical miles (20,000 km) surfaced at 10 knots (19 km/h) |
Endurance | list error: <br /> list (help) 48 hours at 2 kn (4 km/h) submerged 75 days on patrol |
Test depth | 300 ft (90 m) |
Complement | 6 officers, 54 enlisted |
Armament |
|
U.S.S. SILVERSIDES | |
U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
Location | Muskegon, Michigan |
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Built | 1941 |
NRHP reference No. | 72000453 |
Significant dates | |
Added to NRHP | 18 October, 1972 |
Designated | 14 January 1962 |
USS Silversides (SS/AGSS-236) is a Gato-class submarine, the first ship of the United States Navy to be named for the silversides, a small fish marked with a silvery stripe along each side of its body.
Her keel was laid down on 4 November 1940 by the Mare Island Navy Yard in Vallejo, California. She was launched on 26 August 1941 (sponsored by Mrs. Elizabeth H. Hogan), and commissioned on 15 December 1941, with Lieutenant Commander Creed C. Burlingame (Class of 1927) in command.
First patrol: April – June 1942
After shakedown off the California coast, Silversides set course for Hawaii, arriving at Pearl Harbor on 4 April 1942. Departing Pearl Harbor on 30 April, Silversides headed for the Japanese home islands, in the area of Kii Suido, for the first of her many successful war patrols. On 10 May, just after 08:00 local time, the submarine used her 3 inch gun to heavily damage a Japanese gunboat. During this 75 minute action, an enemy machine-gun bullet killed one of her deck gunners, TM3 Mike Harbin, the only man lost in action aboard "Silversides" during World War II. Harbin was buried at sea later that evening. On 13 May, Silversides fired torpedoes at an enemy submarine; although explosions were heard, a definite sinking could not be confirmed.
On 17 May, while maneuvering through an enemy fishing fleet and approaching her targets, Silversides' periscope became entangled in a fishnet marked by Japanese flags held aloft on bamboo poles. The sub continued her approach, fishnet and all, and fired three torpedoes at the first ship, a 4,000 ton cargo ship. Two hits tore the victim's stern open. While that ship was sinking, the second cargo ship was also hit, but its fate could not be determined. Patrol boats were closing in as the submarine, probably the only American submarine to make an attack while flying the Japanese flag, quickly left the vicinity. After damaging a freighter and tanker in the same area, Silversides terminated her first war patrol at Pearl Harbor on 21 June.
Second and third patrols: July – November 1942
Silversides’s second war patrol was also conducted in the area of Kii Suido, from 15 July to 8 September. On 28 July, she sank a 4,000 ton transport, followed by the sinking of the passenger/cargo ship Nikkei Maru on 8 August. She scored damaging hits on a large tanker on the night of 14 August and, on 31 August, sank two enemy trawlers before returning to Pearl Harbor.
Although there were no confirmed sinkings during Silversides' third war patrol, conducted in the Caroline Islands, the submarine did severe damage to a large cargo ship and gained two observed torpedo hits on a Japanese destroyer or light minelayer for undetermined damage. She terminated her third patrol at Brisbane, Australia, on 25 November.
Fourth patrol: December 1942 – January 1943
Silversides departed Brisbane on 17 December 1942 and set course for New Ireland for her fourth war patrol. While far out at sea on the night of Christmas Eve, the submarine's pharmacist's mate, PM1 Thomas Moore, performed a successful emergency appendectomy on FM2 George Platter, using ether as anaesthesia and using rudimentary tools primarily fashioned from kitchen utensils. With the operation over at 04:00 on 25 December, the submarine surfaced only to be immediately forced down by a Japanese destroyer and compelled to endure a severe depth charge attack. Thinking herself safe, Silversides surfaced only to find the destroyer still there. Additionally, a Japanese airplane had arrived on the scene, and proceeded to drop three bombs on the submarine, severely damaging her bow planes and causing them to lock on full dive. Silversides managed to level off just short of crush depth and eventually evaded the enemy ship before surfacing to recharge her batteries and effect emergency repairs.
While off Truk on 18 January 1943, Silversides torpedoed and sank tanker Toei Maru. Two days later, the submarine had one of her most productive days of the war. After paralleling a convoy throughout the daylight hours, she moved on ahead at sundown and lay in wait (an end around position). As the targets moved into range, Silversides fired torpedoes at overlapping targets and sank three enemy ships—the cargo ships Surabaya Maru, Somedono Maru, and Meiu Maru. The attack had scarcely abated when it was discovered that an armed torpedo was stuck in a forward torpedo tube. Since it was impossible to disarm the torpedo, the commanding officer decided to attempt to refire it, an extremely dangerous maneuver. The submarine moved in reverse at top speed and fired. The torpedo shot safely from the tube, disappearing as it moved toward the horizon.
When a serious oil leak was discovered later that night, the submarine left the patrol area two days ahead of schedule and returned to Pearl Harbor on 31 January.
Fifth and sixth patrols: May – September 1943
Silversides’s fifth war patrol commenced on 17 May and was conducted in the Solomon Islands area. Her primary mission was to lay a minefield in Steffan Strait, between New Hanover and New Ireland, but she did not neglect enemy shipping. On the night of 10 June – 11 June, she sank the 5,256 ton cargo ship Hide Maru; for her efforts, Silversides was forced to endure a severe depth charging. She returned to Brisbane for refit on 16 July.
For her sixth war patrol, from 21 July to 4 September, Silversides patrolled between the Solomons and the Carolines. Since she was plagued with malfunctioning torpedoes and a scarcity of targets, she returned to Brisbane empty-handed.
Seventh and eighth patrols: October 1943 – January 1944
Silversides set sail on 5 October for her seventh war patrol, in which she sank four enemy ships in waters ranging from the Solomon Islands to the coast of New Guinea. On 18 October, she torpedoed and sank the cargo ship Tairin Maru, and, on 24 October, made a series of daring attacks to send the cargo ships Tennan Maru and Kazan Maru and the passenger/cargo ship Johore Maru to the bottom. She returned to Pearl Harbor for refit on 8 November.
Silversides patrolled off the Palau Islands for her eighth war patrol, where, on 29 December 1943, she brought havoc to an enemy convoy of cargo ships, sinking Tenposan Maru, Shichisei Maru, and Ryuto Maru. She terminated her eighth patrol at Pearl Harbor on 15 January 1944.
Ninth and tenth patrols: February – June 1944
For her ninth war patrol, Silversides departed Pearl Harbor on 15 February and set course for waters west of the Marianas Islands. On 16 March, she sank the cargo ship Kofuku Maru. The remainder of the patrol was void of worthwhile targets, so the submarine returned to Fremantle on 8 April.
While on her tenth war patrol, again off the Marianas Islands, Silversides destroyed six enemy vessels for a total of over 14,000 tons. On 10 May, she torpedoed and sank the cargo ship Okinawa Maru, followed up with the passenger/cargo ship Mikage Maru; and then sent the converted gunboat Choan Maru Number Two beneath the waves. Ten days later, she added to her score when she sank another converted gunboat, the 998 ton Shosei Maru. On 29 May, the submarine torpedoed and sank the cargo ships Shoken Maru and Horaizan Maru; and then headed for Pearl Harbor, arriving on 11 June. Two days later, she got underway for Mare Island Navy Yard for overhaul, returning to Pearl Harbor on 12 September.
Eleventh and twelfth patrol: September 1944 – February 1945
Silversides cleared Pearl Harbor on 24 September for her eleventh war patrol, conducted off Kyūshū, Japan. Although this patrol was unproductive, she aided in the rescue of a stricken sister submarine. Salmon (SS-182) had been badly damaged in a severe depth charging and was forced to surface and try to escape while fighting enemy escorts in a gun battle, a task for which a submarine is badly outmatched. The gunfire flashes brought Silversides to the scene. She deliberately drew the attention of some of the escorts, then quickly dove to escape the gunfire. Soon, submarines Trigger (SS-237) and Sterlet (SS-392) joined in helping Silversides to guard Salmon, and in escorting the stricken submarine back to Saipan, arriving on 3 November. Silversides terminated her eleventh patrol at Midway Island on 23 November.
Silversides' twelfth war patrol commenced on 22 December 1944, and was spent in the East China Sea. Despite aggressive searching, she found few worthwhile targets. However, when an opportunity did come her way, Silversides took full advantage. On 25 January 1945, she slammed home torpedoes to sink the 4,556 ton cargo ship Malay Maru. She returned to Midway Island on 12 February.
Thirteenth and fourteenth patrols: March – July 1945
During her thirteenth war patrol, Silversides was a member of a coordinated attack group with submarines Hackleback (SS-295) and Threadfin (SS-410), patrolling off Kyūshū. Although she again found few worthwhile targets, the submarine did manage to damage a large freighter and to sink a trawler before returning to Pearl Harbor on 29 April.
Silversides’ fourteenth and final war patrol began with departure from Pearl Harbor on 30 May. This patrol was spent on lifeguard station in support of air strikes on Honshū, Japan. On 22 July, she rescued a downed fighter pilot from the light aircraft carrier Independence (CVL-22), and two days later recovered a downed United States Army Air Corps airman. She ended this patrol at Apra Harbor, Guam, on 30 July. The submarine was undergoing refit there when the hostilities with Japan ended on 15 August.
Post-war service: 1945 – 1969
Silversides transited the Panama Canal on 15 September 1945, arriving at New York City on 21 September. After shifting to New London, Connecticut, she was decommissioned on 17 April 1946 and placed in reserve until 15 October 1947, when she was placed in service as a training ship for naval reservists at Chicago, Illinois. After a 1949 overhaul, she remained at Chicago for the rest of her service.
The last time the Silversides was dry-docked was after the war, in 1949, when the submarine went into the reserve fleet and her solid brass propellers were removed.
On 6 November 1962, Silversides was reclassified as an auxiliary submarine with hull classification symbol AGSS-236, and on 30 June 1969 her name was struck from the Naval Vessel Register. The South Chicago Chamber of Commerce promptly applied to the United States Department of the Navy for custody of Silversides to preserve her as a memorial.
1973 to present
Silversides became a part of the Combined Great Lakes Navy Association in Chicago, Illinois, behind Chicago's Naval Armory on 24 May 1973 and has suffered from poor management since. For years, the submarine was tended by a small crew of dedicated volunteers, drawn to her illustrious history and technical marvels. They donated tens of thousands of man-hours to restore her, maintained her at their own expense, and served as docents and chaperones. When association volunteers first stepped on board, they faced a musty, mildewed sub with paint peeling off in sheets inside and out, and junk scattered everywhere. After many years, the refrigeration compartment had produced a growth so thick, they could be measured in multiple inches instead of millimeters. Evidence of water damage prevailed in the forward compartments but the aft end was in reasonably good condition. Topside, the decking was weathered and worn in spots and some areas of the superstructure were rusted and in need of replacement.
Volunteers quickly took steps to stop the decay. Rotted lines were replaced and the boat re-secured to the pier, the bilges were pumped dry, electric power and heat were brought on board and a leak in the No. 3 torpedo tube sealed off. The first major renovation completed was stripping, undercoating and repainting the hull to the water line. The job took several months, with a break over the winter, but once completed, the Silversides looked nearly new. Below decks, the boat was cleaned and general restoration got under way. Considerable rewiring was done to bring light to all areas of the boat, the plumbing underwent investigation for leaks sprung in once-frozen pipes and a crew set about surveying the Fairbanks Morse 38D8 1/8 nine-cylinder, 1,535 hp (1,145 kW), opposed-piston engines. The seven-cylinder auxiliary engine was brought back to life in 1975.
She was moved to Navy Pier in 1979. That July, the first main engine, No. 3, was brought back to life for the first time since 1946. The No. 4 engine was restored in time for the 1984 U.S. Submarine Veterans of World War II convention.
From 1979 through the mid-1980s, the submarine's operators added revenue-generating tugs and survey boats to the museum's inventory without the city's permission. Further, a city investigation revealed that the operators intentionally deflated tourist counts and revenue. Because of this, city officials saw the Silversides and her "fleet" as a commercial business operating under the guise of a nonprofit organization and began to seek $30,000 back rent for pier space. The Illinois Attorney General's office also launched an investigation into the group's finances in 1985. Questions also were raised about allegations that museum management was receiving government surplus equipment for free or reduced cost then selling it at a personal profit for one individual.
Furthermore, supplies vital to the preservation of the Silversides were rarely made available to volunteers. Additionally, the chairman, president and executive director expressed blatant contempt toward the will of the frontline volunteers and a disrespect of their talent and time. These volunteers were frequently taunted, harassed and physically threatened by members of the board of directors and operating staff, until the board decided a volunteer restoration crew no longer was needed in 1985. Management was unable to develop a long-term relationship with the city of Chicago and the boat was moved to Muskegon on 7 August 1987. As further proof, two pallets of unused Rust-Oleum paint moved along with the submarine (volunteers had bought their own) it was found that teak wood donated to replace the old deck had been stolen and sold by the management, according to museum chairman Robert Morin Sr.
The city announced plans to renovate Navy Pier, buoyed by a $150 million state bond issue, while the Chicago Maritime Society revealed that it would build a new museum. Both plans were without the Silversides. The U.S. Navy, watching these developments, and initially put the brakes on any move but reversed itself and allowed the sub to move to Muskegon, Michigan.
Different management brought No. 1 and No. 2 engines on line by Labor Day 1991. Parts and equipment salvaged from scrapped fleet submarines and stored beneath the weather deck and inside her below decks compartments were removed to storage sites on shore. The familiar dark-green linoleum was replaced throughout below decks. Crew's bunks in the after battery compartment were fitted with new vinyl covers.
But the management was unable to work below the waterline. Her material condition began to deteriorate in the early years of the 21st century; her bottom needed sandblasting and repainting as well as a protective recoating. Sadly, instead of investing money into the badly needed drydocking, museum management during the 2000s chose instead to build a museum that takes more than 20 minutes to reach from the main highway instead of repairing the sub and moving it closer to the central business district where it would be easier to reach and gain more exposure. Unfortunately, Morin, the museum chairman who ran the local Hunter Hughes company into bankruptcy during the 1990s and former mayor of Roosevelt Park, alienated too many civic leaders and could not mend fences.
Normally, United States Navy submarines are dry-docked every five years while on active duty. If permanently moored in fresh water the maintenance interval can be extended to 25 years. In 2004, 55 years after Silversides’s last dry-docking, the museum and two submarine veterans organizations have formed a "Save the Silversides" fund and have begun soliciting tax-deductible donations through veterans groups and military publications. They based their plans on the dry-dock overhaul of USS Cobia, a memorial in Manitowoc, Wisconsin, which cost US $500,000 in 1996.
Aside from one or two members, the museum no longer hosts a robust volunteer crew and in 2010 abolished the decades-long guided tour program that was a wonderful opportunity for area young people. And despite repeated requests for financial records from its own board members, the museum board has not revealed everything about the operation's finances
Film Production
Silversides was used for exterior scenes in the 2002 film, Below to depict the fictional USS Tiger Shark. She was towed in Lake Michigan for filming. The film was a total flop, barely scraping together $589,424, according to IMDB.com.
Awards
USS Silversides (SS-236) received twelve battle stars for World War II service, and was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation. She is credited with sinking 23 ships, the third-most of any allied World War II submarine, behind only the USS Tang and USS Tautog. The tonnage of the ships sunk by Silversides amounted to 90,080 tons, second only to the Tang's total. Judged by such standards, Silversides has the most prolific combat record of any still-extant American submarine.
References
- ^ Friedman, Norman (1995). U.S. Submarines Through 1945: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. pp. 285–304. ISBN 1-55750-263-3.
{{cite book}}
: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=
(help) - ^ Bauer, K. Jack (1991). Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775-1990: Major Combatants. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. 271–273. ISBN 0-313-26202-0.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ Bauer, K. Jack; Roberts, Stephen S. (1991). Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775–1990: Major Combatants. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. 271–280. ISBN 978-0-313-26202-9.
- U.S. Submarines Through 1945 pp. 261–263
- U.S. Submarines Through 1945 pp. 305–311
- ^ U.S. Submarines Through 1945 pp. 305-311
- "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. April 15, 2008.
- "SILVERSIDES, USS (Submarine)". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Retrieved 2008-06-27.
- This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships.
- Combined Great Lakes Navy Association Inc., press kit, late 1970s.
- Tannenbaum, Fred. "Museum Report: The USS Silversides." Naval History. U.S. Naval Institute, Annapolis, Spring 1993.
- Tannenbaum, Fred. "The USS Silversides." "In Contact," Naval History magazine. U.S. Naval Institute, Annapolis, Spring 1994.
- Trumbull, Robert (1990) . Silversides, Hunter-Killer Attack Sub of WWII. Chicago: P.W. Knutson & Company.
External links
- history.navy.mil: USS Silversides
- navsource.org: USS Silversides
- hazegray.org: USS Silversides
- Great Lakes Naval Memorial & Museum
- Silversides B&W aerial photo at museum from USGS via Microsoft Research Maps
- HNSA Ship Page: SS Silversides
U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
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Topics | |
Lists by state |
|
Lists by insular areas | |
Lists by associated state | |
Other areas | |
Related | |
- Gato class submarines
- World War II submarines of the United States
- Museum ships in Michigan
- History of Chicago, Illinois
- Muskegon, Michigan
- National Historic Landmarks in Michigan
- National Historic Landmarks in Illinois
- Ships on the National Register of Historic Places
- Ships built in Vallejo, California
- 1941 ships
- Museums in Muskegon County, Michigan