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The Energy Catalyzer (also called E-Cat) is a purported cold fusion or Low-Energy Nuclear Reaction (LENR) heat source built by inventor Andrea Rossi with support from physicist Sergio Focardi. An Italian patent, which received a formal but not a technical examination, describes the apparatus as a "process and equipment to obtain exothermal reactions, in particular from nickel and hydrogen". Rossi and Focardi say the device works by infusing heated hydrogen into nickel, transmuting it into copper and producing heat. An international patent application has received an unfavorable international preliminary report on patentability because it seemed to "offend against the generally accepted laws of physics and established theories" and to overcome this problem the application should have contained either experimental evidence or a firm theoretical basis in current scientific theories.

The device was demonstrated to an invited audience several times, and commented on by various academics and others, but was not independently tested. In October 2011 Mark Gibbs of Forbes observed: "until a verifiably objective analysis is conducted by an independent third party that confirms the results match the claims there's no real news". In May 2013 he responded to a paper by scientists from Italian and Swedish Universities: "But much to my ... surprise, a report by credible, independent third parties is exactly what we got."

Professor Ugo Bardi of the University of Florence, noting contradictory claims made by Rossi regarding the emission or non-emission of gamma radiation, the location of a supposed factory – in Florida, or not in the United States at all – and the fact that some of his supporters are apparently deserting him, said "...the E-Cat has reached the end of the line. It still maintains some faithful supporters, but, most likely, it will soon fade away in the darkness of pathological science, where it belongs".

Reactions to the claims

Because of his research into cold fusion for over 15 years, Sergio Focardi was contacted by Andrea Rossi in 2007 in order to validate the apparatus at its early stage of development. After four years of work and measurements together with Rossi, Focardi concluded that nuclear fusion reactions happen inside the Energy Catalyzer. Focardi states that the nuclear process is facilitated by a secret additive, known only by Rossi and not by him. According to Focardi, the process would be much less intense without this additive. Rossi and Focardi are then reported to have been unable to find a peer-reviewed scientific journal that would publish their paper describing how they claim the Energy Catalyzer operates. Their paper appears only in Rossi's self-published blog, Journal of Nuclear Physics.

University of Bologna researchers have attended some E-Cat experiments, but only as observers. On 5 November 2011, the University of Bologna clarified that its researchers had not been involved in the demonstrations and that none of the experiments took place at the university. Rossi had signed a contract with the university, but no research had been done because Rossi hadn't made the first payment. The contract was terminated by the university in January 2012 because Rossi hadn't fulfilled his contractual obligations.

Peter Ekström, lecturer at the Department of Nuclear Physics at Lund University in Sweden, concluded in May 2011, "I am convinced that the whole story is one big scam, and that it will be revealed in less than one year." He cites the unlikelihood of a chemical reaction being strong enough to overcome the Coulomb barrier, the lack of gamma rays, the lack of explanation for the origin of the extra energy, the lack of the expected radioactivity after fusing a proton with Ni, the unexplained occurrence of 11% iron in the spent fuel, the 10% copper in the spent fuel strangely having the same isotopic ratios as natural copper, and the lack of any unstable copper isotope in the spent fuel as if the reactor only produced stable isotopes. Kjell Aleklett, physics professor at Uppsala University, said the percentage of copper was too high for any known reaction of nickel, and the copper had the same isotopic ratio as natural copper. He also stated, "Known chemical reactions cannot explain the amount of energy measured. A nuclear reaction can explain the amount of energy, but the knowledge we have today says that this reaction cannot take place."

Other reactions to the device have been mixed. Dennis M. Bushnell, Chief Scientist at NASA Langley Research Center, described LENR as a "promising" technology and praised the work of Rossi and Focardi. Roland Pettersson, retired Associate Professor from Uppsala University, Sweden, who witnessed the 6 October demonstration said "I'm convinced that this works, but there is still room for more measurements". Skeptic James Randi, discussing the E-Cat in the context of previous cold fusion claims, predicts that it will eventually be revealed to not function as advertised.

Theoretical astrophysicist Ethan Siegel and nuclear physicist Peter Thieberger argue that the claims for the E-Cat are incompatible with the fundamentals of nuclear physics. In particular, the Coulomb barrier for the claimed fusion reaction is so high that it is unsurpassable anywhere in the known universe, including the interior of stars. The reaction also would create gamma radiation that would penetrate the few inches of shielding apparently provided by the E-Cat, leading to acute radiation syndrome in persons involved in the demonstrations. Given numerous other scientific inconsistencies – such as the ratio of isotopes in the supposed copper "fusion product" being identical to that in natural copper – the authors argue that it is now time "for the e-Cat's proponents to provide the provable, testable, reproducible science that can answer these straightforward physics objections." Subsequently, Siegel added that there was not enough Nickel-62 and Nickel-64 (the only two isotopes which can fuse with hydrogen), at 3.6% and 0.9% respectively, in the reactants to explain the 10% copper output. The 10% copper also had the ratio found in nature, not after fusion. Siegel pointed out that Rossi did not allow the reactants or products to be measured and noted that "Rossi also refused to unplug the machine while it was operating" despite it being an easy way to surreptitiously power the device, and that the "independent" testers had to rely on data supplied "from the manufacturer".

Swedish physicists, Hanno Essén and Sven Kullander stated that if the claims that they had read about the e-cat were true, then it must operate through some kind of a nuclear reaction. However, they had no access to privileged information about the catalysts in Rossi's device. According to Kullander it is "important "to consider the experimental facts and not indulge too much in speculation about what could happen in theory". Kullander also emphasized that measurements of excess heat must be made accurately and independently: "You have to rely on Rossi that he is true to what he conveys and through discussions with him we may try to conclude how reliable the measurements are."

Theoretical nuclear physicist Yeong E. Kim of Purdue University has proposed a potential theoretical explanation of the reported results of the device, but has stated that, for confirmation of this theory, "it is very important to carry out Rossi-type experiments independently." Kim had previously put forward this theory to explain the results of the discredited Fleischman and Pons cold fusion experiment in 1989.

Patents

An application in 2008 to patent the device internationally had received an unfavorable preliminary report on patentability at the World Intellectual Property Organization from the European Patent Office, noting that the description of the device was based on "general statements and speculations" and citing "numerous deficiencies in both the description and in the evidence provided to support its feasibility" as well as incompatibilities with "generally accepted laws of physics and established theories." The patent application was published on 15 October 2009.

On 6 April 2011 an application was approved by the Italian Patent and Trademark Office, which issued a patent for the invention, valid only in Italy. Under then-current Italian law, the examination of the application was more formal and less technical than for the corresponding PCT application. International, European, and U.S. patent applications are still pending.

Demonstrations

Typically during demonstrations the device was covered up. The device was not independently verified. Invited guests attended several demonstrations in Bologna in 2011. Of a January demonstration, Discovery Channel analyst Benjamin Radford wrote that "If this all sounds fishy to you, it should," and that "In many ways cold fusion is similar to perpetual motion machines. The principles defy the laws of physics, but that doesn't stop people from periodically claiming to have invented or discovered one." According to PhysOrg (11 August 2011), the demonstrations held from January to April 2011 had several flaws that compromised their credibility and Rossi had refused to perform tests that could verify his claims.

The six published demonstrations from December 2010 to July 2011 might contain a crucial flaw, according to Australian researcher and skeptic Ian Bryce, who was investigating for entrepreneur Dick Smith. He believes that the E-cat is misconnected, and that the power attributed to fusion is supplied to the device through the earth wire. He noted that the misconnection could have been inadvertent. Dick Smith offered Rossi one million dollars to demonstrate that the E-Cat system worked as claimed, while the power through the earth wire was also being measured, which Rossi refused. Peter Thieberger, a senior physicist at Brookhaven National Laboratory, said it would be very difficult for this misconnection to happen by accident and that the issue could only be cleared with a fully independent test.

Another demonstration on 6 October 2011 reportedly lasted for about eight hours. Roland Pettersson, retired Associate Professor from the University of Uppsala, who witnessed it said "I'm convinced that this works, but there is still room for more measurements".

On 28 October 2011 the unit was "customer tested" and was said to release 2,635 kWh during five and a half hours of self-sustained mode, an average power of 479 kilowatts – just under half the promised power of one megawatt. Independent observers were not allowed to watch the measurements or make their own, and the plant remained connected to a power supply during the test allegedly to supply power to the fans and the water pumps.

Test

In May 2013 a paper titled “Indication of anomalous heat energy production in a reactor device" was submitted to arxiv, a non-reviewed website for preprints. According to the paper, scientists have performed supposedly independent tests of two E-Cat prototypes under controlled conditions and using high-precision instrumentation. Although the authors of the paper wrote that they were not in control of all of the aspects of the process, they concluded that, even by the most conservative of measurements, the Energy Catalyzer produced excess heat with a resulting energy density that was at least one order of magnitude—and possibly several—higher than any other conventional energy source, including gasoline.

According to New Energy Times, authors of paper did all measurements at Rossi’s facilities and under his constraints. There was no any calorimetry done, heat power was extrapolated from temperature measurements. New Energy Times concludes that this was not an independent test, but manipulation from Rossi to create appearance of such test.

Commercial plans

Originally, a new Greek company, Defkalion, was to deliver a heating plant based on the Energy Catalyzer, but this deal was terminated. Since then Defkalion have announced that they plan to make a similar device. In 2012 an Italian company, Prometeon Srl, became the official Italian licensee for the Energy Catalyzer.

Ecat.com is a website for taking pre-orders for the device, run by four Swedish entrepreneurs, two of them particle physicists. One of the physicists, Magnus Holm, in response to suggestions that he was "contributing to fraud" replied "We are not engaged in any deception, and I do not think Rossi is engaged in any fraud either. If it would turn out that it does not work, in spite of everything, I would think it is about self-deception." In September 2012 they pulled out from investing in a new version of the E-Cat, a prototype high temperature reactor, after a test by the SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden failed to demonstrate excess output energy because there was more input energy than measured by Rossi. Holm says that they are still interested in investing in the 1MW version, which they intend to validate separately.

References

1. ^ Patent application WO 2009125444, Andrea Rossi, "Method and Apparatus for carrying out nickel and hydrogen exothermal reactions" .
2. ^ Zyga, Lisa (11 August 2011). "Controversial energy-generating system lacking credibility (w/ video)". PhysOrg.
3. Mark Gibbs (17 October 2011). "Hello Cheap Energy, Hello Brave New World". Forbes. the E-Cat is a cold fusion (CF) device (the inventor, Andrea Rossi, prefers to term the technology 'Low Energy Nuclear Reaction' which appears to be the same thing as CF but a less contentious phrasing).
4. Lewan, Mats. Cold Fusion: "You have to embrace this". Ny Teknik, 23 February 2011.
5. PhysOrg, Italian Scientists claim to have demonstrated cold fusion. Andrea Rossi and Sergio Focardi of the University of Bologna announced that they developed a cold fusion device
6. EE Times, Italian scientists claim cold fusion success. Andrea Rossi and Sergio Focardi of the physics department of the University of Bologna. The two claim to have developed a cold fusion reactor
7. ^ Lewan, Mats. "Patent granted for the energy catalyzer". Ny Teknik, 9 May 2011. Retrieved on 10 July 2011.
8. Italian Office for Patents and Trademarks "processo ed apparecchiatura per ottenere reazioni esotermiche, in particolare da nickel ed idrogeno." , Patent Number 0001387256, Deposited 9 April 2008, Issued 6 April 2011, Inventor: Andrea Rossi.
9. S. Focardi; A. Rossi (22 March 2010). "A new energy source from nuclear fusion" (PDF). Ny Teknik.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
10. Deotto, Fabio (19 January 2011). "Fusione fredda realizzata a Bologna. Sarà vero?" (in Italian). Daily Wired. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
11. Lisa Zyga (20 January 2011), "Italian Scientists claim to have demonstrated cold fusion", Physorg.com
12. Mark Gibbs (30 October 2011). "Believing in Cold Fusion and the E-Cat". Forbes.
13. http://www.forbes.com/sites/markgibbs/2013/05/20/finally-independent-testing-of-rossis-e-cat-cold-fusion-device-maybe-the-world-will-change-after-all/
14. http://cassandralegacy.blogspot.it/2012/03/sinking-of-e-cat.html "Cassandra's legacy: The sinking of the E-Cat" – Ugo Bardi – March 2012
15. James Burgess (29 March 2012). "The Limitless Potential of the E-Cat: An Interview with Andrea Rossi" (in Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace. Use {{langx|en}} or {{in lang|en}} instead.). Retrieved 21 September 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
16. ^ Mats Lewan. Swedish physicists run the site Ecat.com. Ny Teknik. 18 November 2011
17. ^ Angelo Saso (3 May 2011 20:35). La magia del signor Rossi (in Template:It). Rai News. Retrieved 10 July 2011. {{cite AV media}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) (Youtube version in Rai News official channel. Retrieved on 10 July 2011.)
18. Clarke, Peter. "Italian scientists claim cold fusion success". EE Times. 24 January 2011.
19. http://news.discovery.com/space/could-interstellar-starships-use-cold-fusion-propulsion-111223.html "Journal of Nuclear Physics, which is Andrea Rossi's own private journal."
20. Focardi, S; Rossi, A (28 February 2010). "A new energy source from nuclear fusion". Journal of Nuclear Physics (blog). Retrieved 18 November 2011.
21. "E-cat: l'Università di Bologna non è coinvolta" (Italian). UNIBO Magazine. University of Bologna, 5 November 2011.
22. Mackinson, Thomas (9 November 2011). "Fusione fredda fatta in casa Grande scoperta o grande bufala?". Il Fatto Quotidiano. "L'Università – recita la nota – precisa di non essere coinvolta negli esperimenti sull'E-Cat condotti dalla società Leonardo Corp. di proprietà di Andrea Rossi. Nessun esperimento si è svolto presso l'Università di Bologna né è stato condotto da ricercatori dell'Università. Il Dipartimento di Fisica è pronto a svolgere esperimenti sull'apparato E-Cat non appena il contratto siglato con la EFA SrL (la società italiana di Andrea Rossi) sarà reso attivo: a questo scopo erano presenti agli esperimenti, in qualità di osservatori, i ricercatori dell'Università. L'Ateneo continua a seguire con grande attenzione l'evolversi della situazione".
    TRANSLATION: "The University of Bologna – the notice states – is not involved on E-Cat experiments conducted by Leonardo Corp., the company owned by Andrea Rossi. The University of Bologna states also that: 1) none of the experiments made with E-Cat (including that of 28 October 2011) has been carried out at the University of Bologna or by any of its scientists; 2) the University of Bologna (Department of Physics) is ready to carry out direct experiments on the E-Cat as soon as the contract signed with EFA Srl (Andrea Rossi's Italian company) will be put in effect: this is the only reason why the University of Bologna researchers attended as observers to E-Cat experiments. The University of Bologna is carefully following the situation development".
23. Avviso (Notice), in Italian. Department of Physics, University of Bologna, 29 June 2011.

    Avviso

    Bologna 29 Giugno, 2011 Il Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna desidera comunicare che:
    • è stato firmato un contratto di Ricerca con la Ditta EFA srl del valore di € 500.000 (+IVA), della durata di 24 mesi, per effettuare ricerche nel campo della efficienza di produzione di energia degli impianti della Ditta;
    • il contratto di Ricerca diverrà attivo nel momento in cui il Dipartimento riceverà il pagamento della prima rata prevista;
    • il programma di ricerca (parte integrante del Contratto) prevede sia la misurazione delle prestazioni degli impianti che l'eventuale miglioramento della prestazioni.
    Informazioni ufficiali riguardo alla attività di ricerca in oggetto saranno fornite solo ed esclusivamente dal Dipartimento di Fisica o dall'Alma Mater Studiorum a cui il Dipartimento appartiene. Il Direttore del Dipartimento di Fisica Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna TRANSLATION: Notice Bologna, 29 June 2011 The Department of Physics at the Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna is pleased to communicate that:
    • a research contract, worth € 500,000.00 (+VAT) and lasting 24 months, has been signed with the EFA srl company, in order to carry out research concerning the energy production efficiency of the apparatuses built by the company;
    • the contract will become operational when the Department will receive the payment regarding the first planned instalment;
    • the planned research programme (included in the contract) involves both measurements of the performances of the apparatuses and eventual improvements of their performances.
    Official information on the planned research activity will be given exclusively by the Department of Physics or by the Alma Mater Studiorum (to which the Department belongs).
    The Director of the Department of Physics Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna
24. Mannella, Lorenzo (14 October 2011). "Fusione fredda a Bologna. I dubbi continuano". Daily Wired (Italian edition). Retrieved on 10 November 2011. "c'è anche un contratto di collaborazione da 500mila euro in sospeso tra l'Efa e il Dipartimento di Fisica dell'ateneo bolognese. A quanto pare, fino a quando la ditta di Rossi non pagherà la prima rata, l'E-Cat non varcherà mai le soglie dei laboratori accademici."
    TRANSLATION: "there is a contract of collaboration, worth 500000 euros, between the EFA and the Department of Physics of the University of Bologna, which is still not operational. It seems that, until the company of Rossi will not pay the first instalment, the E-Cat will never cross the gates of the laboratories of the University."
25. http://www.magazine.unibo.it/Magazine/Notizie/2012/08/27/E-cat_non_ci_sono_misure_in_atto.htm
26. E-cat: dichiarazione del Dipartimento di Fisica, 26 January 2012, University of Bologna. in Italian Rescisso il contratto sottoscritto a giugno con la EFA srl causa il mancato soddisfacimento delle condizioni al termine contrattuale previsto E-cat: dichiarazione del Dipartimento di Fisica Il Dipartimento di Fisica dichiara che il contratto sottoscritto nel giugno 2011 tra il Dipartimento di Fisica e la EFA srl (la società italiana in cui Rossi è coinvolto) è stato rescisso causa il mancato soddisfacimento delle condizioni al termine contrattuale previsto. Non c'è più alcun rapporto tra il Dipartimento e la EFA srl legato a questo contratto. Tuttavia, il Dipartimento di Fisica si è reso disponibile con la sua esperienza e le sue strumentazioni per svolgere autonome misurazioni sulla produzione di calore da parte dell'apparecchiatura denominata E-cat al fine di fornire una risposta all'intera comunità scientifica e all'opinione pubblica in merito al fenomeno. I risultati delle misure saranno pubblicati.
27. ^ Ekström, Peter (6 May 2011). Kall Fusion på italienska (Cold fusion – Italian style) (Swedish and English).
28. Aleklett, Kjell (11 April 2011). "Rossi energy catalyst – a big hoax or new physics?". Aleklett's Energy Mix (a WordPress blog). Retrieved on 10 July 2011.
29. The Future of Energy: Part 1 Podcast approved Transcript. At 4 minutes and 34 seconds, Bushnell described several emerging energy technologies, but he identified LENR as "the most interesting and promising at this point". At 10 minutes and 35 seconds, Bushnell continued: "... in January of this year Rossi, backed by Focardi, who had been working on this for many years, and in fact doing some of the best work worldwide, came out and did a demonstration first in January, they re-did it in February, they re-did it in March, where for days they had one of these cells, a small cell, producing in the 10 to 15 kilowatts range, which is far more than enough heat to boil water for tea."
30. ^ Mats Lewan (7 October 2011). "New test of the E-cat enhances proof of heat". Ny Teknik.
31. James Randi (18 November 2011). The Randi Show – Cold Fusion and Carl Sagan. James Randi Educational Foundation. Retrieved 21 November 2011. Starting ~7:30 Randi says: "But I... I predict that, as I said just a moment ago there, that this man will probably go on the stock market and sell all kinds of shares and issue all kinds of wonderful reports left and right and, um, the reports will influence everybody—er, not everybody—but those who have money to waste and, uh, they will invest in it and then gradually it will become apparent to everybody: 'Gee, maybe it doesn't work.'
32. ^ http://news.discovery.com/space/could-interstellar-starships-use-cold-fusion-propulsion-111223.html The Physics of why the e-Cat's Cold Fusion Claims Collapse : Starts With A Bang]
33. Cold Fusion: Is it Possible? Is it Real? : Starts With A Bang
34. Siegel, Ethan (21 May 2013). "http://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/2013/05/21/the-e-cat-is-back-and-people-are-still-falling-for-it/". Scienceblogs. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); External link in |title= (help)
35. Cold Fusion: "You have to embrace this", NyTeknik, 23 February 2011
36. Lewan, Mats, Swedish physicists on the E-cat "It's a nuclear reaction", Ny Teknik
37. Kim, Yeong E. (2012), "Nuclear Reactions in Micro/Nano-Scale Metal Particles", Few-Body Systems, 52, Bibcode:2012FBS...tmp...73K, doi:10.1007/s00601-012-0374-6{{citation}}: CS1 maint: bibcode (link)
38. pre-print paper "Generalized Theory of Bose-Einstein Condensation Nuclear Fusion for Hydrogen-Metal System" – Yeong E. Kim – 18 June 2011
39. Kim, Yeong E. (2009), "Theory of Bose–Einstein condensation mechanism for deuteron-induced nuclear reactions in micro/nano-scale metal grains and particles", Naturwissenschaften, 96 (7): 803–811, Bibcode:2009NW.....96..803K, doi:10.1007/s00114-009-0537-6
40. International Preliminary Report on Patentability. World Intellectual Property Organization. Retrieved on 7 November 2011.
41. Alasdair Wilkins (26 January 2011), No, Italian Scientists Have Not Discovered Cold Fusion, Gizmodo.
42. Mannella, Lorenzo (14 October 2011). "Fusione fredda a Bologna. I dubbi continuano". Daily Wired (Italian edition). Retrieved on 10 November 2011. "il 6 aprile 2011 è stato rilasciato un brevetto in Italia a nome della Efa srl, la società di Maddalena Pascucci, moglie di Andrea Rossi. La dicitura recita " processo ed apparecchiatura per ottenere reazioni esotermiche, in particolare da nickel ed idrogeno"."
    TRANSLATION: On 6 April 2011 a patent was issued in Italy under the name of Efa srl, the company of Maddalena Pascucci, wife of Andrea Rossi. The heading is: "method and apparatus for carrying out nickel and hydrogen exothermal reactions".
43. The patent granted 6 April 2011, by the Ufficio Italiano Brevetti e Marchi. Retrieved on 10 July 2011.
44. Mannella, Lorenzo (14 October 2011). "Fusione fredda a Bologna. I dubbi continuano". Daily Wired (Italian edition). Retrieved on 10 November 2011. "l'E-Cat di Rossi non ha ancora ottenuto né un brevetto europeo, né uno statunitense."
    TRANSLATION: "up to now neither a European patent nor a US one have been granted to Rossi's E-Cat."
45. Ritter, Stephen K. "Reviving Cold Fusion". ACS Magazine. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
46. Mats Lewan (2 February 2011). "Cold fusion: Observing researcher wants more tests". Ny Teknik. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
47. Lewan, Mats (23 February 2011). "Cold Fusion: 18 hour test excludes combustion". Ny Teknik.
48. Benjamin Radford (21 January 2011). "Cold fusion: Cold Fusion Claims Resurface". Discovery.com. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
49. ^ Fraud claims over E-Cat 'cold fusion' machine heating up, msnbc.com, 2 September 2012.
50. Ian Bryce. "How Rossi Cold Fusion Tests Misled the World's Scientists" (PDF). Australian Skeptics press release.
51. "Dick Smith: "Rossi E-CAT ... too fantastic to be true"". Forbes. 24 February 2012. Retrieved 3 October 2012. The "checking the wires" detail is in "E-Cat Proof Challenge: $1,000,000 is a "Clownerie"? (Updated)". Forbes. 14 February 2012.
52. "Update — Inventor Rejects Dick Smith Million Dollar Offer". Australian Skeptics. Retrieved 3 October 2012.
53. Melis, Maurizio (8 October 2011). "Fusione fredda: nuovo esperimento". Radio 24. "Questa incertezza si può considerare superata con l'esperimento di ieri." TRANSLATION: "This uncertainty can be considered overcome by means of the experiment of yesterday."
54. Lewan, Mats (7 October 2011). "New test of the E-cat enhances proof of heat". Ny Teknik. "The important new element in the test was that it was possible to bypass the controversial energy calculation, based on vaporization, by injecting the steam from the energy catalyzer into a heat exchanger, where a flow of water was heated."
55. Lewan, Mats (6 October 2011). Test of Energy Catalyzer, Ny Teknik. Retrieved on 13 November 2011.
56. Brandon, John. "Cold Fusion Experiment: Major Success or Complex Hoax?". Fox News, 2 November 2011.
57. Lewan, Mats. "Half a megawatt E-cat in Bologna". NyTeknik, 29 October 2011. "Neither Ny Teknik nor any other of the guests had any possibility to check the measurements made."
58. Hambling, David. "Success for Andrea Rossi's E-Cat cold fusion system, but mysteries remain". Wired, 29 October 2011. "In other words, a group of unknown, unverifiable people carried out tests which cannot be checked. (...) as a demonstration it would have been more impressive for the reactor in its shipping container to be visibly disconnected while operating."
59. Zreick, Irene (15 November 2011). "Fusione fredda: a chi fa gola l'E-Cat?" (Italian). Focus. Retrieved 18 November 2011. "Il cliente era rappresentato da Domenico Fioravanti, ingegnere, colonnello del Genio in pensione, che pare abbia scelto personalmente che cosa controllare, e come, durante il test. In conferenza Fioravanti affiancava Rossi, ma non c'è stato modo di strappare neppure un indizio sull'identità dell'azienda rappresentata."
    TRANSLATION: "The customer was represented by Domenico Fioravanti, engineer, retired colonel of the military engineering, who seemed to choose personally what to control, and how, during the test. In the course of the conference Fioravanti was side by side with Rossi, but even a single hint concerning the identity of the represented company was impossible to get."
60. Indication of anomalous heat energy production in a reactor device // Arxiv, 16 May 2013
61. Finally! Independent Testing Of Rossi's E-Cat Cold Fusion Device: Maybe The World Will Change After All Mark Gibbs, Forbes, May 20, 2013
62. Tests find Rossi's E-Cat has an energy density at least 10 times higher than any conventional energy source Lisa Zyga, PhysOrg, 23 May 2013
63. Steven B. Krivit, Rossi Manipulates Academics to Create Illusion of Independent Test // New Energy Times, May 21, 2013
64. "Defkalion Green Technologies".
65. "Andrea Rossi and EFA srl. announce that they have terminated the agreement with Praxen/Defkalion Green Technologies for the production of e-cats, Bologna-Roma (Italy)". 4 August 2011., Rossi's press release
66. Ny Teknik: Defkalion: "We have Rossi's formula"
67. Ny Teknik: Defkalion shows specs but no technology
68. Web site of Prometeon.it
69. Fusione fredda, IBTimes IT intervista Aldo Proia CEO di Prometeon Srl, International Business Times, Italian edition. 12 September 2012
70. Mats Lewan. "Svensk investering i E-cat hejdad efter test". Ny Teknik 12 September 2012. Hydro Fusion's press release. September 9, 2012

External links

• Josephson, Brian and Driscoll, Judith. "Andrea Rossi's 'E-cat' nuclear reactor: a video FAQ". University of Cambridge, 28 June 2011.
• Wolchover, Natalie. "Fraud claims over E-Cat 'cold fusion' machine heating up". msnbc.com, 10 February 2012.
• Antonio Turiel. "No miracles in science: The story of the 'energy catalyzer'" Energy Bulletin (Post Carbon Institute), 30 November 2011.

• Use dmy dates from February 2012
• Fringe physics
• Discovery and invention controversies
• Fusion power