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Syrian civil war
Part of the Arab Spring
For a war map of the current situation, see here.
Date 15 March 2011 (2011-03-15) – ongoing (13 years, 9 months, 1 week and 5 days) Location Syria, with minor spillovers in neighboring countries Status Conflict ongoing
Belligerents
Syrian government, its allies and Shia militias Syrian Armed Forces Shabiha National Defense Force Jaysh al-Sha'bi Al-Abbas brigade  Iran Revolutionary Guards Foreign militants: Hezbollah PFLP–GC Others	Rebels Free Syrian Army Syrian Islamic Liberation Front Ahfad al-Rasul Brigade Sunni Mujahideen: Syrian Islamic Front Al-Nusra Front Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant(some conflict with the FSA) Others Supported by:  Saudi Arabia  Qatar  Turkey	Democratic Union Party (PYD) Popular Protection Units (YPG) Others (For more on Kurdish involvement, see here)
Commanders and leaders
Bashar al-Assad Maher al-Assad (WIA) Fahd Jassem al-Freij Ali Abdullah Ayyoub Issam Hallaq Ghassan Ismail Mohammad al-Shaar (WIA) Wael Nader Al-Halqi Abu Ajeeb Abu Hajar Muhammad Nasif Mihrac Ural File:Leb.tif Hassan Nasrallah Abdul-Malik al-Houthi	Salim Idris Mustafa al-Sheikh Riad al-Asaad (WIA) Ahmed Eissa al-Sheikh Ziad Haj Obaid Hassan Aboud Abu Musab Abu Mohammad al-Golani (WIA)	Salih Muslim Muhammad
Strength
Syrian Armed Forces: 178,000 (by Aug 2013) General Security Directorate: 8,000 Shabiha militiamen: 10,000 fighters National Defense Force: 80,000 soldiers al-Abbas brigade: 10,000 fighters Jaysh al-Sha'bi: 50,000 fighters File:Leb.tif Hezbollah: 1,500–5,000 fighters  Iran: 150 military advisers, unknown number of Quds forces	Free Syrian Army: 50,000 - 80,000 Ahfad al-Rasul Brigade: 10,000 - 15,000 Syrian Islamic Liberation Front: 37,000 (by May 2013) Syrian Islamic Front: 13,000 (by May 2013) Al-Nusra Front: 6,000 (by June 2013)	15,000 fighters
Casualties and losses
Syrian government 15,000–27,654 soldiers and policemen killed 17,824 militiamen killed 1,000 government officials killed (government claim) 3,500 soldiers captured Hezbollah 171–201 killed Iranian IRGC 13 killed	21,850–45,650 fighters killed* 979 protesters killed(opposition claim) 9,000–41,508 opposition fighters and supporters captured	161+ fighters killed
100,000 killed overall (June 2013 UN estimate) 83,263–110,371 killed overall (September 2013 opposition estimate)** 642–1,548 foreign civilians killed 14 Iraqi soldiers killed 5 Lebanese soldiers killed 3 Turkish servicemen killed 1 Jordanian soldier killed 2.5–3 million internally displaced 2,000,938 refugees (September 2013 UNHCR figure) 130,000 missing or detained *Number possibly higher due to the opposition counting rebels that were not defectors as civilians. **Number includes foreign fighters from both sides, as well as foreign civilians

References

1. Saeed Kamali Dehghan (28 May 2012). "Syrian army being aided by Iranian forces". The Guardian.
   • Daftari, Lisa (28 August 2012). "Iranian general admits 'fighting every aspect of a war' in defending Syria's Assad". Fox News.
   • "State Dept. official: Iranian soldiers are fighting for Assad in Syria". Washington Post. 21 May 2013.
2. "Hezbollah Commits to an All-Out Fight to Save Assad". The New York Times. May 25, 2013.
3. "Syria rebels clash with army, Palestinian fighters". Agence France-Presse. 31 October 2012.
4. ^ "The Structure and Organization of the Syrian Opposition". Center for American Progress. 14 May 2013. Cite error: The named reference "CAP" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
5. Spencer, Richard (16 August 2012). "British convert to Islam vows to fight to the death on Syrian rebel front line". Telegraph.
6. "The Free Syrian Army" (PDF). Institute for the Study of War.
7. "New front opens in Syria as rebels say al Qaeda attack means war". Reuters. 12 July 2013.
8. "assads no enemey of al-qaeda". NOW Lebanon. 31 July 2013. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
9. El Deeb, Sarah (20 June 2013). "Rivalries complicate arms pipeline to Syria rebels". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
10. Risen, James, Mazzetti, Mark & Schmidt, Michael S. (5 December 2012). "U.S. approved arms for Libya rebels fell into Jihadis' hands". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 August 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
11. Fars News Agency, 8 September 2013, Ex-Deputy PM: Turkey Supplying Heavy Weaponries to al-Nusra Terrorists in Syria
12. Vatan, 8 September 2013, 'Türkiye El Nusra’ya ağır silahlar gönderdi'
13. "U.N. withdraws staffers as violence rages in Syria". Edition.cnn.com. 25 May 2013.
14. O'Bagy, Elizabeth (2013-03-24). "The Free Syrian Army" (PDF). Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
15. "Competition among Islamists". The Economist. 19 July 2013.
16. "Kurds capture jihadist commander in north Syria: NGO". Fox News. 20 July 2013.
17. "Al-Nusra leader injured by regime bombardment". Facebook.com. Retrieved 2013-05-16.
18. ^ Syria's diminished security forces
19. Regime-backed militia does Syria's 'dirty work,' analysts say
20. "Hezbollah-trained squad to lead battle for Aleppo". The Australian. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
21. Syrian war widens Sunni-Shia schism as foreign jihadis join fight for shrines retrieved 5 June 2013
22. Borger, Julian (14 March 2013). "Iran and Hezbollah 'have built 50,000-strong force to help Syrian regime'". The Guardian.
23. "Assad backed by 1,500 fighters from Hezbollah, says defector". The Times. 6 October 2012.
24. Ben, Ilan. (8 January 2013) According to Al-Watan, members of the Shiite Lebanese militia have already killed 300 Syrian rebels. The Times of Israel.
25. "Assad might yet win in Syria thanks to Iran's Revolutionary Guards". 2013-05-30.
26. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-24103801
27. Lund, Aron (17 June 2013). "Freedom fighters? Cannibals? The truth about Syria's rebels". The Independent. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
28. "Salih Muslim: We have 15 thousand fighters from the People's protection units". The DailyStar. Retrieved 23 june 2013. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
29. Syria attacked by al-Qaeda: Assad
30. ^ "NGO puts Syria toll above 110,000". AFP. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
31. "David Cameron Offers 'Safe Passage' For Syria's Bashar Al-Assad, But Not To Britain (PICTURES)". Huffington Post. 6 November 2012.
32. ^ The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights
33. Hezbollah Operatives Killed in Syria (Updated to the end of July 2013) *
34. "Iran: Senior IRGC Commander killed while travelling from Damascus to Beirut". Ncr-iran.org. Retrieved 2013-08-27.
35. "Iran: Funeral for IRGC officer killed in Syria". Ncr-iran.org. 2013-08-03. Retrieved 2013-08-27.
36. "Iran: IRGC member killed in Syria buried in Tehran". Ncr-iran.org. 2013-08-03. Retrieved 2013-08-27.
37. "Iran: Three IRGC members killed in Syria fighting for Assad regime". Ncr-iran.org. 2013-08-03. Retrieved 2013-08-27.
38. With SOHR already stating that the number of government and rebel fatalities is evenly divided and the pro-government fatalities to be an estimated 45,649, a higher figure of rebels killed can be estimated to be 45,650 as well. This would be in line with SOHR's upper estimate of 120,000 unverified dead, with the number of combatant dead being double the documented number.
39. "Syria: Opposition, almost 11,500 civilians killed". Ansamed.ansa.it. 2010-01-03. Retrieved 2013-08-27.
40. ^ "Statistics for the number of martyrs". Violations Documenting Center. 31 August 2013.
41. Wrase, Michael (4 April 2013). "Die arabische Revolution hat den Kurden Freiheit gebracht" (in German). Badische Zeitung. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
42. see 2013 Syrian Kurdish–Islamist conflict
43. "More than 2,000 killed in Syria since Ramadan began". Timesofoman.com. 2013-07-25. Retrieved 2013-08-27.
44. "Other statistics". Violations Documenting Center. 31 August 2013.
45. "Iraqi Soldier Killed by Fire from Syria". Naharnet.com. 3 March 2013.
46. Zeina Karam (17 September 2012). "Syrian jets bomb northern city overrun by rebels". Washington Examiner. Associated Press.
47. "Arsal ambush kills two Lebanese soldiers hunting wanted fugitive". Daily Star. Retrieved 2013-03-08.
48. Violence in Lebanese Border Towns Adds to Fears of Syrian Encroachment
49. "Assad regrets downing of Turkish jet, says won't allow open combat with Ankara". English.alarabiya.net. 2012-07-03.
50. "Turkish police killed in clashes on Syrian border". Worldbulletin.net. 2013-05-02.
51. "Syria's civil war spills violence across borders into Jordan, Lebanon". Associated Press. 22 October 2012. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
52. "Syria: A full-scale displacement and humanitarian crisis with no solutions in sight".
53. "Dispatch: Syria's Internally Displaced Depend on Handouts".
54. "Syria Regional Refugee Response". UNHCR. 18 August 2013.
55. "Syria's Meltdown Requires a U.S.-Led Response". Washington Institute for Near East Policy. 22 March 2013.
56. "NGO: More than 13,000 killed in Syria since March 2011". Agence France-Presse. 27 May 2012.