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|Justin McCarthy "The following are the figures of the Armenian and/or Greek patriarchates. The British warned that they contained "exaggerations."It can be assumed that the actual numbers were lower, but that the massacres actually did take place 9 June, Ortaköy, 270, 10 July, Geyve, 500, 15 July, Akhisar, 350, 27 August, Iznik, 400-500....I have not included some fanciful statements, e.g., "Fouladjik," where 400 were supposedly hanged, or the "village" of Foundouklia," where 1,700 men were supposedly shut up in one village church and many killed, etc"<ref>Death and exile: the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821-1922, Justin McCarthy, page 323, 1995</ref> | |||
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Revision as of 11:15, 29 May 2013
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (May 2011) |
The following is a list of massacres that have occurred in Turkey and its predecessors (numbers may be approximate, as estimates vary greatly):
Name | Date | Location | Deaths | Responsible Party | Victims | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Constantinople Massacre | 1821 | Constantinople | unknown | Ottoman government | Greeks | Greek Orthodox Patriarch Gregory V and other notables were executed, while local Muslims were encouraged to attack the Greek population. |
Massacres of Badr Khan | 1840 | Hakkari | 10,000 | Kurdish Emirs of Buhtan, Hakkari Badr Khan, and Noorallah | Christians | Many who were not killed were sold into slavery |
Hamidian massacres | 1894–1896 | Anatolia, Ottoman Empire | 100,000-300,000 | Ottoman Empire/Young Turk government | Christian Armenians and Assyrians | Many women were raped and forced into harems, and many women and children were sold as slaves |
Massacres in Erzurum | 10/30/1895 | Erzurum | 1,500-60,000+ | Ottoman soldiers and local Muslims | Christian Armenians | |
Massacres of Diyarbakir (1895) | 10/25/1895 | Diyarbakir | 3,000-25,000 | Kurdish irregulars, Ottoman governors | Christian Armenians and Assyrians | |
Adana massacre | April 13, 1909 | Adana Vilayet | 15,000-30,000 | Ottoman Empire/Young Turk government | Armenian Christians | |
Greek genocide | 1914–1923 | various | 500,000-2,000,000 | Ottoman Empire | Greek Christians | Reports detail systematic massacres, deportations, individual killings, rapes, burning of entire Greek villages, destruction of Greek Orthodox churches and monasteries, drafts for "Labor Brigades", looting, terrorism and other atrocities |
Assyrian genocide | 1914–1925 | Ottoman Empire | 270,000 - 750,000 | Ottoman Empire/Young Turk government | Assyrian Christians | |
Armenian Genocide | 1915–1923 | various | 600,000-1,800,000 | Young Turk government | Armenian Christians | Denied by the Turkish government; is the second most studied case of genocide after the Holocaust |
Menemen massacre | June 16–17, 1919 | Menemen | 100-1,000 | Greeks | Turks | |
Iznik-Izmit region | 9 June - 27 August 1920 | Ortaköy, Geyve, Akhisar, Iznik | at least hundreds or 1,520-1,620-7,000 | Turkish Army | Greeks | Justin McCarthy "The following are the figures of the Armenian and/or Greek patriarchates. The British warned that they contained "exaggerations."It can be assumed that the actual numbers were lower, but that the massacres actually did take place 9 June, Ortaköy, 270, 10 July, Geyve, 500, 15 July, Akhisar, 350, 27 August, Iznik, 400-500....I have not included some fanciful statements, e.g., "Fouladjik," where 400 were supposedly hanged, or the "village" of Foundouklia," where 1,700 men were supposedly shut up in one village church and many killed, etc" |
Gemlik-Yalova Peninsula Massacres | 1920-21 | Gemlik/Yalova Peninsula | 6,000-6,500 | Greeks troops, local Greeks and Armenians | Turks civilians | The perpetrators were Greek troops and local Greek and Armenian gangs, who burned down Orhangazi, Yenişehir, Armutlu. In total 27 villages were razed and their population fled. In Armutlu women were methodically raped. |
Izmit | 1921 | Izmit | 300 | Greek troops | Turks | Up to 300 people, mostly men, were executed by Greek troops. There bodies were buried in a mass grave outside the town. Arnold J. Toynbee was a reporter who described these events in the Manchester Guardian. |
Bilecik | 1921 | Bilecik, Sögüt, Bozüyük | 208 killed 226 raped. | Greeks troops, local Greeks | Turks | The city and crops were burned down by the retreating Greek army, local people were massacred.In Bilecik 1,800 houses, 8 mosques, 2 madrasa, 330 stores were burned. Sögüt, Bozüyük and dozens of neighboring villages were burned or plundered, thousands of cattle from the locals driven away. In many areas the Greek army had to limit its destruction and retreated quickly for the advancing Turkish army also many people already had fled. In Bilecik were in total 35 killed, 72 women and girls raped, in the surrounding areas were in total 173 killed, 37 girls 117 women raped. Hundreds of people were carried away by the Greeks.
|
Salihli | 1922 | Salihli | unknown | Greeks | Turks | The city was burned by the retreating Greek army. 65% of the buildings were destroyed. |
Turgutlu | 1922 | Turgutlu | 1,000 | Greeks | Turks | The city was burned by the retreating Greek army. 90% of the buildings were destroyed, 1,000 died. |
Uşak | 1922 | Uşak | unkown | Greeks | Turks | The city was burned by the retreating Greek army.33% of the buildings were destroyed. |
Akhisar | 1922 | Akhisar | 7,000 | Turkish Army | Greeks | As a result of the capture of the city by the Turkish nationalist army, all remaining local Greeks were murdered. Since then there is no Christian community in the city. |
Alaşehir | 1922 | Alaşehir | 3,000 | Greeks | Turks | The city was burned by the retreating Greek army. |
Ayvalik | 1922 | Ayvalik | 2,977 | Turkish Army and paramilitaries | Greeks | The remaining Greek population, apart from 23 persons, was murdered. |
Catastrophe of Smyrna | September 13–22, 1922 | Smyrna | 10,000-100,000 | Turkish forces | Greek and Armenian Christians | Greeks and Armenians were massacred by Turkish forces in the aftermath of a devastating fire that destroyed their quarters in the city |
Zilan massacre | July 1930 | Van Province | 4,500-47,000 | Turkish government | Kurds | 5,000 women, children, and the elderly were reportedly killed |
Dersim Massacre | Summer 1937-Spring 1938 | Tunceli Province | 13,160-70,000 | Turkish government | Alevis (Zazas) Kurds | The killings have been condemned by some as an ethnocide or genocide |
Istanbul Pogrom | 6–7 September 1955 | Istanbul, Izmir, Hatay | 13-30 | Turkish government | Greek and Armenian Christians, Jews | The killings are identified as genocidal by Alfred-Maurice de Zayas. Many of the minorities, mostly Greek Christians, forced to leave Turkey. Several churches are demolished by explosives. |
Taksim Square massacre | May 1, 1977 | Taksim Square in Istanbul | 34-42 | Turkish security forces | Leftist demonstrators | |
Bahçelievler massacre | October 9, 1978 | Bahçelievler, Ankara | 7 | Neo-fascists | Leftist students | |
Maraş Massacre | December 19–26, 1978 | Kahramanmaraş Province | 109 | Grey Wolves | Alevi Kurds | |
Çorum Massacre | May–July, 1980 | Çorum Province | 57 | Grey Wolves | Alevi Turks | |
Sivas massacre | July 2, 1993 | Sivas, Turkey | 37 | Islamists | Alevi intellectuals | |
Başbağlar massacre | July 5, 1993 | Erzincan | 33 | PKK | Sunni Turks |
Gallery
- Aftermath of the massacres at Erzurum
- An Armenian town left pillaged and destroyed, during the Adana massacre
- Photo taken after the Smyrna fire. The text inside indicates that the photo had been taken by representatives of the Red Cross in Smyrna
- Armenian woman kneeling beside dead child in field "within sight of help and safety at Aleppo"
References
- Gaunt & Beṯ-Şawoce 2006, p. 32 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGauntBeṯ-Şawoce2006 (help)
- Akçam, Taner. A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2006, p. 42. ISBN 0-8050-7932-7.
- Erzerum, The Nuttall Encyclopædia, http://www.fromoldbooks.org/Wood-NuttallEncyclopaedia/e/erzerum.html
- The Parliamentary Debates - Page 39 by Great Britain Parliament, Great Britain
- British Diplomacy and the Armenian Question, Arman Dzhonovich Kirakosian, page 260, 2003
- MASSACRE OF CHRISTIANS. - Washington Post (1877-1954) - Washington, D.C.
- de Courtois 2004, p. 105 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFde_Courtois2004 (help)
- British Diplomacy and the Armenian Question, Arman Dzhonovich Kirakosian, page 260, 2003
- Akcam, Taner. A Shameful Act. 2006, page 69–70: "fifteen to twenty thousand Armenians were killed"
- "30,000 KILLED IN MASSACRES". The New York Times. April 25, 1909.
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(help) - Century of Genocide: Eyewitness Accounts and Critical Views By Samuel. Totten, William S. Parsons, Israel W. Charny
- IAGS Resolution on Genocides committed by the Ottoman Empire retrieved via the Internet Archive (PDF), International Association of Genocide Scholars
- Genocide Resolution approved by Swedish Parliament — full text containing the IAGS resolution and the Swedish Parliament resolution from news.am
- Gaunt, David. Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press, 2006.
- Schaller, Dominik J; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008). "Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies – introduction". Journal of Genocide Research. 10 (1): 7–14. doi:10.1080/14623520801950820.
- The New York Times Advanced search engine for article and headline archives (subscription necessary for viewing article content).
- Alexander Westwood and Darren O'Brien, Selected bylines and letters from The New York Times, The Australian Institute for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 2006
- Travis, Hannibal. "'Native Christians Massacred': The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians During World War I." Genocide Studies and Prevention, Vol. 1, No. 3, December 2006, pp. 327–371. Retrieved 2012-10-28.
- Armenia: The Survival of A Nation by Christopher J. Walker, Croom Helm (Publisher) London 1980, pp. 200-203
- Death and exile: the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821-1922, Justin McCarthy, page 323, 1995
- ^ Jonsson, David J. (2005). The clash of ideologies : the making of the Christian and Islamic worlds. : Xulon Press. p. 316. ISBN 9781597810395.
- Death and exile: the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821-1922, Justin McCarthy, page 323, 1995
- http://e-dergi.atauni.edu.tr/index.php/taed/article/view/1438/1434
- Sorrowful Shores, Ryan Gingeras, page 111-112, 2009
- Sorrowful Shores, Ryan Gingeras, page 112, 2009
- Sorrowful Shores, Ryan Gingeras, page 112, 2009
- http://atam.gov.tr/bilecik-ve-cevresinde-yunan-mezalimi/
- State-Nationalisms in the Ottoman Empire, Greece and Turkey: Benjamin C. Fortna,Stefanos Katsikas,Dimitris Kamouzis,Paraskevas Konortas, page 64, 2012
- http://atam.gov.tr/bilecik-ve-cevresinde-yunan-mezalimi/
- ^ U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park to Secretary of State, Smyrna, 11 April 1923. US archives US767.68116/34
- Mango, Atatürk, p. 343.
- ^ Clark, Bruce (2006). Twice a stranger : the mass expulsion that forged modern Greece and Turkey. Cambridge (Massachusetts): Harvard University Press. p. 25. ISBN 9780674023680.
- Rudolph J. Rummel, Irving Louis Horowitz (1994). "Turkey's Genocidal Purges". Death by Government. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56000-927-6.
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value (help), p. 233. - Naimark. Fires of Hatred, pp. 47-52.