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| The '''IJ''' (lowercase '''ij''') is the ] of the letters ''i'' and ''j''. Occurring in the ], it is sometimes considered a ], or even a letter in itself – although in most fonts that have a separate character for ''ij'' the two composing parts are not connected, but are separate ], sometimes slightly ]. | The '''IJ''' (lowercase '''ij''') is the ] of the letters ''i'' and ''j''. Occurring in the ], it is sometimes considered a ], or even a letter in itself – although in most fonts that have a separate character for ''ij'' the two composing parts are not connected, but are separate ], sometimes slightly ]. | ||
| An ''ij'' in written Dutch usually represents the ] {{IPA |}}.<ref>{{Citation | first = GE | last = Booij | title = The Phonology of Dutch | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1995 | page = 4 | url = http://books.google.com/books?lr=&id=LT6E6YdAh-MC&oi=fnd&pg=PP12&dq=phonology-of-dutch&ots=Bih9cv2Q8s&sig=WwIs4xoBNOQJOeAuI7k-pxtFpHk#PPA4,M1 | format = Google Books}}.</ref> In standard Dutch, and most Dutch ], there are two possible spellings for the diphthong {{IPA|}}: ''ij'' and ''ei''. This causes confusion for schoolchildren, who need to learn which words to write with ''ei'' and which with ''ij''. To distinguish between the two, the ''ij'' is referred to as the ''lange ij'' ("long ''ij''"), the ''ei'' as ''korte ei'' ("short ''ei''") or simply ''E – I''.<ref>{{Citation | title = Woordenlijst Nederlandse Taal | language = Dutch | pages = 22–23}}.</ref> |
An ''ij'' in written Dutch usually represents the ] {{IPA |}}.<ref>{{Citation | first = GE | last = Booij | title = The Phonology of Dutch | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1995 | page = 4 | url = http://books.google.com/books?lr=&id=LT6E6YdAh-MC&oi=fnd&pg=PP12&dq=phonology-of-dutch&ots=Bih9cv2Q8s&sig=WwIs4xoBNOQJOeAuI7k-pxtFpHk#PPA4,M1 | format = Google Books}}.</ref> In standard Dutch, and most Dutch ], there are two possible spellings for the diphthong {{IPA|}}: ''ij'' and ''ei''. This causes confusion for schoolchildren, who need to learn which words to write with ''ei'' and which with ''ij''. To distinguish between the two, the ''ij'' is referred to as the ''lange ij'' ("long ''ij''"), the ''ei'' as ''korte ei'' ("short ''ei''") or simply ''E – I''.<ref>{{Citation | title = Woordenlijst Nederlandse Taal | language = Dutch | pages = 22–23}}.</ref> In certain Dutch dialects (notably ] and ]), as well as the ] dialects of ], a difference in the pronunciation of ''ei'' and ''ij'' is maintained. Whether pronounced identically to ''ei'' or not, the pronunciation of ''ij'' is often perceived difficult by people who do not have either sound in their native language. The tendency for native English speakers is to pronounce ''ij'' as {{IPA |}},{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}} which can lead to confusion among native listeners. | ||
| The ''ij'' originally represented a 'long i'.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.onzetaal.nl/advies/ontstaanij.php | title =Lange ij (oorsprong) | work = Advies | publisher= Onze taal | place = ]}}</ref> This can still be seen in the etymology of some words, and in the Dutch form of several foreign placenames: ] and ] are spelled ''Berlijn'' and ''Parijs''. Nowadays, the pronunciation follows the spelling, and they are pronounced with {{IPA |}}. The ''IJ'' is different from the letter '']''. It used to be common, in particular when writing in capitals, to write Y instead of IJ. In fact this was the official spelling in the earlier part of the 19th century.{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}} That practice has now long been deprecated, but the standard Dutch pronunciation of the letter Y is ''ij'' when reading the alphabet.{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} Also, in scientific disciplines such as ] and physics, the symbol ''y'' is usually pronounced ''ij''.{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} In Dutch, the letter ''Y'' only occurs in ]s, proper names, or in (variantly spelled) old Dutch. ''Y'' is called ''Griekse IJ'' ("Greek ''Y''"), ''I-grec'' (the latter from ], with the stress on ''grec''), or '']''. However, in the related language ], the ''Y'' has replaced the ''IJ''. Furthermore, the names of Dutch immigrants to the United States, ] and ] often were ], so that the ''IJ'' became a ''Y''; for example, the surname ''Spijker'' often became ''Spyker''. | The ''ij'' originally represented a 'long i'.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.onzetaal.nl/advies/ontstaanij.php | title =Lange ij (oorsprong) | work = Advies | publisher= Onze taal | place = ]}}</ref> This can still be seen in the etymology of some words, and in the Dutch form of several foreign placenames: ] and ] are spelled ''Berlijn'' and ''Parijs''. Nowadays, the pronunciation follows the spelling, and they are pronounced with {{IPA |}}. The ''IJ'' is different from the letter '']''. It used to be common, in particular when writing in capitals, to write Y instead of IJ. In fact this was the official spelling in the earlier part of the 19th century.{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}} That practice has now long been deprecated, but the standard Dutch pronunciation of the letter Y is ''ij'' when reading the alphabet.{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} Also, in scientific disciplines such as ] and physics, the symbol ''y'' is usually pronounced ''ij''.{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} In Dutch, the letter ''Y'' only occurs in ]s, proper names, or in (variantly spelled) old Dutch. ''Y'' is called ''Griekse IJ'' ("Greek ''Y''"), ''I-grec'' (the latter from ], with the stress on ''grec''), or '']''. However, in the related language ], the ''Y'' has replaced the ''IJ''. Furthermore, the names of Dutch immigrants to the United States, ] and ] often were ], so that the ''IJ'' became a ''Y''; for example, the surname ''Spijker'' often became ''Spyker''. | ||
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| Another theory is that ''IJ'' might have arisen from the lowercase ''y'' being split into two strokes in handwriting. At some time in the 15th or 16th century, this combination began to be spelled as a ligature ''ij''. Contradicting this theory is the fact that even in handwritings which do not join letters, ''ij'' is often written as a single sign. | Another theory is that ''IJ'' might have arisen from the lowercase ''y'' being split into two strokes in handwriting. At some time in the 15th or 16th century, this combination began to be spelled as a ligature ''ij''. Contradicting this theory is the fact that even in handwritings which do not join letters, ''ij'' is often written as a single sign. | ||
| Some time after the birth of |
Some time after the birth of this new letter, the sound which was now represented by ''ij'', in most cases, began to be pronounced much like ''ei'' instead, but words containing it were still spelled the same. Nowadays, ''ij'' in most cases represents the ] {{IPA|}}, except in the suffix ''-lijk'', where it is usually pronounced as a ]. In one special case, the Dutch word ''bijzonder'', the (old) sound {{IPA|}} is correct standard pronunciation, although {{IPA|}} is more common and {{IPA|}} is also allowed. Interestingly, the ] counterpart of ''ij'' is '''יי''', two ]s (I and J are both Latin equivalents of yod), which is also pronounced {{IPA|}} and typically transcribed ''ey''. Yiddish also parallels Dutch ''ui'' in a similar fashion with '''וי''', ''oy''. | ||
| ==Status== | ==Status== | ||
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| Many software packages with automated spelling corrections have the tendency to change the capital "J" to lower case, resulting in the frequent erroneous combination Ij in text prepared in such programs. | Many software packages with automated spelling corrections have the tendency to change the capital "J" to lower case, resulting in the frequent erroneous combination Ij in text prepared in such programs. | ||
| Other problems occur as well. Newer versions of ], for example, know that ''IJsselmeer'' is the correct spelling: both ''Ijsselmeer'' and ''ijsselmeer'' are rejected. When the user enters ''IJsselmeer'' the previously mentioned error (auto-replacement by ''Ijsselmeer'') no longer occurs. However, when a sentence is started with ''ijsselmeer'' (all lower case), only the first letter (i) is capitalized, resulting in ''Ijsselmeer'' which is subsequently rejected. | Other problems occur as well. Newer versions of ], for example, know that ''IJsselmeer'' is the correct spelling: both ''Ijsselmeer'' and ''ijsselmeer'' are rejected. When the user enters ''IJsselmeer'' the previously mentioned error (auto-replacement by ''Ijsselmeer'') no longer occurs.{{fact}} However, when a sentence is started with ''ijsselmeer'' (all lower case), only the first letter (i) is capitalized, resulting in ''Ijsselmeer'' which is subsequently rejected. | ||
| ===Collation=== | ===Collation=== | ||
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| ===Keyboards=== | ===Keyboards=== | ||
| While Dutch typewriters usually have a separate key for lowercase ''ij'', Belgian typewriters do not. In the Netherlands, a ] computer keyboard lay-out is common. The standard US layout (often in "]") is widely used, although a specific but rarely used Dutch variant (KBD143) does exist. In Belgium, a specific Belgian variant of ] keyboard layout (KBD120) is widely used. None of these keyboards features a key for ''ij'' or ''IJ''. | While Dutch typewriters usually have a separate key for lowercase ''ij'', Belgian typewriters do not.{{fact}} In the Netherlands, a ] computer keyboard lay-out is common. The standard US layout (often in "]") is widely used, although a specific but rarely used Dutch variant (KBD143) does exist. In Belgium, a specific Belgian variant of ] keyboard layout (KBD120) is widely used. None of these keyboards features a key for ''ij'' or ''IJ''. | ||
| ==Exceptions== | ==Exceptions== | ||
Revision as of 19:52, 8 October 2013
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The IJ (lowercase ij) is the digraph of the letters i and j. Occurring in the Dutch language, it is sometimes considered a ligature, or even a letter in itself – although in most fonts that have a separate character for ij the two composing parts are not connected, but are separate glyphs, sometimes slightly kerned.
An ij in written Dutch usually represents the diphthong . In standard Dutch, and most Dutch dialects, there are two possible spellings for the diphthong : ij and ei. This causes confusion for schoolchildren, who need to learn which words to write with ei and which with ij. To distinguish between the two, the ij is referred to as the lange ij ("long ij"), the ei as korte ei ("short ei") or simply E – I. In certain Dutch dialects (notably West Flemish and Zeelandic), as well as the Low German dialects of Dutch Low Saxon, a difference in the pronunciation of ei and ij is maintained. Whether pronounced identically to ei or not, the pronunciation of ij is often perceived difficult by people who do not have either sound in their native language. The tendency for native English speakers is to pronounce ij as , which can lead to confusion among native listeners.
The ij originally represented a 'long i'. This can still be seen in the etymology of some words, and in the Dutch form of several foreign placenames: Berlin and Paris are spelled Berlijn and Parijs. Nowadays, the pronunciation follows the spelling, and they are pronounced with . The IJ is different from the letter Y. It used to be common, in particular when writing in capitals, to write Y instead of IJ. In fact this was the official spelling in the earlier part of the 19th century. That practice has now long been deprecated, but the standard Dutch pronunciation of the letter Y is ij when reading the alphabet. Also, in scientific disciplines such as mathematics and physics, the symbol y is usually pronounced ij. In Dutch, the letter Y only occurs in loanwords, proper names, or in (variantly spelled) old Dutch. Y is called Griekse IJ ("Greek Y"), I-grec (the latter from French, with the stress on grec), or Ypsilon. However, in the related language Afrikaans, the Y has replaced the IJ. Furthermore, the names of Dutch immigrants to the United States, Canada and Australia often were Anglicized, so that the IJ became a Y; for example, the surname Spijker often became Spyker.
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History
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IJ probably developed out of ii, representing a long sound (which it still does in some occasions, such as in the word bijzonder and in several Dutch dialects). In the Middle Ages, the i was written without a dot in handwriting, and the combination ıı was often confused with u. Therefore, the second i was elongated. Later, the dots were added, albeit not in Afrikaans, a language that has its roots in Dutch. In this language the y is used instead.
Alternatively, the letter J developed as a swash form of i. In other European languages it was first used for the final i in Roman numerals when there was more than one i in a row, such as iij for "three". In Dutch, which had a native ii, the "final i in a row elongated" rule was applied as well, leading to ij.
Another theory is that IJ might have arisen from the lowercase y being split into two strokes in handwriting. At some time in the 15th or 16th century, this combination began to be spelled as a ligature ij. Contradicting this theory is the fact that even in handwritings which do not join letters, ij is often written as a single sign.
Some time after the birth of this new letter, the sound which was now represented by ij, in most cases, began to be pronounced much like ei instead, but words containing it were still spelled the same. Nowadays, ij in most cases represents the diphthong , except in the suffix -lijk, where it is usually pronounced as a schwa. In one special case, the Dutch word bijzonder, the (old) sound is correct standard pronunciation, although is more common and is also allowed. Interestingly, the Yiddish counterpart of ij is יי, two yods (I and J are both Latin equivalents of yod), which is also pronounced and typically transcribed ey. Yiddish also parallels Dutch ui in a similar fashion with וי, oy.
Status
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The IJ is not only confusing to foreigners. It is also a source of discussion among those who speak Dutch, since its actual usage in the Netherlands and in Flanders (Belgium) sometimes differs from the official recommendations.
Official status
The smaller Van Dale Handwoordenboek Hedendaags Nederlands (descriptive) dictionary states that ij is a letter sign, consisting of two i’s, with the second elongated. On the other hand, both the Dutch Language Union and the Genootschap Onze Taal consider the ij to be a digraph of the letters i and j. There are a few Dutch compound words containing an ij that is not a digraph. An example is the mathematical term bijectie, which stems from bi-jectie (bijection in English).
Netherlands
In the Netherlands, IJ is often used as a ligature:
- In Dutch primary schools, ij used to be taught as being the 25th letter of the alphabet.
- In the Netherlands, when a word starting with IJ is capitalized, the entire digraph is capitalized: IJsselmeer, IJmuiden.
- On mechanical Dutch typewriters, there is a key that produces 'ij' (in a single letterspace, located directly to the right of the l). However, this is not the case on modern computer keyboards.
- In word puzzles, ij fills one square.
- The Winkler Prins encyclopedia states that ij is the 25th letter of the Dutch alphabet, placed between X and Y.
Flanders
In Flanders (Belgium), IJ is generally described in schools as a combination of two separate characters.
Usage
Capitalization
When a Dutch word starting with IJ is capitalized, the entire digraph is capitalized: IJsselmeer, IJmuiden.
In Flanders, this rule is not followed as strictly, resulting sometimes in spellings such as Ijzer. Although this is not standard usage, one can sometimes even find this type of capitalization on official road signs in Flanders.
Many software packages with automated spelling corrections have the tendency to change the capital "J" to lower case, resulting in the frequent erroneous combination Ij in text prepared in such programs.
Other problems occur as well. Newer versions of Microsoft Word, for example, know that IJsselmeer is the correct spelling: both Ijsselmeer and ijsselmeer are rejected. When the user enters IJsselmeer the previously mentioned error (auto-replacement by Ijsselmeer) no longer occurs. However, when a sentence is started with ijsselmeer (all lower case), only the first letter (i) is capitalized, resulting in Ijsselmeer which is subsequently rejected.
Collation
Dutch dictionaries since about 1850 invariably sort ij as an i followed by a j, i.e., between ih and ik. This is the preferred sorting by the Taalunie.
On the other hand, some encyclopedias, like the Winkler Prins, 7th edition, sort ij as a single letter positioned between x and y.
Telephone directories as well as the Yellow Pages in the Netherlands (but not those in Belgium) sort ij and y together, as if they were the same, between x and z. Thanks to this, surnames like Bruijn and Bruyn which sound, and even (to some extent) look the same, can be found in the same area. (Bruin, however, though it sounds the same, is placed with "Brui-" and not with "Bruy-".)
Abbreviations
When words or (first) names are shortened to their initials, in the Netherlands a word or proper name starting with IJ is abbreviated to IJ. For example, IJsbrand Eises Ypma is shortened to IJ. E. Ypma.
Wide inter-letter spacing
When words are written with large inter-letter spacing, IJ is often, but not always, kept together. F r a n k r ij k or F r a n k r i j k.
When words are written from top to bottom, with non-rotated letters, IJ is usually, but not always, kept together. Keeping it together is the preferred way.
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Spelling
Vrijdag can be spelled out in two ways, depending on whether the speller considers ij to be one letter or not:
- V – R – IJ – D – A – G
- V – R – I – J – D – A – G
Spelling of proper names
In Dutch names, interchangeability of ij and y is frequent. Some names have changed officially, for commercial reasons or by indifference:
- Johan Cruijff/Cruyff, former football player and manager
- Ruud van Nistelrooij/Nistelrooy, football player
- Piet Heijn/Heyn/Hein, a Dutch West India Company admiral
- Dirk Kuijt/Kuyt, football player
- Arie Luijendijk/Luyendyk, a race-driver
- Spijker/Spyker, car manufacturer
The Dutch football team of Feyenoord changed its name from the original "Feijenoord" to "Feyenoord" after achieving some international successes. This was done as a reaction to foreign people often mispronouncing the name. The Feijenoord district in Rotterdam, where the team is from, still writes its name using the original ij. The names of the soccer football players Johan Cruijff and Ruud van Nistelrooij are often written as Johan Cruyff and Ruud van Nistelrooy.
Phonetic Radio Alphabet
In the Dutch phonetic radio alphabet, the codeword IJmuiden represents the IJ. This is clearly different from the codeword Ypsilon, which is used to represent the Y. However, the Dutch and Belgian armed forces use the official NATO phonetic alphabet, "Y" is "Yankee" and "IJ" is spelled out "India Juliet".
Word games
In crossword puzzles (except for Scrabble - see next paragraph), and in the game Lingo, IJ is considered one letter, filling one square, but the IJ and the Y are considered distinct. In other word games, the rules may vary.
The Dutch version of Scrabble has a Y with a face value of eight. Most players used it to represent IJ or Y. The recent Dutch version comes with an example game, which clearly indicates that Y is only Y and IJ should be composed of I and J. In previous editions of Scrabble there was a single IJ sign.
In word games that make distinction between vowels and consonants, IJ is considered to be a vowel, if it is considered one letter. Whether Y is a vowel or a consonant, is another matter of discussion, since Y can represent both a vowel or a (half-)consonant.
Technical details
Print and handwriting
In print, the letter ÿ (lowercase y with diaeresis) and ij look very different, but in the handwriting of most Dutch speakers, ÿ, ij and Y, IJ are identical. Fortunately, since the y occurs only in loanwords, the letter ÿ is extremely rare (if not altogether non-existent) in Dutch.
The long ij extends below the baseline and is therefore written with a long stroke. Even in handwriting that does not join letters, it is often written as a single sign.
On some road signs in the Netherlands, IJ appears as a single glyph formed like a U with a break in the left-hand stroke.
Braille
In Dutch Braille, the IJ is represented by ⠽, which represents a Y in standard Braille. The Y is written as ⠠⠽.
Encoding
The Dutch ij is neither present in the ASCII code, nor in any of the ISO 8859 character encodings, and therefore the digraph is most often encoded as an i followed by a j. The ligature does exist in Unicode in the Latin Extended-A range as U+0132 IJ LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE IJ (IJ) and U+0133 ij LATIN SMALL LIGATURE IJ (ij). These characters are considered compatibility-decomposable. They are included for compatibility and round-trip convertibility with legacy encodings. Their use is discouraged. So even with Unicode available, it is recommended to encode ij as two separate letters.
Keyboards
While Dutch typewriters usually have a separate key for lowercase ij, Belgian typewriters do not. In the Netherlands, a QWERTY computer keyboard lay-out is common. The standard US layout (often in "International Mode") is widely used, although a specific but rarely used Dutch variant (KBD143) does exist. In Belgium, a specific Belgian variant of AZERTY keyboard layout (KBD120) is widely used. None of these keyboards features a key for ij or IJ.
Exceptions
If the i and the j belong to different syllables, such as in the mathematical term bijectie (syllablized "bi•jec•tie"), they are not considered to form a ligature or a single letter. Earlier statements about sorting ij on par with y, keeping ij together in wide inter-letter spacing, the single square in crossword puzzles, etc., do not apply.
In the case of loan-words, the combination i+j is sometimes miscorrected to y. This can, among other things, lead to the sale of byoux (instead of the correct bijoux – jewelry).
Notes
- Booij, GE (1995), The Phonology of Dutch (Google Books), Oxford University Press, p. 4.
- Woordenlijst Nederlandse Taal (in Dutch), pp. 22–23.
- "Lange ij (oorsprong)". Advies. NL: Onze taal.
- Handwoordenboek Hedendaags Nederlands
- Taalunie. Taaladvies Ijsland / IJsland
- Taalunie. Taaladvies IJ - alfabetiseren
- ^ Demchenko, Yuri. "European rules for the use of the IJ in public records". UA zone. Retrieved 2012-07-19.
- Bols, Kim. "Het brailleschrift". BE: Kimbols.
- List of Unicode characters#Latin Extended-A.
- "Range 0100–017F: Latin Extended-A", Code charts (PDF), Unicode.
- "3", The Unicode standard (PDF) (4.0 ed.), The Unicode consortium, 2003, pp. 71–72.
- "Unicode two and three Latin letter combinations", Scripts, SIL international.
References
- van der Sijs, Nicoline, Taal als mensenwerk: De geschiedenis van het ABN (in Dutch), Sdu Uitgevers, ISBN 978-90-12-10587-3.
- Van Dale (2005), Groot Woordenboek van de Nederlandse Taal (XIVth ed.).
- Van Dale (2005), "IJ", Handwoordenboek Hedendaags Nederlands, BE
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link). - Woordenlijst Nederlandse Taal, het Groene Boekje, 2005.
- "Ijsland / IJsland", Taal advies, Taalunie.
- "IJ - alfabetiseren", Taal advies, Taalunie.
- IJ, plaats in het alfabet (in Dutch), NL: Genootschap Onze Taal.
- IJ: oorsprong van de lange ij (in Dutch), NL: Genootschap Onze Taal.
- "IJ ", Grote Winkler Prins Encyclopedie (9th ed.), 1993.
- "Annex 2", European rules for the use of the IJ in public records, UA zone.
- Everson, Michael, "Repertoires of letters used to write the indigenous languages of Europe: Dutch", Alphabets (PDF), Ever type.
- Brouwer, Leendert, "ij-y", Nederlandse Familienamen Databank (in Dutch), NL: Meertens Instituut.
External links
- Pemberton, Steven, "An Englishman's Difficulties with the Dutch", Spelling, NL: CWI.
- Horlings, Andreas K, "De lange IJ bestaat niet", Geo cities (in Dutch), Yahoo!, archived from the original on 2009 Oct 25
{{citation}}: Check date values in:|archivedate=(help). - Harmsen, R, "The Dutch "letter" IJ", Linguistics, Rudhar.
- de Gans, Moeder (1915), "A is een aapje, dat eet uit zijn poot", Baker- en kinderrijmpjes, Amsterdam: Van Holkema & Warendorf z.j.