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==Life and work== ==Life and work==
Moreno was born to Francisco and Juana Thwaites Madero in ]. Raised in a traditional patrician family, he studied in local ]s. He shared his spare time with his father searching for artifacts and fossils, and at age 14, created a homemade museum of his extensive collections. Following graduation in 1872, he participated in the establishment of the ], and embarked on the first of the series of expeditions that made him well known: a survey of ], largely uncharted territory which had recently been made accessible by the controversial ] campaign. In January 1876, he reached ], in the southern ], and discovered, on February 14, 1877, ]. He also explored numerous rivers in ], and on March 2, he discovered and named ] since the native people also called other mountains Chalten. <ref>{{cite book|last=Moreno|first=Francisco|title=Viaje a la Patagonia Austral|year=1879|publisher=La Nacion (Elefante Blanco)|location=Buenos Aires|isbn=ISBN 987-96054-7-0|pages=434}}</ref> Moreno was born to Francisco and Juana Thwaites Madero in ]. Raised in a traditional patrician family, he studied in local ]s. He shared his spare time with his father searching for artifacts and fossils, and at age 14, created a homemade museum of his extensive collections.
Following graduation in 1872, he participated in the establishment of the ]. He embarked on the first of the series of scientific expeditions that made him well known: a survey of ], largely uncharted territory which had recently been made accessible by the controversial ] campaign. In January 1876, he reached ] in the southern ], and on February 14, 1877, discovered ]. He also explored numerous rivers in ]. On March 2, he discovered and named ], after the commander of the expedition of the '']'' in the 1830s. The native people also called other mountains ''Chalten.' <ref>{{cite book|last=Moreno|first=Francisco|title=Viaje a la Patagonia Austral|year=1879|publisher=La Nacion (Elefante Blanco)|location=Buenos Aires|isbn=ISBN 987-96054-7-0|pages=434}}</ref>
] offices in ].]] ] offices in ].]]


In 1880, he embarked on a second expedition to the territory of ], where he was taken prisoner by a ] aboriginal tribe and condemned to death,<ref name=skulls/> but escaped on March 11, one day before the appointed execution. In 1882–1883 he explored the Andes from ] southward, and in 1884–1885 he made new explorations of the territory south of the ] and of Patagonia. He was the founder of the anthropological museum of Buenos Aires,<ref name=skulls>{{cite web|last=Moreno|first=Francisco|title=Two Prehistoric Skulls Brought Back from the Rio Negro|url=http://archive.org/details/TwoPrehistoricSkullsBroughtBackFromTheRioNegro|publisher=Archive.org|accessdate=5 May 2012}}</ref> chief of the Argentine exploring commission of the southern territories, and member of numerous European scientific societies. In 1880, he embarked on a second expedition, to the territory of ]. He was taken prisoner by a ] aboriginal tribe and condemned to death.<ref name=skulls/> He escaped on March 11, one day before the appointed execution. During this period he met the Tehuelche chief, ], who later led a resistance to the government.

In 1882–1883 he explored the Andes from ] southward, and in 1884–1885 he made new explorations of the territory south of the ] and of Patagonia.
For his contributions to science, Moreno received a doctorate '']'' from the ] in 1877. He is also known for his role in defending Argentine interests and his defining surveys leading to the ]. These surveys and others yielded Moreno a vast collection of archaeological and anthropological findings, for which he created a museum in Buenos Aires in 1877. The institution was incorporated in 1888 into the ], the most important of its kind in South America, and of which he served as the first Director, until 1906.

He was appointed as chief of the Argentine exploring commission of the southern territories, and member of numerous European scientific societies. For his contributions to science, Moreno received a doctorate '']'' from the ] in 1877.

He is also known for his role in defending Argentine interests. He made defining surveys that led to the ]. These surveys and others yielded Moreno a vast collection of archaeological and anthropological data and artifacts, for which he founded a museum in Buenos Aires in 1877.<ref name=skulls>{{cite web|last=Moreno|first=Francisco|title=Two Prehistoric Skulls Brought Back from the Rio Negro|url=http://archive.org/details/TwoPrehistoricSkullsBroughtBackFromTheRioNegro|publisher=Archive.org|accessdate=5 May 2012}}</ref> The institution was incorporated in 1888 into the ], the most important of its kind in South America. His collection of artifacts helped establish Argentine history, and the government's claim to its territory. Through these scientific and cultural collections, Moreno contributed to the national mythology.<ref>, ''e-mispherica'' 7.1, Hemispheric Institute, accessed 14 October 2013</ref> Moreno served as its first Director, until 1906.

⚫ In 1902 Moreno was appointed ''Perito'' (a technical specialist or expert, in which capacity he disproved Chilean claims to the ] in the Southern Cone. Moreno proved that many ]n lakes draining to the ] were part of the ] basin, but had been ] during the ] ]s, changing their outlets to the west.


⚫ In 1903, Moreno donated some of the land previously given to him for the creation of the ]. He was appointed Assistant Director of the National Education Council in 1911 and helped secure funding for the ], a landmark primary school built in Buenos Aires on land he sold to Swiss Argentine industrialist Félix Bernasconi. Its archaeological and natural history museums were created in part with his extensive collections of artifacts.
⚫ Moreno was appointed ''Perito'' (a technical specialist or expert) in 1902, in which capacity he disproved Chilean claims to the ]. Moreno proved that many ]n lakes draining to the ] were in fact part of the ] basin, but had been ] during the ] ]s, changing their outlets to the west.


He established the ], the ] in 1912, and joined former U.S. President ] in a tour of Patagonia. He continued to oversee the ] well after his official retirement.
⚫ In 1903, Moreno donated some of the land previously given to him for the creation of the ]. The ] and the town of Perito Moreno, all in ], are named after him. He was appointed Assistant Director of the National Education Council in 1911 and helped secure funding for the ], a landmark primary school built in Buenos Aires on land he sold to Swiss Argentine industrialist Félix Bernasconi; its archaeological and natural history museums were created in part with his extensive collections of artifacts.


He established the ], the ] in 1912, and joined former U.S. President ] in a tour of Patagonia. Continuing to oversee the ] well after his official retirement, political developments in later years led Moreno to join the reactionary ] shortly before his death in 1919. Moreno's remains were transferred from a ] crypt to Centinela Isle, in ], in 1944. In later years Moreno responded to political developments around World War I by joining the reactionary ] shortly before his death in 1919. Moreno was first interred in a ] crypt. In 1944 his remains were transferred and reinterred at Centinela Isle in ].


==References== ==References==

Revision as of 23:28, 14 October 2013

Francisco Moreno
Francisco P. MorenoFrancisco P. Moreno
BornFrancisco Pascasio Moreno
(1852-05-31)May 31, 1852
Buenos Aires
DiedNovember 22, 1919(1919-11-22) (aged 67)
Buenos Aires
NationalityArgentine
Known forExploration of the Patagonia

Francisco Pascasio Moreno (May 31, 1852–November 22, 1919) was a prominent explorer and academic in Argentina, where he is usually referred to as Perito Moreno (perito means "specialist, expert"). Perito Moreno has been credited as one of the most influential figures in the Argentine incorporation of large parts of Patagonia.

Life and work

Moreno was born to Francisco and Juana Thwaites Madero in Buenos Aires. Raised in a traditional patrician family, he studied in local parochial schools. He shared his spare time with his father searching for artifacts and fossils, and at age 14, created a homemade museum of his extensive collections.

Following graduation in 1872, he participated in the establishment of the Argentine Scientific Society. He embarked on the first of the series of scientific expeditions that made him well known: a survey of Río Negro Territory, largely uncharted territory which had recently been made accessible by the controversial Conquest of the Desert campaign. In January 1876, he reached Lake Nahuel-Huapi in the southern Andes, and on February 14, 1877, discovered Lake San Martín. He also explored numerous rivers in Patagonia. On March 2, he discovered and named Mount Fitz Roy, after the commander of the expedition of the HMS Beagle in the 1830s. The native people also called other mountains Chalten.'

Bust of Francisco Moreno, in front of the Los Glaciares National Park offices in El Calafate.

In 1880, he embarked on a second expedition, to the territory of Patagonia. He was taken prisoner by a Tehuelche aboriginal tribe and condemned to death. He escaped on March 11, one day before the appointed execution. During this period he met the Tehuelche chief, Inacayal, who later led a resistance to the government.

In 1882–1883 he explored the Andes from Bolivia southward, and in 1884–1885 he made new explorations of the territory south of the Río Negro and of Patagonia.

He was appointed as chief of the Argentine exploring commission of the southern territories, and member of numerous European scientific societies. For his contributions to science, Moreno received a doctorate Honoris causa from the National University of Córdoba in 1877.

He is also known for his role in defending Argentine interests. He made defining surveys that led to the Boundary treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina. These surveys and others yielded Moreno a vast collection of archaeological and anthropological data and artifacts, for which he founded a museum in Buenos Aires in 1877. The institution was incorporated in 1888 into the La Plata Museum of Natural History, the most important of its kind in South America. His collection of artifacts helped establish Argentine history, and the government's claim to its territory. Through these scientific and cultural collections, Moreno contributed to the national mythology. Moreno served as its first Director, until 1906.

In 1902 Moreno was appointed Perito (a technical specialist or expert, in which capacity he disproved Chilean claims to the continental divide in the Southern Cone. Moreno proved that many Patagonian lakes draining to the Pacific Ocean were part of the Atlantic Ocean basin, but had been moraine-dammed during the quaternary glaciations, changing their outlets to the west.

In 1903, Moreno donated some of the land previously given to him for the creation of the Nahuel Huapi National Park. He was appointed Assistant Director of the National Education Council in 1911 and helped secure funding for the Bernasconi Institute, a landmark primary school built in Buenos Aires on land he sold to Swiss Argentine industrialist Félix Bernasconi. Its archaeological and natural history museums were created in part with his extensive collections of artifacts.

He established the Scouting and Guiding in Argentina, the Argentine Boy Scouts Association in 1912, and joined former U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt in a tour of Patagonia. He continued to oversee the La Plata Museum well after his official retirement.

In later years Moreno responded to political developments around World War I by joining the reactionary Argentine Patriotic League shortly before his death in 1919. Moreno was first interred in a La Recoleta Cemetery crypt. In 1944 his remains were transferred and reinterred at Centinela Isle in Lake Nahuel Huapi.

References

  1. Moreno, Francisco (1879). Viaje a la Patagonia Austral. Buenos Aires: La Nacion (Elefante Blanco). p. 434. ISBN ISBN 987-96054-7-0. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  2. ^ Moreno, Francisco. "Two Prehistoric Skulls Brought Back from the Rio Negro". Archive.org. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
  3. Kaitlin McNally-Murphy, "Review: The Optic of the State: Visuality and Power in Argentina and Brazil by Jens Andermann", e-mispherica 7.1, Hemispheric Institute, accessed 14 October 2013
Moreno's office at the La Plata Museum, his last post
Resting place on Centinela Isle

External links

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