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Revision as of 21:06, 20 June 2012
| Ottoman Dynasty | |
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| Country | Ottoman Empire |
| Founded | 1299 |
| Founder | Osman I |
| Current head | Bayezid Osman |
| Final ruler | Mehmed VI (Sultan) Abdülmecid II (Caliph) |
| Titles | Sultan Caliph |
| Dissolution | 1922 |
| Deposition | November 19th, 1922; Monarchy and Caliphate abolished, succeeded by Republic of Turkey |
| State organisation of the Ottoman Empire |
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| Classic period |
| Constitutional period |
The Ottoman Dynasty (or the Imperial House of Osman) (Template:Lang-tr) ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1299 to 1922, beginning with Osman I (not counting his father, Ertuğrul), though the dynasty was not proclaimed until Orhan Bey declared himself sultan. Before that the tribe/dynasty might have been known as Söğüt but was renamed Osmanlı (Ottoman in English) in honour of Osman.
The sultan was the sole and absolute regent, head of state and head of government of the empire, at least officially, though often much power shifted de facto to other officials, especially the Grand Vizier. See the article on state organisation of the Ottoman Empire for further information on the sultan and the structure of power.
Titles
The Ottoman dynasty is known in modern Turkish as Osmanlı Hanedanı, meaning "House of Osman"; in Ottoman Turkish it was known as Hanedan-i Âl-i Osman. The first rulers of the dynasty never had called themselves Sultan, but rather Bey, a title roughly the Turkic equivalent of Lord, which would itself become a gubernatorial title and even a common military or honorific rank. Thus they still formally acknowledged the sovereignty of the Seljuk Sultanate and its successor, the Sultanate of Rûm.
The first Ottoman to actually claim the title of Sultan was Murad I, who ruled from 1359 to 1389. The title Sultan (سلطان in Arabic), was in later Arabic-Islamic dynasties originally the power behind the throne of the Caliph in Bagdad and it was later used for various independent Muslim Monarchs. This title was more prestigious than that of Amir; it was not comparable to the title of Malik 'King', a secular title not yet common among Muslim rulers, or the Persian title of Shah, which was used only among Persian or Iranian related rulers.
With the Conquest of Constantinople in 1453, the road was open for the Ottoman state to become an empire, with Sultan Mehmed II taking the title of Pâdişah (پادشاه), a Persian title meaning "Master of Kings" and ranking as "Emperor", claiming superiority among the other kings.
In addition to such secular titles, the Ottoman sultan became the Caliph of Islam bearing the title Khalifeh ül-Rasul Rub al-A’alimin (i.e. Successor of the Prophet of the Lord of the Universe), starting with Selim I, who became Caliph in 1517 after Al-Mutawakkil III, the last of the Abbasid Caliphs in Cairo, formally surrendered the caliphal titles and regalia (the sword, mantle and other relics of Muhammad) to Selim in Constantinople the same year.
In Europe, all Ottoman Emperors were commonly referred to by the title of Sultan, rather than by those of Padishah or Caliph, which had a higher rank than that of Sultan, and were also often informally referred to by such terms unrelated to the Ottoman protocol as the Grand Turk and the Grand Seigneur or Gran Signore.
The sultans further adopted in time many secondary formal titles as well, such as "Sovereign of the House of Osman", "Sultan of Sultans", and "Khan of Khans", these two meaning King of Kings and roughly ranking as "Emperor". These titles were known in Ottoman Turkish respectively as Hünkar-i Hanedan-i Âl-i Osman, Sultan us-Selatin and Khakan (the latter enlarged as Khakan ül-Berreyn vel-Bahreyn by Mehmet II, Bayezid II and Selim I, meaning "Khan of Khans of the Two Lands (Europe and Asia) and the Two Seas (Mediterranean and Indian)").
As the empire grew, sultans adopted secondary titles expressing the empire's claim to be the legitimate successor of the absorbed states. Furthermore they tended to enumerate even regular provinces, not unlike the long lists of -mainly inherited- feudal titles in the full style of many Christian European monarchs.
Some early Ottoman Sultans even had to accept the vassal status in the eyes of a foreign overlord. For example, Tamerlane appointed in 1402 the Ottoman Sultan Süleyman Çelebi (deposed in 1411), who was styled as-Sultan ul-Azam, Sayyid us-Saladin ul-Arab wal Ajam, Malik ur-Rikaab ul-Umam, Ghiyas ud-Daula wa ud-Dunya, Sultan ul-Islam wal-Muslimin, as-Sultan ibni us-Sultan, Hasib-i-Nasib-I-Zaman, Amir ul-Rumelia (Grand Sultan, Righteous Lord of Arabs, Helper of the State and the People, Sultan of Islam and the Muslims, Sultan son of Sultans, Prince of Rumelia). Again his brother, Mehmed I, who ended the Ottoman Interregnum, also held his post with a fief from Tamerlane; he took the title Sovereign of the House of Osman, Khan of Khans, Grand Sultan of Anatolia and Rumelia, and of the Cities of Adrianople and Philipopolis. However, the vassalage of the Ottoman Sultanate ended with the dead of Tamerlane during the reign of the next Ottoman ruler, Sultan Murad II, who took the title Sultan ul-Mujahidin, Sovereign of the House of Osman, Khan of Khans, Grand Sultan of Anatolia and Rumelia, and of the Cities of Adrianople and Philipopolis.
When Sultan Mehmed II Fatih (1451 - 1481) conquered Constantinople on May 29, 1453, he claimed the title Kaysar-i-Rûm "Emperor of Rome" and proclaimed himself the protector of the Orthodox Church. He appointed the Patriarch of Constantinople Gennadius Scholarius, whom he protected and whose stature he elevated into leader of all the Eastern Orthodox Christians. As Emperor of Rome he laid claim to all Roman territories, which at the time before the Fall of Constantinople, however, extended to little more than the city itself, plus some areas in Morea (Peloponnese) and the Empire of Trebizond.
His full style was Sultan Mehmed II Khan, Fatih Ghazi 'Abu'l Fath (Victorious Conqueror, Father of Conquest), Padishah, Sovereign of the House of Osman, Emperor of Rome, Grand Sultan of Anatolia and Rumelia, Khan of Khans of the Two Lands and the Two Seas, Emperor of the three Cities of Constantinople, Edirne and Bursa. He was the first ottoman ruler to adopt the imperial title of Padishah.
By the middle of the 16th century, the official full style of the reigning Ottoman Emperor had been stablished, remaining the same until the fall of the dynasty; e.g. in 1566, Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent was styled:
- 'Ala Hazrat-i-Aqdas-i-Hümayun (His Sacred and Imperial Majesty) Sultan Suleyman Khan,
- Padishah, i.e. Emperor,
- Hünkar-i Hanedan-i Âl-i Osman, i.e. Sovereign of the House of Osman,
- Sultan us-Selatin, i.e. Sultan of Sultans,
- Khakan, i.e. Khan of Khans,
- Amir ül-Mü'minin ve Khalifeh ül-Rasul Rub al-A’alimin, i.e. Commander of the Faithful and Successor of the Prophet of the Lord of the Universe,
- Khâdim ül-Haramayn ush-Sharifayn, i.e. Custodian of the Holy Sanctiaries (the Holy Cities of Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem),
- Kaysar-i-Rûm, i.e. Emperor of Rome
- Padişah-i thalath şehireyn-i Qostantiniyye, Edirne ve Hüdavendigâr, ül şehireyn-i Dimaşq ve Qahira, tamam Azerbayjan, Mağrib, Barqah, Kayravan, Haleb, 'Iraq-i 'Arab vel 'Ajam, Basra, dulan-i Lahsa, Rakka, Musul, Partiyye, Diyârbekir, Kilikiyye, ül vilâyeteyn-i Erzurum, Sivas, Adana, Karaman, Van, Barbariyye, Habeş, Tunus, Trablus-i Garb, Şam, Kıbrıs, Rodos, Girit, ül vilâyet-i Mora, ül Bahr-i Sefid vel Bahr-i Siyah ve i-sahileyn, Anadolu, Rumeli, Bagdâd, Kürdistan, Yunanistan, Türkistan, Tatariyye, Çerkesyye, ül-mintakaheyn-i-sani-i Kabarda, Gürjistan, Deşt-i Qipchaq, tamam ül-mamlikat-i Tatareyn, Kefe ve tamam ül-etraf, Bosna, ül şehir ve hisar-i Belgrat, ül vilâyet-i Sırbistan bil tamam ül-hisareyn ve şehireyn, tamam Arnavut, tamam Eflak ve Boğdan, ve tamam ül-mustamlak vel-hududeyn, ve muteaddit mamlakat ve shehireyn, i.e. Emperor of The Three Cities of Constantinople, Adrianople and Bursa, and of the Cities of Damascus and Cairo, of all Azerbaijan, of the Magreb, of Barka, of Kairouan, of Aleppo, of the Arabic and the Persian Iraq, of Basra, of Al-Hasa strip, of Ar Raqqah, of Mosul, of Parthia, of Diyarbakır, of Cilicia, of the provinces of Erzurum, of Sivas, of Adana, of Karaman, Van, of Barbary, of Abyssinia, of Tunisia, of Tripoli, of Damascus, of Cyprus, of Rhodes, of Crete, of the province of Morea, of the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea and also their coasts, of Anatolia, Rumelia, Baghdad, Greece, Turkistan, Tartary, Circassia, of the two regions of Kabarda, of Georgia, of the Steppe of Kypchaks, of the whole country of the Tatars, of Kefe and of all the neighboring regions, of Bosnia, of the City and Fort of Belgrade, of the province of Serbia, with all the castles and cities, of all Albania, of all Eflak and Bogdania, as well as all the dependencies and borders, and many other countries and cities.
After the fall of the Ottoman dynasty as Emperors of the Ottoman State (Padishahan-i Devlet-i Aliyye-i Osmaniyye in Ottoman Turkish), Abdulmecid II (1922) still was proclaimed Caliph with the title Halife ("Caliph", in modern Turkish) by the Turkish Nationalist Assembly of the city of Ankara on November 19th 1922. He was utterly deposed and expelled from Turkey with the rest of the Ottoman Dynasty on March 3rd 1924. Yet he remained "Osmanlı Hanedanı Reisi" (Head of the House of Osman, in modern Turkish) until his dead.
See also
- Ottoman Empire
- List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire
- Line of succession to the Ottoman throne
- Ottoman Emperors family tree
- Ottoman family tree (more detailed)
- Tuğra-Sultan's Signature
- List of Valide Sultans
- List of Ottoman Grand Viziers
- List of admirals in the Ottoman Empire
- List of Ottoman Kaptan Pashas
- Amuca tribe
References
External links
- In English
- Website of the 700th Anniversary of the Ottoman Empire
- Official website of the immediate living descendants of the Ottoman Dynasty
- Turkey, includes all the full ruler styles with various biographical data in the Royal Ark
- Sultans, Contemporary Paintings by Ismail Acar
- Everything about Ottoman Empire Everything about the history, culture and civilization of Ottoman Empire
- MSN encarta - the Ottoman Empire (Archived 2009-11-01) (see Sultanate)
- WorldStatesmen- Turkey
- Ottoman Dynasty meet at Dolmabahçe Palace
- Ottoman Empire - The Family
- In Turkish
- In French
- Interview with Neslişah Sultan on YouTube, granddaughter of the last emperor about her family's exile
| — Imperial house —House of Osman | ||
| New Dynasty Empire founded |
Ruling house of the Ottoman Empire 1299 – 19 November 1922 |
VacantMonarchy and Caliphate abolished |
| Preceded by‘Abbāsid Dynasty | Caliphate Dynasty 1517 – 3 March 1924 | |
| State organisation of the Ottoman Empire | ||||||||||||
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