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Murray Rothbard
Rothbard c. 1994
Born(1926-03-02)March 2, 1926
Bronx, New York, United States
DiedJanuary 7, 1995(1995-01-07) (aged 68)
New York City, New York, U.S.
NationalityAmerican
Academic career
FieldEconomics, Political economy, Natural law, Anarchism, Praxeology, Numismatics, Philosophy of law, Ethics, Economic history
InstitutionBrooklyn Polytechnic Institute, University of Nevada, Las Vegas
School or
tradition		Anarcho-capitalism
Alma materColumbia University
InfluencesHayek, Locke, Mises, Ayn Rand, Spooner, Tucker, Harper,
ContributionsFounder of Anarcho-capitalism, contributions to natural law theory and Historical revisionism

Murray Newton Rothbard (March 2, 1926 – January 7, 1995) was an American economist of the Austrian School, as well as an historian, philosopher and political theorist. His writings and personal influence helped create modern libertarianism and he was a central figure in it. He wrote over twenty books.

Rothbard was a leading influence on the development of anarcho-capitalism. In the words of Hans-Hermann Hoppe, "There would be no anarcho-capitalist movement to speak of without Rothbard." He wrote that the state is "the organization of robbery systematized and writ large" and the locus of unscrupulous individuals Rothbard asserted that all services provided by what he called the "monopoly system of the corporate state" could be provided more efficiently by the private sector. He considered central banking and fractional reserve banking under a monopoly fiat money system a form of financial fraud, antithetical to libertarian principles and ethics. Rothbard opposed military, political, and economic interventionism in the affairs of other nations.

Life and work

Rothbard with his wife, JoAnn Schumacher

Rothbard was born to Jewish parents, David and Rae Rothbard, and raised in Bronx, New York. His father, a chemist, "emigrated to the United States from a Polish shtetl in 1910, impoverished and knowing not a word of English", while his mother came from Russia. Rothbard wrote of having grown up as a "right-winger" (adherent of the "Old Right") among family, friends and neighbors who were "communists or fellow-travelers." In contrast, he recalled that "all socialism seemed to monstrously coercive and abhorrent." He attended Columbia University, where received a Bachelor of Arts degree in mathematics in 1945 and his PhD in economics, under Joseph Dorfman, in 1956. His thesis title was "Toward a Reconstruction of Utility and Welfare Economics".

During the early 1950s, Rothbard attended the seminar of Austrian economist Ludwig von Mises at New York University and was greatly influenced by Mises' book Human Action. Rothbard attracted the attention of the William Volker Fund, a group that provided financial backing to promote various right-wing ideologies in the 1950s and early 1960s. The Volker Fund paid Rothbard to write a textbook to explain Human Action in a fashion suitable for college students; a sample chapter he wrote on money and credit won Mises’s approval. As Rothbard continued his work, he enlarged the project. The result was Rothbard's book Man, Economy, and State, published in 1962. Upon its publication, Mises praised Rothbard's work effusively and, for Mises, uncharacteristically.

From 1963 to 1985, Rothbard taught at Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute, in Brooklyn, New York. From 1986 until his death he was the S.J. Hall Distinguished Professor of Economics at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Rothbard founded the Center for Libertarian Studies in 1976 and the Journal of Libertarian Studies in 1977. He was associated with the 1982 creation of the Ludwig von Mises Institute at Auburn University in Alabama, and was vice president of academic affairs until 1995.

In 1953, in New York City, he married JoAnn Schumacher (1928–1999), whom he called the "indispensable framework" for his life and work. He died in 1995 in Manhattan of a heart attack. The New York Times obituary called Rothbard "an economist and social philosopher who fiercely defended individual freedom against government intervention." JoAnn Rothbard died four years later.

Economic writings

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Cover of the 2009 edition of Man, Economy, and State.
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Main article: Austrian School

Rothbard was critical of Keynesian economic thought and of the utilitarian assumptions embedded in mainstream economics generally. Keynes the Man, originally published in Dissent on Keynes: A Critical Appraisal of Keynesian Economics, Edited by Mark Skousen. New York: Praeger, 1992, 171–198; Online edition at The Ludwig von Mises Institute.</ref> Instead, Rothbard's writing on economics follows his interpretation of von Mises' deductive method of examining the logical implications purposeful human action. Rothbard argued that even national defense and individual protection should be offered in a competitive market and not supplied by government.

Ethical and political views

Rothbard at the 1983 Libertarian presidential convention in New York City.

In Man, Economy, and State Rothbard divides the various kinds of state intervention in three categories: "autistic intervention", which is interference with private non-economic activities; "binary intervention", which is forced exchange between individuals and the state; and "triangular intervention", which is state-mandated exchange between individuals. According to Sanford Ikeda, Rothbard's typology "eliminates the gaps and inconsistencies that appear in Mises's original formulation."

Rothbard writes in Power and Market that the role of the economist in a free market is limited but is much larger in a government that solicits economic policy recommendations. Rothbard argues that self-interest therefore prejudices the views of many economists in favor of increased government intervention.

In the late 1940s Rothbard questioned why under laissez-faire economics private police protection could not replace government protective services and in 1949 came to the conclusion it could. He was influenced by nineteenth-century American individualist anarchists like Lysander Spooner and Benjamin Tucker and the Belgian economist Gustave de Molinari who wrote about how such a system could work. Thus he "combined the laissez-faire economics of Mises with the absolutist views of human rights and rejection of the state" from individualist anarchists.

Rothbard parted with Mises on the issue of ethics, since Mises preferred to avoid ethical arguments and show that interventionist economic laws failed to achieve their goals. Rothbard held that interventionist laws did in fact benefit some, including even people who might be destructive, and therefore an ethical basis for the free market was necessary. His principle was "self-ownership". Applying this to contract law, he wrote that it was not ethical for people to contract themselves into slavery. Rothbard's ethical views also were influenced by classical liberalism and the anti-imperialism of the Old Right.

In 1954, Rothbard, along with several other students of Ludwig von Mises, such as George Reisman and Ralph Raico, associated with novelist Ayn Rand the founder of Objectivism. He soon parted from her, writing, among other things, that her ideas were not as original as she proclaimed but similar to those of Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas and Herbert Spencer. In 1958, after the publication of her novel Atlas Shrugged, Rothbard wrote a "fan letter" to Rand, calling her book "an infinite treasure house," and "not merely the greatest novel ever written, it is one of the very greatest books ever written, fiction or nonfiction." He also wrote that "you introduced me to the whole field of natural rights and natural law philosophy," prompting him to learn "the glorious natural rights tradition." He rejoined her circle for a few months, but soon broke with Rand over various differences including his defense of anarchism. Later, Rothbard lampooned Rand's circle in his play Mozart Was a Red and essay, "The Sociology of the Ayn Rand Cult."

Rothbard opposed what he considered the overspecialization of the academy and sought to fuse the disciplines of economics, history, ethics, and political science to create a "science of liberty." Rothbard described the moral basis for his anarcho-capitalist position in two of his books: For a New Liberty, published in 1973, and The Ethics of Liberty, published in 1982. In his Power and Market (1970), Rothbard describes how a stateless economy might function.

Ethics

In The Ethics of Liberty, Rothbard asserts the right of absolute self-ownership, as the only principle compatible with a moral code that applies to every person—a "universal ethic"—and that it is a natural law by being what is naturally best for man. He argued that, as a result, individuals owned the fruits of their labor. Accordingly, each person had the right to exchange his property with others. He also advocated for Lockean homesteading, arguing that if an individual mixes his labor with unowned land then he is the proper owner, and from that point on it is private property that may only exchange hands by trade or gift. Rothbard later accepted and enthusiastically advocated for Hans Hermann Hoppe's argumentation ethics, calling it a "dazzling breakthrough" in libertarian ethics.

Anarcho-capitalism

Rothbard began to consider himself a private property anarchist in the 1950s and later began to use "anarcho-capitalist". He wrote: "Capitalism is the fullest expression of anarchism, and anarchism is the fullest expression of capitalism." In his anarcho-capitalist model, a system of protection agencies compete in a free market and are voluntarily supported by consumers who choose to use their protective and judicial services. Anarcho-capitalism would mean the end of the state monopoly on force.

Rothbard was equally condemning of relationships he perceived between big business and big government. He cited many instances where business elites co-opted government's monopoly power so as to influence laws and regulatory policy in a manner benefiting them at the expense of their competitive rivals. According to Rothbard, one example of such cronyism included grants of monopolistic privilege the railroads derived from sponsoring conservation laws.

Free market money

See also Free banking, Gold standard, and Monetary reform

Rothbard believed the monopoly power of government over the issuance and distribution of money was inherently destructive and unethical. The belief derived from Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich Hayek's Austrian theory of the business cycle, which holds that undue credit expansion inevitably leads to a gross misallocation of capital resources, triggering unsustainable credit bubbles and, eventually, economic depressions. He, therefore, strongly opposed central banking and fractional reserve banking under a fiat money system, labeling it as "legalized counterfeiting" or a form of institutionalized embezzlement and therefore inherently fraudulent. He characterized the government-enforced prohibition on citizens using commodity currencies as legal tender a compulsory Ponzi scheme, one from which no citizen could escape.

He strongly advocated full reserve banking ("100 percent banking") and a voluntary, nongovernmental gold standard or, as a second best solution, free banking (which he also called "free market money").

In relation to the current central bank-managed fractional reserve fiat currency system, he stated the following:

Given this dismal monetary and banking situation, given a 39:1 pyramiding of checkable deposits and currency on top of gold, given a Fed unchecked and out of control, given a world of fiat moneys, how can we possibly return to a sound noninflationary market money? The objectives, after the discussion in this work, should be clear: (a) to return to a gold standard, a commodity standard unhampered by government intervention; (b) to abolish the Federal Reserve System and return to a system of free and competitive banking; (c) to separate the government from money; and (d) either to enforce 100 percent reserve banking on the commercial banks, or at least to arrive at a system where any bank, at the slightest hint of nonpayment of its demand liabilities, is forced quickly into bankruptcy and liquidation. While the outlawing of fractional reserve as fraud would be preferable if it could be enforced, the problems of enforcement, especially where banks can continually innovate in forms of credit, make free banking an attractive alternative.

Noninterventionism

Believing like Randolph Bourne that "war is the health of the state," Rothbard opposed aggressive foreign policy. In 1964 he wrote that "deplorable American imperialism" is the "main issue of our time.". Rothbard believed that stopping new wars was necessary and knowledge of how government had seduced citizens into earlier wars was important. Two essays expanded on these views "War, Peace, and the State" and "The Anatomy of the State." Rothbard used insights of the elitism theorists Vilfredo Pareto, Gaetano Mosca, and Robert Michels to build a model of state personnel, goals, and ideology. In an obituary for his friend historical revisionist Harry Elmer Barnes, Rothbard explained why historical knowledge is important:

Our entry into World War II was the crucial act in foisting a permanent militarization upon the economy and society, in bringing to the country a permanent garrison state, an overweening military-industrial complex, a permanent system of conscription. It was the crucial act in creating a mixed economy run by Big Government, a system of state-monopoly capitalism run by the central government in collaboration with Big Business and Big Unionism.

Rothbard also made a distinction between "narrow" and "broad" historical revisionist. He wrote that Barnes was a "broad Revisionist" who "understood that the main problem has been war and peace, and that his main concern was not to weep over Germany, but to oppose a world-wide escalation of war."

Rothbard discussed his views on the principles of a libertarian foreign policy in a 1973 interview: "The libertarian position, generally, is minimize State power as much as possible, down to zero, and isolationism is the full expression in foreign affairs of the domestic objective of whittling down State power." He further called for "abstinence from any kind of American military intervention and political and economic intervention." In For a New Liberty he writes: "In a purely libertarian world, therefore, there would be no 'foreign policy' because there would be no States, no governments with a monopoly of coercion over particular territorial areas."

In his essay, "War Guilt in the Middle East," archived on the website of the von Mises Institute, Rothbard accuses Israel of "aggression against Middle East Arabs," confiscatory policies, and "refusal to let these refugees return and reclaim the property taken from them." According to an essay attributed to Rothbard at lewrockwell.com, Rothbard wrote that critics of the state of Israel have to suffer “organized Anti-Anti-Semitism”

Rothbard criticized as state terrorism the actions of the United States, Israel, and any nation that "retaliates" against innocents because they cannot pinpoint actual perpetrators. He held that no retaliation that injures or kills innocent people is justified, writing "Anything else is an apologia for unremitting and unending mass murder."

Children and rights

In the Ethics of Liberty, Rothbard explores in terms of self-ownership and contract several contentious issues regarding children's rights. These include women's right to abortion, proscriptions on parents showing aggression towards children once they are born, and the issue of the state forcing parents to care for children, including those with severe health problems. He also holds children have the right to "run away" from parents and seek new guardians as soon as they are able to choose to do so. He suggested parents have the right to put a child out for adoption or even sell the rights to the child in a voluntary contract, which he feels is more humane than artificial governmental restriction of the number of children available to willing and often superior parents.

He also discusses how the current juvenile justice system punishes children for making "adult" choices, such as underage drinking or sex, removing children unnecessarily and against their will from parents, often putting them in uncaring and even brutal foster care or juvenile facilities, while at the same time denying to them those legal rights adults enjoy, such as trial by jury or provision of a written transcript of their court proceedings.

Anti-egalitarianism

In a 1963 article, Rothbard wrote that "the Negro Revolution has some elements that a libertarian must favor, others that he must oppose. Thus, the libertarian opposes compulsory segregation and police brutality, but also opposes compulsory integration and such absurdities as ethnic quota systems in jobs." According to Rothbard biographer Justin Raimondo, Rothbard considered Malcolm X to be a "great black leader” and Martin Luther King to be favored by whites because he “was the major restraining force on the developing Negro revolution." Rothbard also compared Lyndon B. Johnson's use of troops to crush urban riots in 1968 after King's assassination to Johnson's use of American troops in the Vietnam War.

The title essay of Rothbard's 1974 book Egalitarianism as a Revolt Against Nature and Other Essays held, "Equality is not in the natural order of things, and the crusade to make everyone equal in every respect (except before the law) is certain to have disastrous consequences." In it, Rothbard wrote, "At the heart of the egalitarian left is the pathological belief that there is no structure of reality; that all the world is a tabula rasa that can be changed at any moment in any desired direction by the mere exercise of human will." Rothbard also expressed his views that statists suppressed academic research on racial difference in intelligence in order to support their goal of using the state to enforce egalitarian goals.

Political activism

Young Rothbard c. 1955

As a young man, Rothbard considered himself part of the Old Right, an anti-statist and anti-interventionist branch of the Republican Party. In the 1948 presidential election, Rothbard, "as a Jewish student at Columbia, horrified his peers by organizing a Students for Strom Thurmond chapter, so staunchly did he believe in states’ rights." Years later, he would look back on his support for Thurmond as "naïve":

I actually believed that the States' Rights Party would continue to become a major party and destroy what was then a one-party Democratic monopoly in the South. In that way, an Old Right, Midwestern Republican coalition with States' Rights Democrats could become the majority party!

When interventionist cold warriors of the National Review, such as William F. Buckley, Jr., gained influence in the Republican Party in the 1950s, Rothbard quit the party, walking out for good when moderate Dwight Eisenhower defeated Old Right stalwart Robert A. Taft for the 1952 Republican presidential nomination. He would go on to support Democrat Adlai Stevenson in that year's election, "largely as the only way to get the Wall Street incubus off the back of the Republican Party."

By the late 1960s, Rothbard's "long and winding yet somehow consistent road had taken him from anti-New Deal and anti-interventionist Robert Taft supporter into friendship with the quasi-pacifist Nebraska Republican Congressman Howard Buffett (father of Warren Buffett) then over to the League of (Adlai) Stevensonian Democrats and, by 1968, into tentative comradeship with the anarchist factions of the New Left." Rothbard advocated an alliance with the New Left anti-war movement, on the grounds that the conservative movement had been completely subsumed by the statist establishment. However, Rothbard later criticized the New Left for supporting a "People's Republic" style draft. It was during this phase that he associated with Karl Hess and founded Left and Right: A Journal of Libertarian Thought with Leonard Liggio and George Resch, which existed from 1965 to 1968. From 1969 to 1984 he edited The Libertarian Forum, also initially with Hess (although Hess's involvement ended in 1971).

Rothbard criticized the "frenzied nihilism" of left-wing libertarians, but also criticized right-wing libertarians who were content to rely only on education to bring down the state; he believed that libertarians should adopt any non-immoral tactic available to them in order to bring about liberty.

Burton Blumert, Lew Rockwell, David Gordon, and Rothbard.

During the 1970s and 1980s, Rothbard was active in the Libertarian Party. He was frequently involved in the party's internal politics. He was one of the founders of the Cato Institute, and "came up with the idea of naming this libertarian think tank after Cato’s Letters, a powerful series of British newspaper essays by John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon which played a decisive influence upon America's Founding Fathers in fomenting the Revolution."

From 1978 to 1983, he was associated with the Libertarian Party Radical Caucus, allying himself with Justin Raimondo, Eric Garris and Williamson Evers. He opposed the "low-tax liberalism" espoused by 1980 Libertarian Party presidential candidate Ed Clark and Cato Institute president Edward H Crane III. According to Charles Burris, "Rothbard and Crane became bitter rivals after disputes emerging from the 1980 LP presidential campaign of Ed Clark carried over to strategic direction and management of Cato."

Rothbard split with the Radical Caucus at the 1983 national convention over cultural issues and aligned himself with what he called the "right-wing populist" wing of the party, notably Lew Rockwell and Ron Paul, who ran for President on the Libertarian Party ticket in 1988. "Rothbard worked closely with Lew Rockwell (joined later by his long-time friend Burt Blumert) in nurturing the Ludwig von Mises Institute, and the publication, The Rothbard-Rockwell Report; which after Rothbard’s 1995 death evolved into the popular website, LewRockwell.com."

In 1989, Rothbard left the Libertarian Party and began building bridges to the post-Cold War anti-interventionist right, calling himself a paleolibertarian. He supported the presidential campaign of Pat Buchanan in 1992, and wrote that "with Pat Buchanan as our leader, we shall break the clock of social democracy."

In 1992 Rothbard argued that white nationalist and former Ku Klux Klan Grand Wizard David Duke had won a majority of the white vote in a losing gubernatorial election in Louisiana by running as a "right-wing populist", an ideology Rothbard embraced. According to Reason, Rothbard advocated right-wing populism in part because he was frustrated that mainstream thinkers were not adopting the libertarian view and suggested that Duke and former Wisconsin U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy were models for an "Outreach to the Rednecks" effort that could be used by a broad libertarian/paleoconservative coalition. In discussing what he called the "hysteria" against Duke, whom he noted was newly converted to Christianity, Rothbard described "right wing populism" as opposition to a "statist world dominated by a ruling elite, consisting of a coalition of Big Government, Big Business, and various influential special interest groups". Rothbard also argued that there was "nothing" in Duke's political program that "could not also be embraced by paleoconservatives or paleo-libertarians; lower taxes, dismantling the bureaucracy, slashing the welfare system, attacking affirmative action and racial set-asides, calling for equal rights for all Americans, including whites."

Like Buchanan, Rothbard opposed the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). However, later he became disillusioned with Buchanan, believing that the latter's "commitment to protectionism was mutating into an all-round faith in economic planning and the nation state." Rothbard then shifted his interest and support to Ross Perot, who Rothbard wrote had "brought an excitement, a verve, a sense of dynamics and of open possibilities to what had threatened to be a dreary race." Rothbard ultimately supported George Bush over Bill Clinton in the 1992 election.

After Rothbard's death in 1995 Llewellyn Rockwell, President of the von Mises Institute, told the Times that Rothbard was "the founder of right-wing anarchism." William F. Buckley wrote a bitter obituary in the "National Review" criticizing Rothbard's "defective judgment" and views on the Cold War. The von Mises Institute published Murray N. Rothbard, In Memoriam which included memorials from 31 individuals, including libertarians and academics. In 1999 Murray Rothbard was ranked as number 13 in Time magazine's "Person of the Century" poll, above Bill Gates, Franklin Roosevelt and Nelson Mandela.

Personal life

In addition to economics, history, and philosophy, Rothbard took an intense personal interest in chess, German Baroque church architecture, and early jazz, among other subjects. Rothbard criticized the "degeneration" of jazz and popular song into bebop and rock music.

Although Rothbard's views towards religion were sympathetic, he was an atheist.

In his film reviews (printed under the pen name "Mr. First Nighter"), Rothbard criticized "slow, ponderous, boring" films which "reek of pretension and deliberate boredom," such as Juliet of the Spirits and The Piano. He generally praised films that represented "Old Culture" values which he felt were exemplified by the James Bond franchise: "marvelous plot, exciting action, hero vs. villains, spy plots, crisp dialogue and the frank enjoyment of bourgeois luxury and fascinating technological gadgets."

Rothbard enjoyed action movies such as The Fugitive and Hollywood films of the 1930s and 1940s, and praised Woody Allen's wit. He disliked Star Wars, "such a silly, cartoony, comic-strip movie that no one can possibly take it seriously," and 2001: A Space Odyssey, a "pretentious, mystical, boring, plotless piece of claptrap," calling for a return to science fiction films like It Came from Outer Space and "the incomparable Invasion of the Body Snatchers."

Bibliography

File:Rothbard-EconThought.jpgCover of the first volume of the 2006 Ludwig Von Mises Institute edition of An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic ThoughtFile:Rothbard-agd.jpgCover of the Ludwig Von Mises Institute's 2000 edition of America's Great Depression

See also

Notes

  1. Gerald Gaus; Fred D'Agostino (2012). The Routledge Companion To Social And Political Philosophy. Routledge. pp. 225–. ISBN 978-0-415-87456-4. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
  2. Gerard Casey, Murray Rothbard, p. ix.
  3. Rothbard, Murray N (August 17, 2007). "Floyd Arthur 'Baldy' Harper, RIP". Mises Daily. Auburn, Alabama. Retrieved January 1, 2012.
  4. Rothbard, Murray N (August 17, 2007). "Floyd Arthur 'Baldy' Harper, RIP". Mises Daily. Auburn, Alabama. Retrieved January 1, 2012.
  6. Justin Raimondo, An Enemy of the State, Prometheus Books, 2000, p. 54, ISBN 1615922393, 9781615922390
  7. Gerard Casey, Murray Rothbard, p. 24.
  8. Miller, David, ed. (1991). Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-17944-5. p. 290.
  9. Ronald Hamowy, Editor, The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism, p 441-443.
  10. Gerald Gaus; Fred D'Agostino (2012). The Routledge Companion To Social And Political Philosophy. Routledge. pp. 225–. ISBN 978-0-415-87456-4. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
  11. Gerard Casey, Murray Rothbard, p. ix.
  12. Hoppe, H.H. "Anarcho-Capitalism: An Annotated Bibliography". Retrieved 2 June 2013.
  13. Hans-Hermann Hoppe. "The Ethics of Liberty". Ludwig von Mises Institute.
  14. The Ethics of Liberty, Murray Rothbard
  15. Repudiating the National Debt, Murray Rothbard
  16. To Save Our Economy From Destruction, Murray Rothbard
  17. The Great Society: A Libertarian Critique, Murray Rothbard
  18. The Noble Task of Revisionism, Murray Rothbard
  19. The Fallacy of the 'Public Sector', Murray Rothbard
  20. Rothbard, Murray. The Mystery of Banking Ludwig von Mises Institute. 2008. p. 111
  21. "Has fractional-reserve banking really passed the market test? (Controversy)". Independent Review. January 2003.
  22. The Case for the 100% Gold Dollar, Murray Rothbard
  23. See also Murray Rothbard articles: Private Coinage; Repudiate the National Debt; and Taking Money Back
  24. ^ Rothbard on War, excerpts from a 1973 Reason Magazine article and other materials, published at Antiwar.com, undated.
  25. ^ Murray N. Rothbard, For a New Liberty, p. 265.
  26. ^ Rothbard, Murray. Life in the Old Right, LewRockwell.com, first published in Chronicles, August 1994
  27. Hoppe, Hans-Hermann (1999). "Murray N. Rothbard: Economics, Science, and Liberty". The Ludwig von Mises Institute. Reprinted from 15 Great Austrian Economists, edited by Randall G. Holcombe.
  28. ^ David Gordon, Murray N. Rothbard (1926–1995) biography, Ludwig Von Mises Institute.
  29. Gary North, Ron Paul on Greenspan’s Fed, Lew Rockwell.com, February 28, 2004.
  30. McVicar, Michael J. (July 2011). "Aggressive Philanthropy: Progressivism, Conservatism, and the William Volker Charities Fund". Missouri Historical Review 105 (4): 191–212.
  31. David Gordon, Strictly Confidential The Private Volker Fund Memos of Murray Rothbard. Quote from Rothbard: "The Volker Fund concept was to find and grant research funds to hosts of libertarian and right-wing scholars and to draw these scholars together via seminars, conferences, etc." http://library.mises.org/books/Murray%20N%20Rothbard/Strictly%20Confidential%20The%20Private%20Volker%20Fund%20Memos%20of%20Murray%20N%20Rothbard.pdf
  32. Gordon, David. The Essential Rothbard, p. 14.
  33. ^ David Stout, Obituary: Murray N. Rothbard, Economist And Free-Market Exponent, 68, The New York Times, January 11, 1995.
  34. http://mises.org/daily/323
  35. See Rothbard's essay, "Jeremy Bentham: The Utilitarian as Big Brother" published in his work, Classical Economics.
  36. Grimm, Curtis M.; Hunn, Lee; Smith, Ken G. Strategy as Action: Competitive Dynamics and Competitive Advantage. New York Oxford University Press (US). 2006. p. 43
  37. Ikeda, Sanford, Dyamics of the Mixed Economy: Toward a Theory of Interventionism, Routledge UK, 1997, 245.
  38. Murray Rothbard, Chapter 2 "Fundamentals of Intervention" from Man, Economy and State, Ludwig von Mises Institute.
  39. Peter G. Klein, Why Intellectuals Still Support Socialism, Ludwig von Mises Institute, November 15, 2006
  40. Man, Economy, and State, Chapter 7 – Conclusion: Economics and Public Policy, Ludwig Von Mises Institute.
  41. Gordon, David. The Essential Rothbard, Ludwig von Mises Institute, 1st edition. February 26, 2007, pp. 12–13. ISBN 1-933550-10-4 PDF version
  42. Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought, 1987, ISBN 0-631-17944-5, p. 290
  43. Gordon, David. The Essential Rothbard, p. 87–89.
  44. Justin Raimondo, An Enemy of the State, p. 134, Prometheus Books, 2000.
  45. Justin Raimondo, An Enemy of the State, pp. 109–114.
  46. Justin Raimondo, An Enemy of the State, pp. 121, 132–134,.
  47. Burns, Jennifer, Goddess of the Market: Ayn Rand and the American Right, Oxford Univ. Press, 2009, p. 145, 182. ISBN 0-19-532487-0, ISBN 978-0-19-532487-7
  48. Mises and Rothbard Letters to Ayn Rand, Journal of Libertarian Studies, Volume 21, No. 4 (Winter 2007): 11–16.
  49. Burns, Jennifer, Goddess of the Market: Ayn Rand and the American Right, p.184.
  50. Murray Rothbard play Mozart was a red, early 1960s, at LewRockwell.com.
  51. Murray Rothbard, "The Sociology of the Ayn Rand Cult.", 1972, at LewRockwell.com].
  52. Hans-Hermann Hoppe, Anarcho-Capitalism: An Annotated Bibliography, LewRockwell.com.
  53. Rothbard, Murray Newton. The Ethics of Liberty. NYU Press. 2003. pp. 45–45
  54. Kyriazi, Harold. Reckoning With Rothbard (2004). American Journal of Economics and Sociology 63 (2), 451
  55. Rothbard, Murray N. (Article originally appeared in Liberty, Volume 3 Number 4 (March 1990), pp. 11–12.). "Hoppephobia". LewRockwell.com. Retrieved 6 February 2012. In a dazzling breakthrough for political philosophy in general and for libertarianism in particular, he has managed to transcend the famous is/ought, fact/value dichotomy that has plagued philosophy since the days of the scholastics, and that had brought modern libertarianism into a tiresome deadlock. Not only that: Hans Hoppe has managed to establish the case for anarcho-capitalist-Lockean rights in an unprecedentedly hard-core manner, one that makes my own natural law/natural rights position seem almost wimpy in comparison. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  56. Rothbard, Murray N. (Article originally appeared in Liberty, Volume 3 Number 4 (March 1990), pp. 11–12.). "Hoppephobia". LewRockwell.com. Retrieved 6 February 2012. Hoppe's most important breakthrough has been to start from standard praxeological axioms (e.g., that every human being acts, that is, employs means to arrive at goals), and, remarkably, to arrive at a hard-nosed anarcho-Lockean political ethic. For over 30 years I have been preaching to the economics profession that this cannot be done: that economists cannot arrive at any policy conclusions (e.g., that government should do X or should not do Y) strictly from value-free economics....(and continues til says)...And yet, remarkably and extraordinarily, Hans Hoppe has proven me wrong. He has done it: he has deduced an anarcho-Lockean rights ethic from self-evident axioms. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  57. ^ Roberta Modugno Crocetta, Murray Rothbard's anarcho-capitalism in the contemporary debate. A critical defense, Ludwig Von Mises Institute.
  58. Michael Oliver, 'Exclusive Interview With Murray Rothbard, originally published in "The New Banner: A Fortnightly Libertarian Journal", February 25, 1972.
  59. "Exclusive Interview With Murray Rothbard" The New Banner: A Fortnightly Libertarian Journal (February 25, 1972)
  60. For A New Liberty (1973), Power and Market ch. 3
  61. The Case for a 100% Gold Dollar, Murray Rothbard
  62. "It should be clear that modern fractional reserve banking is a shell game, a Ponzi scheme, a fraud in which fake warehouse receipts are issued and circulate as equivalent to the cash supposedly represented by the receipt." Rothbard, Murray. The Mystery of Banking, pp. 96–97, 89–94
  63. ^ What is Money?, Gary North
  64. Rothbard, Murray. The Mystery of Banking, pp. 96–97, 89–94
  65. The Case Against the Fed, Murray Rothbard: "A gold-coin standard, coupled with instant liquidation for any bank that fails to meet its contractual obligations, would bring about a free banking system so 'hard' and sound, that any problem of inflationary credit or counterfeiting would be minimal. It is perhaps a 'second-best' solution to the ideal of treating fractional-reserve bankers as embezzlers, but it would suffice at least as an excellent solution for the time being, that is, until people are ready to press on to full 100 percent banking."
  66. See also these Rothbard articles: What Has Government Done to Our Money?, The Case for the 100% Gold Dollar; The Fed as Cartel, Private Coinage, Repudiate the National Debt; Taking Money Back, Anatomy of the Bank Run, Money and the Individual
  67. Rothbard, Murray. The Mystery of Banking, Ludwig von Mises Institute. 2008. p. 111, 278
  68. Rothbard, Murray. The Mystery of Banking, p. 261
  69. Murray N. Rothbard, The Transformation of the American Right, first published in Continuum, Summer 1964, pp. 220–231; reprinted at LewRockwell.com.
  70. Joseph R. Stromberg, Murray Rothbard on States, War, and Peace: Part I (also see Part II), Antiwar.com, originally published June 2000.
  71. See both essays, Murray N. Rothbard, War, Peace, and the State, first published 1963; Anatomy of the State, first published 1974, both at LewRockwell.com.
  72. Murray N. Rothbard, Harry Elmer Barnes, RIP, from "Left and Right" final issue, 1968, republished at LewRockwell.com.
  73. Murray N. Rothbard, Harry Elmer Barnes, RIP, originally published in Left and Right: A Journal of Libertarian Thought, 1968.
  74. Murray N.Rothbard, Harry Elmer Barnes as Revisionist of the Cold War, essay originally from Arthur Goddard, ed., Harry Elmer Barnes: Learned Crusader, Ralph Myles, Publisher, Inc., 1968.
  75. Murray Rothbard, War Guilt in the Middle East, "Left and Right", Vol. 3 No. 3 (Autumn 1967) (cited here.)
  76. Murray N. Rothbard, Pat Buchanan and the Menace of Anti-anti-semitism, December 1990, from The Irrepressible Rothbard, published at LewRockwell.com.
  77. Murray N. Rothbard, Who Are the Terrorists?, first published in the Libertarian Party News, March/April 1986, reproduced at LewRockwell.com.
  78. The Ethics of Liberty, Chapter 14 "Children and Rights."
  79. See also Ronald Hamowy, The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism, Cato Institute, SAGE, 2008, 59–61 ISBN 1-4129-6580-2, ISBN 978-1-4129-6580-4
  80. Murray N. Rothbard, The Negro Revolution, New Individualist Review, Volume 3, Number 1, Summer 1963.
  81. Justin Raimondo, An Enemy of the State, p. 167–168, Prometheus Books, 2000.
  82. George C. Leef, Book Review of Egalitarianism as a Revolt Against Nature and Other Essays by Murray Rothbard, edited by David Gordon (2000 edition), The Freeman, July 2001.
  83. Murray Rothbard, Egalitarianism as a Revolt Against Nature and Other Essays, essay published in full at Lewrockwell.com, 2003. See also Rothbard's essay The Struggle Over Egalitarianism Continues, the 1991 introduction to republication of "Freedom, Inequality, Primitivism, and the Division of Labor", Ludwig Von Mises Institute, 2008.
  84. Murray Rothbard, Race! That Murray Book, LewRockwell.com, December 1994.
  85. McCarthy, Daniel (2007-03-12) Enemies of the State, The American Conservative
  86. ^ Rothbard, Murray. Swan Song of the Old Right, LewRockwell.com
  87. Kauffman, Bill (2008-05-19) When the Left Was Right, The American Conservative
  88. "Karl Hess and the Death of Politics." Jeff Riggenbach. Accessed February 5, 2013.
  89. Lora, Ronald & Longton, Henry. 1999. The Conservative Press in Twentieth-Century America. Greenwood Press. p. 369
  90. ^ Burris, Charles (2011-02-04) Kochs v. Soros: A Partial Backstory, LewRockwell.com
  91. Murrary Rothbard, "Big Government Libertarianism", Lew Rockwell.com, November 1994.
  92. Julian Sanchez & David Weigel, "Who Wrote Ron Paul's Newsletters?", Reason Magazine, January 16, 2008.
  93. Murray Rothbard, Strategy for the Right, LewRockwell.com, 2002.
  94. Julian Sanchez & David Weigel, Who Wrote Ron Paul's Newsletters?, Reason, January 16, 2008
  95. Murray Rothbard, Right-wing Populism, LewRockwell.com, January, 1992.
  96. Murray Rothbard, Right-wing Populism, LewRockwell.com, January, 1992.
  97. Reese, Charley (1993-10-14) The U.S. Standard Of Living Will Decline If Nafta Is Approved, Orlando Sentinel
  98. Lew Rockwell, What I Learned From Paleoism, LewRockwell.com, 2002.
  99. Still the State's Greatest Living Enemy, Mises Institute, 2005
  100. Rothbard, Murray (1992-06-01) Little Texan Connects Big With Masses: Perot is a populist in the content of his views and in the manner of his candidacy, Los Angeles Times
  101. Hold Back the Hordes for 4 More Years: Any sensible American has one real choice – George Bush., Los Angeles Times, 1992
  102. Raimondo, Justin (2012-10-01) Race for the White House, 2012: Whom to Root For?, Antiwar.com
  103. William F. Buckley, Murray Rothbard, RIP – professor and Libertarian Party founder, National Review, February 6, 1995.
  104. Murray N. Rothbard, In Memoriam, Preface by JoAnn Rothbard, edited by Llewellyn H. Rockwell, Jr, published by Ludwig von Mises Institute,1995.
  105. John McCaslin, Inside the Beltway, Washington Times, May 24, 1999, via Questia Online Library.
  106. Introduction to The Irrepressible Rothbard
  107. Rothbard, Murray. Jazz Needs a Melody!
  108. Murray Rothbard. Continuum International Publishing Group. 2010. p. 15. ISBN 9781441142092. Although Jewish by birth and upbringing, Rothbard was atheistic on religious matters. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  109. ^ Murray Rothbard, "Those Awards".
  110. Libertarian Forum, July 1973
  111. Libertarian Forum, August 1977
  112. Libertarian Forum, June 1977

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