Misplaced Pages

Revision as of 22:08, 28 April 2013

Over the years, sanctions have taken a serious toll on Iran's economy and people. Since 1979, the United States has led international efforts to use sanctions to influence Iran's policies, including Iran's uranium enrichment program, which Western powers fear is intended to gain the capability to produce nuclear weapons. Iran counters that its nuclear program is for medicine and generating electricity. Since the Nuclear talks between Iran and the Western powers have failed, new proposals to enforce stronger economic sanctions on Iran are now in the works.

Numerous governments and multinational entities impose sanctions against Iran.

Sanctions commonly bar nuclear, missile and certain military exports to Iran;

Investments in oil, gas and petrochemicals; exports of refined petroleum products; business dealings with the Iranian Republican Guard Corps;

Banking and insurance transactions, including with the Central Bank of Iran; and shipping.

Web-hosting services for commercial endeavors, domain name registration services.

The United States imposed sanctions on Iran following the Islamic revolution of 1979, while more recent rounds of sanctions by the U.S. and other entities were motivated by Iran's alleged nuclear weapons program.

UN sanctions against Iran

The UN Security Council passed a number of resolutions imposing sanctions on Iran, following the report by the International Atomic Energy Agency Board of Governors regarding Iran's non-compliance with its safeguards agreement and the Board's finding that Iran's nuclear activities raised questions within the competency of the Security Council. Sanctions were first imposed when Iran rejected the Security Council's demand that Iran suspend all enrichment-related and reprocessing activities. Sanctions will be lifted when Iran meets those demands and fulfills the requirements of the IAEA Board of Governors.

• United Nations Security Council Resolution 1696 – passed on 31 July 2006. Demanded that Iran suspend all enrichment-related and reprocessing activities and threatened sanctions.
• United Nations Security Council Resolution 1737 – passed on 23 December 2006 in response to the proliferation risks presented by the Iranian nuclear program and, in this context, by Iran's continuing failure to meet the requirements of the International Atomic Energy Agency Board of Governors and to comply with the provisions of Security Council resolution 1696 (2006). Made mandatory for Iran to suspend enrichment-related and reprocessing activities and cooperate with the IAEA, imposed sanctions banning the supply of nuclear-related materials and technology, and froze the assets of key individuals and companies related to the program.
• United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747 – passed on 24 March 2007. Imposed an arms embargo and expanded the freeze on Iranian assets.
• United Nations Security Council Resolution 1803 – passed on 3 March 2008. Extended the asset freezes and called upon states to monitor the activities of Iranian banks, inspect Iranian ships and aircraft, and to monitor the movement of individuals involved with the program through their territory.
• United Nations Security Council Resolution 1835 – Passed in 2008.
• United Nations Security Council Resolution 1929 – passed on 9 June 2010. Banned Iran from participating in any activities related to ballistic missiles, tightened the arms embargo, travel bans on individuals involved with the program, froze the funds and assets of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard and Islamic Republic of Iran Shipping Lines, and recommended that states inspect Iranian cargo, prohibit the servicing of Iranian vessels involved in prohibited activities, prevent the provision of financial services used for sensitive nuclear activities, closely watch Iranian individuals and entities when dealing with them, prohibit the opening of Iranian banks on their territory and prevent Iranian banks from entering into relationship with their banks if it might contribute to the nuclear program, and prevent financial institutions operating in their territory from opening offices and accounts in Iran.
• United Nations Security Council Resolution 1984 – passed on 9 June 2011. This resolution extended the mandate of the panel of experts that supports the Iran Sanctions Committee for one year.
• United Nations Security Council Resolution 2049 – passed on 7 June 2012. Renewed the mandate of the Iran Sanctions Committee’s Panel of Experts for 13 months.

Non-UN-mandated sanctions against Iran

The European Union has imposed restrictions on cooperation with Iran in foreign trade, financial services, energy sectors and technologies, and banned the provision of insurance and reinsurance by insurers in member states to Iran and Iranian-owned companies. On 23 January 2012, the EU agreed to an oil embargo on Iran, effective from July, and to freeze the assets of Iran's central bank. The next month, Iran symbolically pre-empted the embargo by ceasing sales to Britain and France (both countries had already almost eliminated their reliance on Iranian oil, and Europe as a whole had nearly halved its Iranian imports), though some Iranian politicians called for an immediate sales halt to all EU states, so as to hurt countries like Greece, Spain and Italy who were yet to find alternative sources.

On 17 March 2012, all Iranian banks identified as institutions in breach of EU sanctions were disconnected from the SWIFT, the world's hub of electronic financial transactions.

One side effect of the sanctions is that the global shipping insurers based in London are unable to provide cover for items as far afield as Japanese shipments of Iranian liquefied petroleum gas to South Korea.

• Australia has imposed financial sanctions and travel bans on individuals and entities involved in Iran's nuclear and missile programs or assist Iran in violating sanctions, and an arms embargo.
• Canada imposed a ban on dealing in the property of designated Iranian nationals, a complete arms embargo, oil-refining equipment, items that could contribute to the Iranian nuclear program, the establishment of an Iranian financial institution, branch, subsidiary, or office in Canada or a Canadian one in Iran, investment in the Iranian oil and gas sector, relationships with Iranian banks, purchasing debt from the Iranian government, or providing a ship or services to Islamic Republic of Iran Shipping Lines, but allows the Foreign Minister to issue a permit to carry out a specified prohibited activity or transaction.
• India enacted a ban on the export of all items, materials, equipment, goods, and technology that could contribute to Iran's nuclear program. In 2012, the country said it was against expanding its sanctions. India imports 12 percent of its oil from Iran and cannot do without it, and the country plans to send a "huge delegation" to Iran in mid-March 2012 to further bilateral economic ties. In July 2012, India has not approved the necessary insurance for Iranian ships hit by U.S. sanctions, effectively barring them from entering Indian waters.

• Israel banned business with or unauthorized travel to Iran under a law banning ties with enemy states. Israel has also enacted legislation that penalizes any companies that violate international sanctions. Following reports of covert Israeli-Iranian trade and after the US sanctioned an Israeli company for ties with Iran, Israel imposed a series of administrative and regulatory measures to prevent Israeli companies from trading with Iran, and announced the establishment of a national directorate to implement the sanctions.
• Japan imposed a ban on transactions with some Iranian banks, investments with the Iranian energy sector, and asset freezes against individuals and entities involved with Iran's nuclear program. In January 2012, the second biggest customer for Iranian oil announced it would take "concrete steps" to reduce its 10% oil dependency on Iran.
• South Korea imposed sanctions on 126 Iranian individuals and companies. Japan and South Korea together account for 26% of Iran's oil exports.
• Switzerland banned the sale of arms and dual-use items to Iran, and of products that could be used in the Iranian oil and gas sector, financing this sector, and restrictions on financial services.
• The United States has imposed an arms ban and an almost total economic embargo on Iran, which includes sanctions on companies doing business with Iran, a ban on all Iranian-origin imports, sanctions on Iranian financial institutions, and an almost total ban on selling aircraft or repair parts to Iranian aviation companies. A license from the Treasury Department is required to do business with Iran. In June 2011, the United States imposed sanctions against Iran Air and Tidewater Middle East Co. (which runs seven Iranian ports), stating that Iran Air had provided material support to the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), which is already subject to UN sanctions, that Tidewater Middle East is owned by the IRGC, and that both have been involved in activities including illegal weapons transportation. The U.S. has also begun to designate a number of senior Iranian officials under the Iranian Human Rights Abuses Sanctions Regulations. On 14 December 2011, the U.S. Department of Treasury designated Hassan Firouzabadi and Abdollah Araqi under this sanctions program. In February 2012 the US froze all property of the Central Bank of Iran and other Iranian financial institutions, as well as that of the Iranian government, within the United States. The American view is that sanctions should target Iran's energy sector that provides about 80% of government revenues, and try to isolate Iran from the international financial system. On 6 Feb of 2013 the United States government blacklisted major Iranian electronics producers, Internet policing agencies, and the state broadcasting authority, in an effort to lessen restrictions of access to information for the general public. The sanctions were imposed to target Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting, which is responsible for broadcast policy in Iran and oversees production of Iranian television and radio channels. Also targeted were the "Iranian Cyber Police" and the "Communications Regulatory Authority" which the Treasury Department describes as authorities created three years ago to filter Web sites and monitor Internet behavior, while blocking Web sites deemed objectionable by the Iranian government. Currently, under American sanctions laws, any United States property held by blacklisted companies and individuals is impounded, and are prohibited from engaging in any transactions with American citizens.

Reasons for sanctions

The neutrality of this section is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Nonproliferation

The U.S. director of national intelligence, James Clapper, testified in March 2011 that he has a high level of confidence that Iran has not made a decision a decision to resume nuclear weapons design activities that were halted in 2003. Hans Blix, former head of the International Atomic Energy Agency, currently head of Blix and Associates said, "So far Iran has not violated NPT and there is no evidence right now that suggests that Iran is producing nuclear weapons." He also stated "a majority of Iranians would think the enrichment part of Iran's nuclear programme is not essential." In November 2011 the IAEA reported "serious concerns regarding possible military dimensions to Iran's nuclear programme" and and indications that "some activities may still be ongoing."

P5+1 governments are insisting that Iran ratify the voluntary "Additional Protocol," which allows the IAEA to carry out more intrusive inspections. But since such inspections may give the IAEA access to non-nuclear military sites, such as suspected nuclear weapons research at Iran's Parchin complex, Iran may be hesitant to agree to this. The world powers appear to believe that they are negotiating from a position of power. But this attitude could be dangerously delusional and may backfire. Yet there is no reason not to strike a deal with Iran on suspending its 20 percent uranium enrichment, especially since leaders have expressed openness to such deals in the past. As time goes by, Washington's allies get weary of having to keep restricting trade with Iran; it may become more difficult to present a united face in enforcing the sanctions. An EU court has recently struck down – for the second time – the legality of some of Europe’s sanctions on an Iranian bank.

Human Rights

Terrorism

Effects

U.S. and EU leaders are trying to tighten restrictions on business with Iran, which produced 3.55 million barrels of crude a day in January, 11 percent of OPEC's total, according to data compiled by Bloomberg.

The sanctions bring difficulties to Iran's $352 billion, oil-dominated economy. Data published by the Iranian Central Bank show a declining trend in the share of Iranian exports from oil-products (2006/2007: 84.9%, 2007/2008: 86.5%, 2008/2009: 85.5%, 2009/2010: 79.8%, 2010/2011 (first three quarters): 78.9%). The sanctions have had a substantial adverse effect on the Iranian nuclear program by making it harder to acquire specialized materials and equipment needed for the program. The social and economic effects of sanctions have also been severe, with even those who doubt their efficacy, such as John Bolton, describing the EU sanctions, in particular, as "tough, even brutal." Iranian foreign minister Ali Akhbar Salehi conceded that the sanctions are having an impact. China has become Iran's largest remaining trading partner.

Sanctions have reduced Iran's access to products needed for the oil and energy sectors, have prompted many oil companies to withdraw from Iran, and have also caused a decline in oil production due to reduced access to technologies needed to improve their efficiency. According to Undersecretary of State William Burns, Iran may be annually losing as much as $60 billion in energy investment. Many international companies have also been reluctant to do business with Iran for fear of losing access to larger Western markets. As well as restricting export markets, the sanctions have reduced Iran's oil income by increasing the costs of repatriating revenues in complicated ways that sidestep the sanctions; Iranian analysts estimate the budget deficit for the 2011/2012 fiscal year, which in Iran ends in late March, at between $30bn to $50bn. The effects of U.S. sanctions include expensive basic goods for Iranian citizens, and an aging and increasingly unsafe civil aircraft fleet. According to the Arms Control Association, the international arms embargo against Iran is slowly reducing Iran's military capabilities, largely due to its dependence on Russian and Chinese military assistance. The only substitute is to find compensatory measures requiring more time and money, and which are less effective. According to at least one analyst (Fareed Zakaria), the market for imports in Iran is dominated by state enterprises and regime-friendly enterprises, because the way to get around the sanctions is smuggling, and smuggling requires strong connections with the regime. This has weakened Iranian civil society and strengthened the state.

The value of the Iranian rial has plunged since autumn 2011, it is reported to have devalued up to 80%, falling 10% immediately after the imposition of the EU oil embargo since early October 2012, causing widespread panic among the Iranian public. In January 2012, the country raised the interest rate on bank deposits by up to 6 percentage points in order to curtail the rial's depreciation. The rate increase was a setback for Ahmadinejad, who had been using below-inflation rates to provide cheap loans to the poor, though naturally Iranian bankers were delighted by the increase. Not long after, and just a few days after Iran's economic minister declared that "there was no economic justification" for devaluing the currency because Iran's foreign exchange reserves were "not only good, but the extra oil revenues are unprecedented," the country announced its intention to devalue by about 8.5 percent against the U.S. dollar, set a new exchange rate and vowed to reduce the black market's influence (booming, of course, because of the lack of confidence in the rial). The Iranian Central Bank desperately tried to keep the value of the rial afloat in the midst of the late 2012 decline by pumping petrodollars into the system to allow the rial to compete against the US dollar. Efforts to control inflation rates were set forth by the government through a three-tiered-multiple-exchange-rate; this effect has failed to prevent the rise in cost of basic goods, simultaneously adding to the public's reliance on the Iranian black-market exchange rate network. Government officials attempted to stifle the black-market by offering rates 2% below the alleged black-market rates, but demand seems to be outweighing their efforts.

Sanctions tightened further when major supertanker companies said they would stop loading Iranian cargo. Prior attempts to reduce Iran's oil income failed because many vessels are often managed by companies outside the United States and the EU; however, EU actions in January extended the ban to ship insurance. This insurance ban will affect 95 percent of the tanker fleet because their insurance falls under rules governed by European law. "It's the insurance that's completed the ban on trading with Iran," commented one veteran ship broker. This completion of the trading ban left Iran struggling to find a buyer for nearly a quarter of its annual oil exports. Iran has sought to manage the impact of international sanctions and limit capital outflows by promoting a "resistance economy," replacing imports with domestic goods and banning luxury imports such as computers and mobile phones. This is predicted to lead to an increase in smuggling, as "people will find a way to smuggle in what the Iranian consumer wants." To sustain oil imports, Iran has also provided domestic insurance for tankers shipping Iranian oil. Iran had hoped to sell more to Chinese and Indian refiners, though such attempts seem unlikely to succeed, particularly since China—the single-largest buyer of Iranian crude—has been curtailing its oil imports from Iran down to half their former level.

Another effect of the sanctions, in the form of Iran's retaliatory threat to close the Strait of Hormuz, has led to Iraqi plans to open export routes for its crude via Syria, though Iraq's deputy prime minister for energy affairs doubted Iran would ever attempt a closure.

After Iranian banks blacklisted by the EU were disconnected from the SWIFT banking network, Israeli Finance Minister Yuval Steinitz stated that Iran would now find it more difficult to export oil and import products. According to Steinitz, Iran would be forced to accept only cash or gold, which is impossible when dealing with billions of dollars. Steinitz told the Israeli cabinet that Iran's economy might collapse as a result.

The effects of the sanctions are usually denied in the Iranian press. Iran has also taken measures to circumvent sanctions, notably by using front countries or companies and by using barter trade. At other times the Iranian government has advocated a "resistance economy" in response to sanctions, such as using more oil internally as export markets dry up and import substitution industrialization of Iran.

In October 2012, Iran began struggling to halt a decline in oil exports which could plummet further due to Western sanctions, and the International Energy Agency estimated that Iranian exports fell to a record of 860,000 bpd in September 2012 from 2.2 million bpd at the end of 2011. The results of this fall led to a drop in revenues and clashes on the streets of Tehran when the local currency, the rial, collapsed. The output in September 2012 was Iran's lowest since 1988.

Iranian Foreign Ministry spokesman Ramin Mehmanparast has said that the sanctions were not just aimed at Iran's nuclear program and would continue even if the nuclear dispute was resolved.

In the face of increased economic pressure from the United States and Europe and a marked decrease of oil exports, Iran is seeking to build a resistance economy as well as ongoing gold imports from Turkey.

Sanctions effects on ordinary people

The neutrality of this section is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

• Over the past years, the US Department of State has poured millions into exporting internet freedom in the form of circumvention technologies, trainings and other aid. But Internet users in sanctioned countries have long complained about the effects of export controls, the result of which is often the wholesale blocking of communications technologies and bans from web hosting, among other things.

• Goals like Internet freedom, so central to pro-democracy and human rights movements are being undermined in Iran because companies, including Google, Yahoo and certain Web hosts, deny services to computers with Iranian I.P. addresses. The Treasury and State Departments have significantly stepped up pressure on private companies and banks in America and around the world to abandon commercial activity with Iran as tensions between the two countries increase. Often, these private entities decide that it is simply not worth the risk of violating sanctions to continue facilitating even perfectly valid transactions.

• The European firm was forced to disconnect around 30 Iranian banks, including the country's central bank, from its network following a European Union ban on dealing with the institutions. Iran has faced progressively tougher sanctions from the U.S. and the E.U. Iran's oil exports have dropped sharply over the past year because of sanctions, Iran has been affected by the slump in oil exports and the refusal of many international banks to make deals as a result of the sanctions. That result has triggered a sharp drop in the Iranian currency, and forced Iran to cut back on imports. Iran banned imports of 2,000 luxury items, including mobile phones, laptops and cars, in an effort to conserve foreign currency. Authorities have divided imports into 10 categories based on how essential they are seen to be, and will provide importers with dollars at a subsidized rate to buy basic goods. To save billions of dollars for essential products in the face of worsening sanctions Iran has banned the import of some "luxury goods" including foreign-made cars and mobile phones.

• The sanctions have the effect of denying Iranian citizens access to many information technology products. A major example was when, a woman with Iranian parents was barred from buying an Apple iPad in a US store after one of the Apple salespeople heard her speaking in Persian. The salesperson cited the US ban on exports of high technology goods to Iran. When Sahar Sabet, entered an Apple store in Georgia to buy an iPad. After a sales associate overheard the 19-year-old speaking Persian on her cell phone, she was turned away and told that she couldn't make her purchase because Iran and the US "have bad relations". According to media reports, Sahar Sabet, 19, an American citizen was discussing, in Persian, with his uncle the purchase in the Apple store in Atlanta, Georgia when she was overheard by a salesperson, who asked what language she was speaking. Upon being told it was the Iranian language, the salesman then said that he could not sell her the iPad due to the US embargo on Iran. Apple's head office suggested that she make the purchase online to avoid dealing with sales staff. The refusal is actually based on Apple’s corporate policy on export sales, which reads: The U.S. holds complete embargoes against Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Sudan, and Syria Sabet says she later called Apple’s corporate customer relations, where an employee (An Apple representative) reportedly later apologized to Sabet and told her she could buy the iPad online through the company's online store. Sabet is a U.S. citizen a student at the University of Georgia but the iPad was to be a gift for a cousin living in Iran. According to ACLU of Georgia National Security and Immigrants' Rights Director Azadeh Shahshahani, the organization is in contact with the Department of Justice and is keeping "all of our options open moving forward," including potential legal proceedings against Apple. The open letter to Apple states that the coalition expects the company to reply with specific actions to "rectify the situation" within a week of receipt. The real problem isn't the company, but the export restrictions and how they're enforced. the real problem is inherent in the way the US government administers sanctions.

"Very hurtful, very embarrassing. I actually walked out in tears," Sabet told WSBTV about her experience.

Broad-based sanctions all too often cause harm and deprivation to ordinary citizens.

Political Effects

94 Iranian Parliamentarians signed a formal request to have Ahmadinejad appear before the "Majles" (parliament) to answer questions about the currency crisis. The Supreme Leader, terminated the parliaments request in order to unify the government in the face of international pressure. Nonetheless, Ahmadinejad has been called to questioning by parliament on a number of occasions, to justify his position on issues concerning domestic politics. His ideologies seem to have alienated a large portion of the parliament, and stand in contrast to the standpoint of the Supreme Leader..

A recent report by Dr. Kenneth Katzman, for the Congressional Research Service, listed the following factors as major examples of economic mismanagement on the part of the Iranian government:

"• The EU oil embargo and the restrictions on transactions with Iran’s Central Bank have dramatically reduced Iran’s oil sales – a fact acknowledged by Oil Minister Rostam Qasemi to the Majles on January 7, 2013. He indicated sales had fallen 40% from the average of 2.5 million barrels per day (mbd) in 2011 (see chart above on Iran oil buyers). This is close to the estimates of energy analysts, which put Iran’s sales at the end of 2012 in a range of 1 mbd to 1.5 mbd. Reducing Iran’s sales further might depend on whether U.S. officials are able to persuade China, in particular, to further cut buys from Iran—and to sustain those cuts.

• Iran has been storing some unsold oil on tankers in the Persian Gulf, and it is building new storage tanks on shore. Iran has stored excess oil (21 million barrels, according to Citigroup Global Markets) to try to keep production levels up—shutting down wells risks harming them and it is costly and time consuming to resume production at a well that has been shut. However, since July 2012, Iran reportedly has been forced to shut down some wells, and overall oil production has fallen to about 2.6 million barrels per day from the level of nearly 4.0 mbd at the end of 2011.

• The oil sales losses Iran is experiencing are likely to produce over $50 billion in hard currency revenue losses in a one-year period at current oil prices. The IMF estimated Iran’s hard currency reserves to be $106 billion as of the end of 2011, and some economists say that figure may have fallen to about $80 billion as of November 2012. Analysts at one outside group, the Foundation for the Defense of Democracies, believe Iran’s hard currency reserves might be exhausted entirely by July 2014 at current rates of depletion. Compounding the loss of oil sales by volume is that many of its oil transactions reportedly are now conducted on a barter basis—or in exchange for gold, which is hard currency but harder to use than cash. And, the February 6, 2013, imposition of sanctions on Iran’s ability to repatriate hard currency could cause the depletion rate to increase.

• To try to stretch its hard currency reserve, on October 15, 2012, Iran said it would not supply hard currency for purchases of luxury goods such as cars or cellphones (the last 2 of the government’s 10 categories of imports, ranked by their importance). The government is still supplying hard currency for essential and other key imports. Importers for essential goods can obtain dollars at the official rate of 12,260 to the dollar, and importers of other key categories of goods can obtain dollars at a new rate of 28,500 to the dollar. The regime has also threatened to arrest the unofficial currency traders who sell dollars at less than the rate of about 28,500 to the dollar. The few unofficial traders that remain active are said to be trading at approximately that rate so as not to risk arrest.

• Some Iranians and outside economists worry that hyperinflation might result. The Iranian Central Bank estimated on January 9, 2013 that the inflation rate is about 27%—the highest rate ever acknowledged by the Bank—but many economists believe the actual rate is between 50% and 70%. This has caused Iranian merchants to withhold goods or shut down entirely because they are unable to set accurate prices. Almost all Iranian factories depend on imports and the currency collapse has made it difficult for Iranian manufacturing to operate.

• Beyond the issue of the cost of imported goods, the Treasury Department’s designations of affiliates and ships belong to Islamic Republic of Iran Shipping Lines (IRISL) reportedly are harming Iran’s ability to ship goods at all, and have further raised the prices of goods to Iranian import-export dealers. Some ships have been impounded by various countries for nonpayment of debts due on them.

• Suggesting Iran’s operating budget is already struggling; some reports say the government has fallen behind in its payments to military personnel and other government workers. Others say the government has begun "means testing" in order to reduce social spending payments to some of the less needy families. In late 2012, it also postponed phase two of an effort to wean the population off subsidies, in exchange for cash payments of about $40 per month to 60 million Iranians. Phase one of that program began in December 2010 after several years of debate and delay, and was praised for rationalizing gasoline prices. Gasoline prices now run on a tiered system in which a small increment is available at the subsidized price of about $1.60 per gallon, but amounts above that threshold are available only at a price of about $2.60 per gallon, close to the world price. Before the subsidy phase out, gasoline was sold for about 40 cents per gallon.

• Press reports indicate that sanctions have caused Iran’s production of automobiles to fall by about 40% from 2011 levels. Iran produces cars for the domestic market, such as the Khodro, based on licenses from European auto makers such as Renault and Peugeot. The currency collapse has largely overtaken the findings of an IMF forecast, released in October 2012, which Iran would return to economic growth in 2013, after a small decline in 2012. An Economist Intelligence Unit assessment published in late 2012 indicates Iran’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) likely contracted about 3% in 2012 and will contract an additional 1.2% in 2013. ("Oil Sanctions on Iran: Cracking Under Pressure.")

• Mitigating some of the effects are that some private funds are going into the Tehran Stock Exchange and hard assets, such as property. However, this trend generally benefits the urban elite.

Effect on oil price

According to the U.S. Iran could reduce the world price of crude petroleum by 10%, saving the United States annually $76 billion (at the proximate 2008 world oil price of $100/bbl). Opening Iran’s market place to foreign investment could also be a boon to competitive U.S. multinational firms operating in a variety of manufacturing and service sectors.

The U.S. Energy Department has warned that imposing oil embargoes on Iran would increase world oil prices by widening the gap between supply and demand.

On the other side, according to a US bipartisan study, oil prices "could double" if Iran is permitted to obtain a nuclear weapon. U.S. gross domestic product could fall by about 0.6% in the first year—costing the economy some $90 billion—and by up to 2.5% (or $360 billion) by the third year. This is enough, at current growth rates, to send the country into recession.

Humanitarian impact

Pharmaceuticals and medical equipments do not fall under international sanctions but the country is facing shortages of drugs for the treatment of 30 illnesses including cancer, heart and breathing problems, thalassemia and multiple sclerosis (MS) because Iran is not allowed to use the international payment systems. A teenage boy died from hemophilia due to a shortage of medicine caused by the sanctions on Iran. Delivery of some agricultural products to Iran have also been affected for the same set of reasons.

In 2013, The Guardian reported that some 85,000 cancer patients require chemotherapy and radiotherapy which are now scarce. Iranians with serious illnesses have been put at imminent risk by the unintended consequences of international sanctions, which have led to dire shortages of life-saving medicines such as chemotherapy drugs for cancer and bloodclotting agents for haemophiliacs. Western governments have built waivers into the sanctions regime to ensure that essential medicines get through, but those waivers are not functioning, as they conflict with blanket restrictions on banking, as well as bans on "dual-use" chemicals which might have a military application. In addition, there are 40,000 haemophiliacs who can't get anti-clotting medicines. Operations on haemophiliacs have been virtually suspended because of the risks created by the shortages. An estimated 23,000 Iranians with HIV/AIDS have had their access to the drugs they need to keep them alive severely restricted. The society representing the 8,000 Iranians suffering from thalassaemia, an inherited blood disorder, has said its members are beginning to die because of a lack of an essential drug, deferoxamine, used to control the iron content in the blood. To make matters worse, Iran can no longer buy medical equipment such as autoclaves (sterilising machines), essential for the production of many drugs because some of the biggest western pharmaceutical companies refuse to have anything to do with Iran.

In recent reports, the development of a medicinal black market has come to the forefront of international news, a desperate population in resorting to any means to obtains, at time life saving medications. Though vital medicines are not affected by sanctions directly, the amount of hard currency being made available to the Minister of Health is what's causing a huge backlash on the amount of vital medicines being made available to the public. Iran's first female Minister Marziyeh Vahid Dastjerdi (since the Iranian Revolution) was dismissed in December for speaking out against the lack of support from the government in times of economic hardship. Furthermore, Iranian patients are at risk of amplified side effects and reduced effectiveness because Iran is forced to import more medicines, and chemical building blocks for other medicines, from India and China, thereby replacing the higher quality products from Western manufacturers. Imports from American and European drug makers were down by an estimated 30 percent in 2012 and falling. Given the nature of patents in the world of pharmaceuticals, substitutions for advanced medicines is often unattainable, particularly when it comes to diseases such as cancer and multiple sclerosis.

Frozen assets

After the Iranian Revolution in 1979, the United States ended its economic and diplomatic ties with Iran, banned Iranian oil imports and froze approximately $11 billion of its assets.

In recent years, billions of dollars of Iranian assets abroad have been seized or frozen, including a building in New York City, and bank accounts in Great Britain, Luxembourg, Japan and Canada.

In 2012, Iran reported that the assets of Guard-linked companies in several countries have been frozen but in some cases the assets have been returned.

See also

• Economy of Iran
• Resistance economy
• Universal Declaration of Human Rights
• Foreign relations of Iran
• Iranian nuclear program
• List of parties to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
• Sanctions against Iraq
• Sanctions against Cuba
• Sanctions against Japan

References

1. http://www.gallup.com/poll/160358/iranians-feel-bite-sanctions-blame-not-own-leaders.aspx
2. http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/10/05/us-iran-sanctions-un-idUSBRE89412Z20121005
3. http://www.globalresearch.ca/new-economic-sanctions-on-iran-washingtons-regime-change-strategy/5330823
4. http://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/31/560.540
5. http://federal.eregulations.us/cfr/section/title31/chapterv/part560/sect560.540?selectdate=11/1/2011
6. Ariel Zirulnick (24 February 2011). "Sanction Qaddafi? How 5 nations have reacted to sanctions: Iran". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
7. "UN Sanctions". Department of foriegn affairs and Trade. Australia. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
8. Akbar E. Torbat, EU Embargoes Iran over the Nuke Issue, 8 July 2012, http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article31795.htm
9. ^ Ladane Nasseri (12 February 2012). "Iran Won't Yield to Pressure, Foreign Minister Says; Nuclear News Awaited". Bloomberg. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
10. ^ Javier Blas (20 February 2012). "Iran struggles to find new oil customers". The Financial times. Retrieved 21 February 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthor= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
11. "Iran stops oil sales to British, French companies". Reuters. 19 February 2012. Retrieved 19 February 2012. Iran's top oil buyers in Europe were making substantial cuts in supply months in advance of European Union sanctions, reducing flows to the continent . . . by more than a third—or over 300,000 barrels daily. . . . Iran was supplying more than 700,000 barrels per day to the EU plus Turkey in 2011, industry sources said.
12. "EU sanctions bring Iran's LPG exports to near halt". Reuters. 31 October 2012. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
13. Government of Australia, Australia's autonomous sanctions: Iran, 29 July 2010
14. Government of Canada, Sanctions against Iran, 26 July 2010
15. "India imposes more sanctions on Iran". The Hindu. 1 April 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
16. Sandeep Dikshit (11 February 2012). "India against more sanctions on Iran". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
17. "India won't cut Iranian oil imports despite US, EU sanctions: Pranab Mukherjee". The Times of India. Reuters. 30 January 2012. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
18. "Govt wants more exports to Iran". The Times of India. TNN. 10 February 2012. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
19. "Payment issue with Iran resolved: FIEO". The Economic Times. 2 March 2012. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
20. Mehdudia, Sujay (27 July 2012). "India bans U.S.-sanctioned Iranian ships from its waters". The Hindu. Chennai, India. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |Title= ignored (|title= suggested) (help)
21. Attila Somfalvi (30 May 2011). "PM clarifies: Ties with Iran forbidden". Yedioth Ahronoth. Retrieved 13 February 2011.
22. France 24, "Israel to 'finally' impose sanctions on Iran", 3 March 2011
23. Herb Keinon (26 June 2011). "Gov't expands economic sanctions against Iran". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
24. ^ "Japan imposes new Iran sanctions over nuclear programme". BBC News. 3 September 2010. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
25. "Q&A: Iran sanctions". BBC News. 6 February 2012. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
26. Choe Sang-Hun (8 September 2010). "South Korea Aims Sanctions at Iran". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 February 2012.
27. "Japan 'to reduce Iran oil imports'". BBC News. 12 January 2012. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
28. Reid, Katie (19 January 2011). "Switzerland brings Iran sanctions in line with EU". Reuters. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
29. Daniel Dombey (24 June 2011). "US widens scope of Iran sanctions". The Financial Times. Retrieved 14 February 2012.
30. OFAC Targets Two Iranians for SDN Designations, Sanction Law, 14 December 2011
31. Jackie Calmes (6 February 2012). "Obama Imposes Freeze on Iran Property in U.S." The New York Times. Retrieved 13 February 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthor= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
32. Kenneth Katzman (3 February 2011). "Summary" (PDF). Iran Sanctions. Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
33. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/07/world/middleeast/united-states-announces-new-iran-sanctions.html?_r=2&
34. ^ http://www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/Opinion/2013/0306/World-powers-must-cut-a-deal-with-Iran-before-it-s-too-late
35. Mazzetti, Mark (3 December 2007). "U.S. Says Iran Ended Atomic Arms Work". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
36. Blix, Hans (22 February 2012). "The road to hell". The New Statesman. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
37. "Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement and relevant provisions of Security Council resolutions in the Islamic Republic of Iran" (PDF). GOV/2011/65. paragraph 53: International Atomic Energy Agency. 8 November 2011. Retrieved 28 April 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
38. "Iran nuclear weapon over a year away, says Obama". BBC. 14 March 2013. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
39. ^ http://www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/Opinion/2013/0306/World-powers-must-cut-a-deal-with-Iran-before-it-s-too-late/%28page%29/2
40. http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/06/us-iran-sanctions-eu-idUSBRE91514220130206
41. Isaac Arnsdorf (13 February 2012). "Iran Sanctions Tighten as Shippers Stop Loading". Bloomberg. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
42. Iranian National Bank. "Economic Trends No 62, Third Quarter 1389 (2010/2011), Balance of Payments, p.16".
43. Editorial (17 February 2012). "Time to test Iran's nuclear intentions". The Financial Times. Retrieved 19 February 2012. Ratcheted-up sanctions, including an imminent oil embargo and the obstruction of Iran's ability to finance its trade, are having a big impact on the Iranian economy.
44. John R. Bolton (26 January 2012). "Don't Let Iran Benefit From EU Financial Crisis". Bloomberg. Retrieved 27 January 2012. unny propaganda about the impact of economic sanctions on Iran is emanating from the Obama administration . . . however, there are only two possible outcomes: Either Iran gets nuclear weapons or it doesn't. To ensure that it doesn't, the only viable option is to break Iran's weapons program militarily.
45. Rick Gladstone (20 December 2011). "Iran Admits Western Sanctions Are Inflicting Damage". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
46. Flavia Krause-Jackson (1 December 2010). "Sanctions Cost Iran $60 Billion in Oil Investments, Burns Says". Bloomberg. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
47. ^ Najmeh Bozorgmehr (25 January 2012). "Iran raises interest rate on bank deposits". The Financial Times. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
48. "The UN Sanctions' Impact on Iran's Military". Issue Brief – Volume 1, Number 7. Arms Control Association. 11 June 2010. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
49. "Toward a Negotiated Solution – Solving the Iranian Nuclear Puzzle Briefing Series". Arms Control Association. 20 January 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
50. Fareed Zakaria (26 October 2011). "To deal with Iran's nuclear future, go back to 2008". The Washington Post. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
51. "Iran's rial drops 10 percent as EU bans oil imports". Al Arabiya. Reuters. 23 January 2012. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
52. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-19786662
53. Ladane Nasseri (26 January 2012). "Iran Central Bank Will Devalue Rial 8.5% Against Dollar as Sanctions Bite". Bloomberg. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
54. ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-19800532
55. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/1999/wp9915.pdf
56. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/d3396c9c-1c4e-11e2-a63b-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2Kkf9GUJG
57. http://www.cato.org/blog/irans-lying-exchange-rates
58. ^ Kadhim Ajrash (12 February 2012). "Iraq Opens Offshore Oil Facility to Boost Export Capacity in Persian Gulf". Bloomberg. Retrieved 13 February 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthor= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
59. "Iran bans 'luxury' imports in bid to boost sanctions-hit economy". Associated Press. 8 November 2012. Retrieved 12 November 2012.
60. BRIAN MURPHY and NASSER KARIMI. "Iran bans 'luxury' imports as sanctions bite". Associated Press. Yahoo News. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
61. "Insurance bans on oil tankers save Iran $700m: Official". PressTV`. 12 September 2012. Retrieved 12 November 2012.
62. http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4204264,00.html
63. Saeed Kamali Dehghan (24 February 2012). "Tehran prepares for an unhappy holiday season". London: guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
64. Economic Desk (24 February 2012). "Sanctions not affecting Iran's oil output". Tehran Times. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
65. "Iran media warned off of reporting negatively on economy, sanctions". Los Angeles Times.
66. Bengali, Shashank (9 September 2012). "Iran finds ways around sanctions targeting oil sales". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
67. "Iran mulls cut to crude oil sale."
68. "Iran develops ‘economy of resistance’."
69. "IEA: Iran's oil exports fell, may slip further". Reuters. The Jerusalem Post. 12 October 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
70. "Iran decries Western governments analysis about sanctions on Iran."
71. Farideh Farhi (27 July 2012)."resistance-economy"/ Sanctions and the shaping of Iran’s"Resistance Economy" LobeLog.com-Foreign Policy. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
72. T. Erdbrink and D. Sanger (6 February 2013)."U.S. Increases Pressure of Economic War on Tehran" The New York Times. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
73. Turkey will not halt gold flow to Iran, demand may fall Reuters. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
74. ^ www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/07/20127275811444417.html
75. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/12/opinion/why-is-apple-discriminating-against-iranian-americans.html
76. http://mydailyclarity.com/2009/04/3215/
77. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/02/opinion/blocking-medicine-to-iran.html?_r=0
78. http://www.cov.com/files/Publication/e23183b4-b5e5-41c0-a709-cf5aee01b8b9/Presentation/PublicationAttachment/81d8e147-c920-4e96-b02d-d94c9ad8e88a/New_US_Order_Targets_Evaders_of_Iran_and_Syria_Sanctions.pdf
79. http://www.erenlaw.com/pdfs/Eren%20Lawyers%20-%20Executive%20Order%2013608%20Summary%20-%20Sanctions.pdf
80. http://info.iwfinancial.com/RESOURCES/Issue_Updates/Risks_from_Violating_Iran_Financial_Sanctions
81. http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/Documents/Emerald_OFAC_Article.pdf
82. http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/news/international/Iran_temporarily_bans_import_of_some_luxury_goods_-_report.html?cid=33918302
83. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324590904578287922368748726.html
84. http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130206-718734.html
85. http://www.globalresearch.ca/electronic-sanctions-targeting-irans-media-preventing-iranians-from-using-the-internet/5319110
86. http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/Programs/Documents/iran.pdf
87. http://news.cnet.com/8301-31921_3-57402034-281/how-u.s-sanctions-hurt-iranian-internet-activists/
88. ^ http://www.archives2012.ghazali.net/html/press_center_june_2012-3.html
89. ^ http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/profile/jillian-c-york.html
90. ^ http://www.netbooknews.com/51012/georgia-apple-store-denies-ipad-sale-to-iran-amerian-student/
91. www.netbooknews.com/51012/georgia-apple-store-denies-ipad-sale-to-iran-amerian-student/
92. www.archives2012.ghazali.net/html/press_center_june_2012-3.html
93. http://www.netbooknews.com/51012/georgia-apple-store-denies-ipad-sale-to-iran-amerian-student/. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
94. http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/07/20127275811444417.html
95. http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RS20871.pdf, Kenneth Katzman
96. http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2109154,00.html
97. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/15/world/middleeast/iran-ahmadinejad-questioned-before-parliament-majlis.html?pagewanted=all
98. http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RS20871.pdf Dr. Kenneth Katzman
99. Dean A. DeRosa & Gary Clyde Hufbauer: "Normalization of Economic Relations". (U.S.) National Foreign Trade Council. 21 November 2008. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
100. Oil sanctions on Iran to worsen global market: US. PressTV, 29 October 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
101. http://freebeacon.com/the-economic-consequences-of-iranian-nukes/
102. http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/the-economic-cost-of-a-nuclear-iran
103. http://payvand.com/news/12/may/1062.html
104. Dehghan, Saeed Kamali (14 November 2012). "Haemophiliac Iranian boy 'dies after sanctions disrupt medicine supplies'". The Guardian.
105. http://rt.com/news/iranian-boy-dies-sanctions-880/
106. Saul, Jonathan; George, Marcus (28 November 2012). "Sanctions side effect hits Iran's food system". Reuters.
107. Borger, Julian; Dehghan, Saeed Kamali (13 January 2013). "Iran unable to get life-saving drugs due to international sanctions". The Guardian.
108. http://bigstory.ap.org/article/irans-medical-crisis-deepens-economy-sputters
109. http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/middleeast/article3641694.ece
110. http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/sanctions_medical_supply_shortages_in_iran.pdf
111. Suzanne Maloney (2010): "The Revolutionary Economy". United States Institute of Peace. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
112. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/17/AR2008121703844_pf.html
113. http://previous.presstv.com/detail/98465.htm?sectionid=351020101
114. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5BB0ID20091212
115. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/4c20d056-a00c-11e1-90f3-00144feabdc0.html
116. http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/11/01/irans-canadian-assets-frozen-over-13m-u-s-terrorism-payout/
117. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tehranbureau/2012/07/news-industry-and-trade-minister-western-sanctions-paralyzing-iran.html#ixzz22HhsEyZU

External links

• US Treasury's financial sanctions and associated material
• UK Treasury's financial sanctions and associated material
• Iran Sanctions – Factbox (Summary and list of all sanctions on Iran since 1979) Updated 2011
• Overview of Economic Sanctions on Iran's Energy Sector
• Iran Watch – Updated list of Iranian companies and persons under international sanctions
• Iran Sanctions – US Congressional Research Service (July 2011)

Videos

• US sanctions on Iran – Part I Part II Part III (PressTV 2009)
• The impact of sanctions on the Iranian people and government (PressTV 2011)
• US & EU sanctions against Iran PressTV (2012)
• Iran's economy under sanctions PressTV (2012)
• Iran’s complaint against the US and EU sanctions PressTV (2012)

• Use dmy dates from March 2011
• Foreign relations of Iran
• Economy of Iran
• Sanctions against Iran
• Political economy