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| There. Now our delicate sense of self-esteem will not be damaged by that horrible man's hidden page o' lies. | There. Now our delicate sense of self-esteem will not be damaged by that horrible man's hidden page o' lies. | ||
| ==Mathematical instruments== | |||
| see Category:Mathematical tools but concentrate on the classical kind, not the electronics or softwre | |||
| ===Angles=== | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| ===Areas== | |||
| *] | |||
| ===Drawing instruments== | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| ===Calculation=== | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| ==Surveying== | |||
| * ] | |||
| ==Navigation== | |||
| {{msee|Navigational instrument}} | |||
| ==How long would an article on DOS memory be?== | |||
| Memory on the IBM PC compatibles: | |||
| 8088 processors (PC, XT): (only 20 address lines) | |||
| - conventional memory | |||
| - ROM BIOS | |||
| - adapters | |||
| - 640 K line | |||
| - Expanded memory | |||
| 80286 (AT): (24 address lines) | |||
| - High memory area | |||
| - A20 handlers | |||
| - Extended memory | |||
| 80386 and later: | |||
| - Virtual 8088 modes | |||
| Windows | |||
| - MS DOS hosted varieties | |||
| - Windows 95 and later (32-bit) | |||
| Uses of memory: | |||
| * Application programs | |||
| * MS DOS code and data structures, and buffers | |||
| * Device drivers | |||
| * Terminate and stay resident programs | |||
| * ROM BIOS | |||
| * Peripheral ROM | |||
| * Peripheral RAM, video RAM, network cards, etc. | |||
| In a 5150, not every address that could be generated by the 8088 accessed a populated memory location; holes were present depending on the exact hardware configuration. | |||
| In IBM compatibles, programs such as spread sheets soon needed more memory than was directly available to the processor in any 5150. ] was a traditional solution, since the 8088 did not have ]. Explain difference between virtual memory and bank switching. | |||
| '''Conventional memory''', also called '''base memory''', is the first 640 ]s ({{nowrap|640 × 1024 bytes}}) of the memory on ] or compatible systems. It is the read-write memory usable by the operating system and application programs. As memory prices rapidly declined, this design decision became a limitation in the use of large memory capacities until the introduction of operating systems and processors that made it irrelevant. | |||
| * 640 KB barrier | |||
| *Additional memory | |||
| *DOS driver software and TSRs | |||
| *Expanded memory | |||
| *Upper memory area | |||
| *Driver/TSR optimization | |||
| *DOS extenders | |||
| *Extended memory | |||
| **''eXtended Memory Specification'' (XMS) | |||
| *Usage | |||
| *Windows | |||
| *Implementation | |||
| *Virtual x86 Mode | |||
| *Shadow RAM | |||
| *High memory area | |||
| ==References== | |||
| <references/> | |||
Latest revision as of 21:36, 17 August 2012
There. Now our delicate sense of self-esteem will not be damaged by that horrible man's hidden page o' lies.