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| A '''common utility duct''', sometimes called a common utility conduit, is any structure – above, on, or below ground – that carries more than two types of ] lines. However, the phrase often refers specifically to underground ]s.<ref></ref> | |||
| ==Advantages of common utility ducts== | |||
| The advantages of such facilities are the reduction of maintenance ]s, one-time relocation, and less ] and repair, compared to separate cable ducts for each service. One of the greatest advantages is ]. Underground ]s, be the ducts common or separate, prevent downed utilities from blocking ]s, thus speeding ] access after ]s such as ]s, ]s, and ]s. When they are well mapped they also allow rapid access to all utilities without having to dig access trenches or resort to confused and often inaccurate utility maps. | |||
| The following table compares the features of housing utility networks in single purpose covered trenches with the features of common ducts: | |||
| {| class="wikitable" | |||
| |- | |||
| !width="50%"|Trench | |||
| !width="50%"|Duct | |||
| |- | |||
| | Long-term collaboration has not always been a high priority. So robust notice of the precise location of older utility trenchs was often not provided or maintained, and trench locations are often unknown. They also consume excessive space. This hampers maintenance and extension of the networks and all forms of property development and construction. | |||
| | Ducts are often used where developers perceive long-term benefits in utility co-location. That that focus on long-term collaboration often includes a greater emphasis on making duct locations clearer. | |||
| need for collaboration reflect a general trend toward The locations of the ducts and thus of the networks are much easier to monitor. Utility networks occupy less space. | |||
| |- | |||
| | Every access to a network requires locating the utility and marking its path with sprayed paint on the pavement, cutting open the road or pavement surface, breaking open the concrete platform and excavating a trench, followed by reinstatement of the trench, concrete platform and road surface afterwards. (This is where most of the financial cost of network renewals and maintenance is incurred.) Road surfaces can be seriously damaged by frequent trenching, requiring more frequent resurfacing i. Pavement slabs are broken and badly aligned. The UK's roads are subject to 5 million roadworks per year (mainly for utility works). | |||
| | Access to networks in ducts is via access points (like those now used by British Telecom). Where ducts are installed, excavations are rare. | |||
| |- | |||
| |Road users suffer repeated delays from , particularly in cities. | |||
| |Traffic delays from roadworks for maintenance of networks are greatly reduced. | |||
| |- | |||
| |Non-renewable sand, aggregate, cement, tarmac and marking paint are consumed in large quantities. | |||
| |Huge reductions in non-renewable materials usage. | |||
| |- | |||
| |Maintenance of networks in trenches requires re-digging and restoring the trench, and any roadbed above it. | |||
| |Ducts allow maintenance through their access points. | |||
| |- | |||
| |Rural properties are often denied access to gas or cable because these cannot be economically justified independently of other networks. | |||
| |Sharing initial installation cost across all services could make rural service more economically feasible. | |||
| |- | |||
| |Rural networks for electricity and telecoms are often above ground, with increased risk of disruption, even though there are usually local underground water and gas networks serving the same properties. | |||
| |All networks are underground in multi-purpose ducts. Above ground electricity and telecoms poles are redundant and dismantled. | |||
| |- | |||
| |New types of network require new and independent trenches or ducts. These have included cable telephone and television and potentially include local heating transfer systems from offices to residential. Power generation may also become much more localised, requiring reconfiguration of electricity distribution networks. | |||
| |New and evolving networks can usually be accommodated in existing ducts. | |||
| |- | |||
| |The heat generated by underground networks conducts through to the soil. | |||
| |The heat generated by underground networks housed in ducts could often be extracted and cycled into space heating systems. | |||
| |} | |||
| ==Examples of common utility ducts== | |||
| Many examples of common utility ducts are found in ], where government officials have sought ways to reduce the catastrophic effects of earthquakes in their ] country. Their use, however, is not limited to that country and there are many examples of such common utility ducts. These include: | |||
| *Incorporated with ]<ref></ref> and Sonshan ] ] lines in ] | |||
| *Azabu-Hibiya Common Utility Duct in ]<ref></ref> | |||
| *Minatomirai District lines in ]<ref> | |||
| </ref> | |||
| *] Village in ], ]' ] in ] incorporates common utility ducts<ref>Mitchell, Sandy. "Prince Charles is not your typical radical." National Geographic. May 2006. Accessed online 9/14/06</ref> | |||
| *"]s" in Disney theme parks | |||
| * German cities such as ]. This city has near perfect surfaces on its footways, cycleways and streets. Virtually no repairs or disturbances are visible. The number of streetworks in progress is trivial. This can only be achieved by (a) vehicles not driving on footways or cycleways (b) utility ducts making it unnecessary to disturb the surfaces in order to access the networks below for repairs, maintenance and alterations. Utility networks are housed in a cluster of pipes which are located under footways and cycleways. | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| ==References== | |||
| <references/> | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
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