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{{About |the U.S. state of Indiana}} | {{About |the U.S. state of Indiana}} | ||
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{{Infobox U.S. state | {{Infobox U.S. state | ||
|Name = Indiana | |Name = Indiana | ||
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|Nickname = The ] State | |Nickname = The ] State | ||
|Former = Indiana Territory | |Former = Indiana Territory | ||
|Demonym = ]<ref>{{cite news| title=What to Call Elsewherians and why|publisher=CNN |url = http://www.cnn.com/2007/LIVING/wayoflife/11/07/mf.nicknames/ |accessdate=2008 |
|Demonym = ]<ref>{{cite news| title=What to Call Elsewherians and why|publisher=CNN |url = http://www.cnn.com/2007/LIVING/wayoflife/11/07/mf.nicknames/ |accessdate=October 4, 2008 | date= November 7, 2007}}</ref> | ||
|Motto = The Crossroads of America | |Motto = The Crossroads of America | ||
|Capital = ] | |Capital = ] | ||
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'''Indiana''' {{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Indiana.ogg|ɪ|n|d|i|ˈ|æ|n|ə}} is a ] located in the ] and ] regions of North America. Indiana is the ] and the ] of the ]. Indiana is the least extensive state in the ] west of the ]. Its capital and largest city is ]. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U.S. state on December 11, 1816. | '''Indiana''' {{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Indiana.ogg|ɪ|n|d|i|ˈ|æ|n|ə}} is a ] located in the ] and ] regions of North America. Indiana is the ] and the ] of the ]. Indiana is the least extensive state in the ] west of the ]. Its capital and largest city is ]. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U.S. state on December 11, 1816. | ||
Before it became a territory, varying cultures of ] and historic ] inhabited Indiana for thousands of years. Since its founding as a territory, settlement patterns in Indiana have reflected regional cultural segmentation present in the Eastern United States; the state's northernmost tier was settled primarily by people from New England and New York, Central Indiana by migrants from the Mid-Atlantic states and from adjacent Ohio, and Southern Indiana by settlers from the Southern states, particularly Kentucky and Tennessee.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/286017/Indiana/279873/Settlement-patterns-and-demographic-trends|title=Indiana – Settlement patterns and demographic trends|publisher=eb.com|author=William Vincent D’Antonio & Robert L. Beck|accessdate=2012 |
Before it became a territory, varying cultures of ] and historic ] inhabited Indiana for thousands of years. Since its founding as a territory, settlement patterns in Indiana have reflected regional cultural segmentation present in the Eastern United States; the state's northernmost tier was settled primarily by people from New England and New York, Central Indiana by migrants from the Mid-Atlantic states and from adjacent Ohio, and Southern Indiana by settlers from the Southern states, particularly Kentucky and Tennessee.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/286017/Indiana/279873/Settlement-patterns-and-demographic-trends|title=Indiana – Settlement patterns and demographic trends|publisher=eb.com|author=William Vincent D’Antonio & Robert L. Beck|accessdate=January 3, 2012}}</ref> | ||
] with a gross state product of $214 billion in 2005.<ref name="bea.gov"></ref> Indiana has several metropolitan areas with populations greater than 100,000 and a number of smaller industrial cities and towns. Indiana is home to several major sports teams and athletic events including the ] ], the ] ], the ] ], and the ] and ] ] ]. | ] with a gross state product of $214 billion in 2005.<ref name="bea.gov"></ref> Indiana has several metropolitan areas with populations greater than 100,000 and a number of smaller industrial cities and towns. Indiana is home to several major sports teams and athletic events including the ] ], the ] ], the ] ], and the ] and ] ] ]. | ||
== Etymology == | == Etymology == | ||
The state's name means "Land of the ]," or simply "Indian Land." This name dates back to at least the 1760s but was first applied to the region by the ] when the ] was incorporated in 1800, separating it from the ].<ref>{{cite book |last= Stewart |first= George R. |authorlink= George R. Stewart |title= Names on the Land: A Historical Account of Place-Naming in the United States |origyear= 1945 |edition= Sentry edition (3rd) |year= 1967 |publisher=] |page= 191}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.in.gov/history/2686.htm|title=The naming of Indiana|publisher=IN.gov|author=Indiana Historical Bureau|accessdate= |
The state's name means "Land of the ]," or simply "Indian Land." This name dates back to at least the 1760s but was first applied to the region by the ] when the ] was incorporated in 1800, separating it from the ].<ref>{{cite book |last= Stewart |first= George R. |authorlink= George R. Stewart |title= Names on the Land: A Historical Account of Place-Naming in the United States |origyear= 1945 |edition= Sentry edition (3rd) |year= 1967 |publisher=] |page= 191}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.in.gov/history/2686.htm|title=The naming of Indiana|publisher=IN.gov|author=Indiana Historical Bureau|accessdate=September 29, 2008}}</ref> | ||
Residents of Indiana are known as ]s. The etymology of the word is disputed, but the leading theory as advanced by the Indiana Historical Bureau and the Indiana Historical Society has "Hoosier" originating from the upland South region of the U.S. as a derogatory slang term for a rough countryman, a country bumpkin.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Word Hoosier | author=Graf, Jeffery | publisher=Indiana University – Bloomington | url=http://www.indiana.edu/~librcsd/internet/extra/hoosier.html | accessdate= |
Residents of Indiana are known as ]s. The etymology of the word is disputed, but the leading theory as advanced by the Indiana Historical Bureau and the Indiana Historical Society has "Hoosier" originating from the upland South region of the U.S. as a derogatory slang term for a rough countryman, a country bumpkin.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Word Hoosier | author=Graf, Jeffery | publisher=Indiana University – Bloomington | url=http://www.indiana.edu/~librcsd/internet/extra/hoosier.html | accessdate=February 27, 2012}}</ref> | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
{{Main|History of Indiana}} | {{Main|History of Indiana}} | ||
The first inhabitants in what is now Indiana were the ], who arrived about 8000 ] after the melting of the glaciers at the end of the ]. Divided into small groups, the Paleo-Indians were ]s who hunted large ] such as ]. They created stone tools made out of ] by chipping, ] and ].<ref name="HIS">{{cite web| title =Prehistoric Indians of Indiana| publisher=State of Indiana| url =http://in.gov/dnr/historic/files/prehisindians.pdf| accessdate =2009 |
The first inhabitants in what is now Indiana were the ], who arrived about 8000 ] after the melting of the glaciers at the end of the ]. Divided into small groups, the Paleo-Indians were ]s who hunted large ] such as ]. They created stone tools made out of ] by chipping, ] and ].<ref name="HIS">{{cite web| title =Prehistoric Indians of Indiana| publisher=State of Indiana| url =http://in.gov/dnr/historic/files/prehisindians.pdf| accessdate =July 5, 2009 }}</ref> The ], which began between 5000 and 4000 BC, covered the next phase of indigenous culture. The people developed new tools as well as techniques to cook food, an important step in civilization. Such new tools included different types of spear points and knives, with various forms of ]. They made ground-stone tools such as stone axes, woodworking tools and grinding stones. During the latter part of the period, they built earthwork ]s and ]s, which showed that settlements were becoming more permanent. The Archaic period ended at about 1500 BC, although some Archaic people lived until 700 BC.<ref name="HIS"/> Afterward, the ] took place in Indiana, where various new cultural attributes appeared. During this period, the people created ceramics and pottery, and extended their cultivation of plants. An early Woodland period group named the ] had elegant burial rituals, featuring log tombs beneath earth mounds. In the middle portion of the Woodland period, the ] began developing long-range trade of ]. Nearing the end of the stage, the people developed highly productive cultivation and adaptation of agriculture, growing such crops as ] and ]. The Woodland period ended around 1000 AD.<ref name="HIS"/> The ] emerged, lasting from 1000 until the 15th century, shortly before the arrival of Europeans. During this stage, the people created large urban settlements designed according to their cosmology, with large mounds and plazas defining ceremonial and public spaces. The concentrated settlements depended on the agricultural surpluses. One such complex was the ]. They had large public areas such as plazas and platform mounds, where leaders lived or conducted rituals. Mississippian civilization collapsed in Indiana during the mid-1400s for reasons that remain unclear.<ref name="HIS"/> The historic Native American tribes in the area at the time of European encounter spoke different languages of the ] family. They included the ], ], and ]. Later they were joined by refugee tribes from eastern regions. | ||
] in ''Stories of Indiana''.]] | ] in ''Stories of Indiana''.]] | ||
In 1679 the French explorer ] was the first European to cross into Indiana after reaching present-day ] at the ].<ref>Allison, p. 17</ref> He returned the following year to learn about the region. French-Canadian ]rs soon arrived, bringing blankets, jewelry, tools, whiskey and weapons to trade for skins with the Native Americans. By 1702, ] established the first trading post near ]. In 1715, ] built ] at ], now ]. In 1717, another Canadian, ], built ] on the ], to try to control Native American trade routes from ] to the ]. In 1732, Sieur de Vincennes built a second fur trading post at Vincennes. French Canadian settlers, who had left the earlier post because of hostilities, returned in larger numbers. In a period of a few years, British colonists arrived from the East and contended against the Canadians for control of the lucrative fur trade. Fighting between the French and British colonists occurred throughout the 1750s as a result. | In 1679 the French explorer ] was the first European to cross into Indiana after reaching present-day ] at the ].<ref>Allison, p. 17</ref> He returned the following year to learn about the region. French-Canadian ]rs soon arrived, bringing blankets, jewelry, tools, whiskey and weapons to trade for skins with the Native Americans. By 1702, ] established the first trading post near ]. In 1715, ] built ] at ], now ]. In 1717, another Canadian, ], built ] on the ], to try to control Native American trade routes from ] to the ]. In 1732, Sieur de Vincennes built a second fur trading post at Vincennes. French Canadian settlers, who had left the earlier post because of hostilities, returned in larger numbers. In a period of a few years, British colonists arrived from the East and contended against the Canadians for control of the lucrative fur trade. Fighting between the French and British colonists occurred throughout the 1750s as a result. | ||
] conquests during the ] (mid-1600s), which largely depopulated the upper and mid-] valley.<ref>, National Park Service, accessed |
] conquests during the ] (mid-1600s), which largely depopulated the upper and mid-] valley.<ref>, National Park Service, accessed August 2, 2012</ref>]] | ||
The Native American tribes of Indiana sided with the French Canadians during the ] (also known as the ]). With British victory in 1763, the French were forced to cede all their lands in North America east of the Mississippi River and north and west of the ] to the British crown. | The Native American tribes of Indiana sided with the French Canadians during the ] (also known as the ]). With British victory in 1763, the French were forced to cede all their lands in North America east of the Mississippi River and north and west of the ] to the British crown. | ||
The tribes in Indiana did not give up; they destroyed ] and ] during ]. The British royal proclamation of 1763 designated the land west of the Appalachians for Indian use, and excluded British colonists from the area, which the Crown called Indian Territory. In 1775, the ] began as the colonists sought for more self-government and independence from the British. The majority of the fighting took place near the East Coast, but the Patriot military officer ] called for an army to help fight the British in the west.<ref>Brill, p. 31-32.</ref> Clark's army won significant battles and took over ] and ] on February 25, 1779.<ref name="NO">{{cite web| title =Northwest Ordinance of 1787 | publisher=State of Indiana| url =http://www.in.gov/history/2695.htm#events| accessdate = |
The tribes in Indiana did not give up; they destroyed ] and ] during ]. The British royal proclamation of 1763 designated the land west of the Appalachians for Indian use, and excluded British colonists from the area, which the Crown called Indian Territory. In 1775, the ] began as the colonists sought for more self-government and independence from the British. The majority of the fighting took place near the East Coast, but the Patriot military officer ] called for an army to help fight the British in the west.<ref>Brill, p. 31-32.</ref> Clark's army won significant battles and took over ] and ] on February 25, 1779.<ref name="NO">{{cite web| title =Northwest Ordinance of 1787 | publisher=State of Indiana| url =http://www.in.gov/history/2695.htm#events| accessdate =July 24, 2009 }}</ref> During the war, Clark managed to cut off British troops who were attacking the eastern colonists from the west. His success is often credited for changing the course of the American Revolutionary War.<ref>Brill, p. 33.</ref> At the end of the war, through the ], the British crown ceded their claims to the land south of the Great Lakes to the newly formed United States, including American Indian lands which they did not own. | ||
In 1787 the US defined present-day Indiana as part of its ]. In 1800, Congress separated ] from the Northwest Territory, designating the rest of the land as the ].<ref name="GAC"/> President ] chose ] as the governor of the territory and ] was established as the capital.<ref>Brill, p. 35.</ref> After ] was separated and the ] was formed, Indiana was reduced to its current size and geography.<ref name="GAC">{{cite web| title =Government at Crossroads: An Indiana chronology|work=]| date =January 5, 2008| url =http://www.theheraldbulletin.com/local/local_story_005185600.html| accessdate = |
In 1787 the US defined present-day Indiana as part of its ]. In 1800, Congress separated ] from the Northwest Territory, designating the rest of the land as the ].<ref name="GAC"/> President ] chose ] as the governor of the territory and ] was established as the capital.<ref>Brill, p. 35.</ref> After ] was separated and the ] was formed, Indiana was reduced to its current size and geography.<ref name="GAC">{{cite web| title =Government at Crossroads: An Indiana chronology|work=]| date =January 5, 2008| url =http://www.theheraldbulletin.com/local/local_story_005185600.html| accessdate =July 22, 2009 }}</ref> | ||
In 1810, the ] ] ] and his brother ] encouraged other tribes in the territory to resist European settlement. Tensions rose and the US authorized Harrison to launch a preemptive expedition against ]; the US gained victory at the ] on November 7, 1811. Tecumseh was killed in 1813 during the ]. After his death, armed resistance to United States control ended in the region. Most Native American tribes in the state were later ] to west of the ] in the 1820s and 1830s after US negotiations and purchase their lands.<ref>Brill, pp. 36–37.</ref> | In 1810, the ] ] ] and his brother ] encouraged other tribes in the territory to resist European settlement. Tensions rose and the US authorized Harrison to launch a preemptive expedition against ]; the US gained victory at the ] on November 7, 1811. Tecumseh was killed in 1813 during the ]. After his death, armed resistance to United States control ended in the region. Most Native American tribes in the state were later ] to west of the ] in the 1820s and 1830s after US negotiations and purchase their lands.<ref>Brill, pp. 36–37.</ref> | ||
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In December 1813, ] was named the second capital of the Indiana Territory.<ref name="GAC"/> Two years later, a petition for statehood was approved by the territorial general assembly and sent to Congress. An ] was passed to provide an election of delegates to write a ]. On June 10, 1816, delegates assembled at Corydon to write the constitution, which was completed in 19 days. President ] approved Indiana's ] as the nineteenth state on December 11, 1816.<ref name="NO"/> | In December 1813, ] was named the second capital of the Indiana Territory.<ref name="GAC"/> Two years later, a petition for statehood was approved by the territorial general assembly and sent to Congress. An ] was passed to provide an election of delegates to write a ]. On June 10, 1816, delegates assembled at Corydon to write the constitution, which was completed in 19 days. President ] approved Indiana's ] as the nineteenth state on December 11, 1816.<ref name="NO"/> | ||
In 1825, the state capital was moved from Corydon to ] and 26 years later, a second constitution was adopted.<ref name="GAC"/> Following statehood, the new government worked to transform Indiana from a ] into a developed, well-populated, and thriving state, beginning significant demographic and economic changes. The state's founders initiated a program that led to the construction of roads, ]s, railroads and state-funded public schools. The plans ] and were a financial disaster, but increased land and produce value more than fourfold.<ref>{{cite web| last =Vanderstel| first =David G| title =The 1851 Indiana Constitution by David G. Vanderstel| publisher=State of Indiana| url =http://www.in.gov/history/2689.htm| accessdate = |
In 1825, the state capital was moved from Corydon to ] and 26 years later, a second constitution was adopted.<ref name="GAC"/> Following statehood, the new government worked to transform Indiana from a ] into a developed, well-populated, and thriving state, beginning significant demographic and economic changes. The state's founders initiated a program that led to the construction of roads, ]s, railroads and state-funded public schools. The plans ] and were a financial disaster, but increased land and produce value more than fourfold.<ref>{{cite web| last =Vanderstel| first =David G| title =The 1851 Indiana Constitution by David G. Vanderstel| publisher=State of Indiana| url =http://www.in.gov/history/2689.htm| accessdate =July 24, 2009 }}</ref> Many immigrants went west to settle in Indiana in the early nineteenth century. The largest immigrant group to settle in Indiana were ], as well as numerous immigrants from Ireland and England. Americans who were primarily ] migrated from the Northern Tier of New York and New England, as well as the mid-Atlantic state of Pennsylvania.<ref name="The History of Indiana">{{cite web| title =The History of Indiana| publisher=]| url =http://www.history.com/states.do?action=detail&state=IN&contentType=State_Generic&contentId=54109| accessdate =July 26, 2009 }}</ref><ref></ref> | ||
]. Indiana, August 1908.]] | ]. Indiana, August 1908.]] | ||
During the ], Indiana became politically influential and played an important role in the affairs of the nation. As the first western state to mobilize for the United States in the war, Indiana had soldiers participating in all of the major engagements. The state provided 126 infantry regiments, 26 batteries of artillery and 13 regiments of cavalry to the cause of the Union.<ref>Funk, pp. 23–24,163</ref> In 1861, Indiana was assigned a quota of 7,500 men to join the Union Army.<ref>Gray (1995), p. 156</ref> So many volunteered in the first call that thousands had to be turned away. Before the war ended, Indiana contributed 208,367 men to fight and serve in the war. Casualties were over 35% among these men: 24,416 lost their lives in the conflict and over 50,000 more were wounded.<ref>Funk, p. 3-4</ref> The only Civil War battle fought in Indiana was the ], which occurred during ]. The battle left 15 dead, 40 wounded, and 355 captured.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Civil War; a Narrative, Red River to Appomattox|author=Foote, Shelby|publisher=Random House|year=1974|pages =343–344}}</ref> | During the ], Indiana became politically influential and played an important role in the affairs of the nation. As the first western state to mobilize for the United States in the war, Indiana had soldiers participating in all of the major engagements. The state provided 126 infantry regiments, 26 batteries of artillery and 13 regiments of cavalry to the cause of the Union.<ref>Funk, pp. 23–24,163</ref> In 1861, Indiana was assigned a quota of 7,500 men to join the Union Army.<ref>Gray (1995), p. 156</ref> So many volunteered in the first call that thousands had to be turned away. Before the war ended, Indiana contributed 208,367 men to fight and serve in the war. Casualties were over 35% among these men: 24,416 lost their lives in the conflict and over 50,000 more were wounded.<ref>Funk, p. 3-4</ref> The only Civil War battle fought in Indiana was the ], which occurred during ]. The battle left 15 dead, 40 wounded, and 355 captured.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Civil War; a Narrative, Red River to Appomattox|author=Foote, Shelby|publisher=Random House|year=1974|pages =343–344}}</ref> | ||
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Following the American Civil War, Indiana industry began to grow at an accelerated rate across the northern part of the state. With industrialization, workers developed labor unions and suffrage movements arose in relation to the progress of women.<ref>Gray (1995), p. 202.</ref> The ] led to rapid industrialization during the late 19th century by providing cheap fuel to the region.<ref>Gray (1995), p. 13.</ref> In the early 20th century, Indiana developed into a strong ] with ties to the new auto industry.<ref name="The History of Indiana"/> ], the nation's first commercially successful auto company, operated in ] until 1925. The construction of the ] and the start of auto-related industries were also related to the auto industry boom.<ref>Brill, p. 47.</ref> | Following the American Civil War, Indiana industry began to grow at an accelerated rate across the northern part of the state. With industrialization, workers developed labor unions and suffrage movements arose in relation to the progress of women.<ref>Gray (1995), p. 202.</ref> The ] led to rapid industrialization during the late 19th century by providing cheap fuel to the region.<ref>Gray (1995), p. 13.</ref> In the early 20th century, Indiana developed into a strong ] with ties to the new auto industry.<ref name="The History of Indiana"/> ], the nation's first commercially successful auto company, operated in ] until 1925. The construction of the ] and the start of auto-related industries were also related to the auto industry boom.<ref>Brill, p. 47.</ref> | ||
During the 1930s, Indiana, like the rest of the nation, was affected by the ]. The economic downturn had a wide-ranging negative impact on Indiana, such as the decline of urbanization. The ] further to the west resulted in many migrants fleeing into the more industrialized Midwest. Governor ]'s administration struggled to build a state-funded welfare system to help the overwhelmed private charities. During his administration, spending and taxes were both cut drastically in response to the Depression, and the state government was completely reorganized. McNutt ended ] in the state and enacted the state's first income tax. On several occasions, he declared martial law to put an end to worker strikes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.countyhistory.com/doc.gov/037.htm|title= Paul V. McNutt|publisher=County History Preservation Society|last=Branson|first=Ronald|accessdate= |
During the 1930s, Indiana, like the rest of the nation, was affected by the ]. The economic downturn had a wide-ranging negative impact on Indiana, such as the decline of urbanization. The ] further to the west resulted in many migrants fleeing into the more industrialized Midwest. Governor ]'s administration struggled to build a state-funded welfare system to help the overwhelmed private charities. During his administration, spending and taxes were both cut drastically in response to the Depression, and the state government was completely reorganized. McNutt ended ] in the state and enacted the state's first income tax. On several occasions, he declared martial law to put an end to worker strikes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.countyhistory.com/doc.gov/037.htm|title= Paul V. McNutt|publisher=County History Preservation Society|last=Branson|first=Ronald|accessdate=July 26, 2009}}</ref> World War II helped lift the economy in Indiana, as the war required steel, food and other goods that were produced in the state.<ref name="TO">Pell, p. 31.</ref> Roughly 10 percent of Indiana's population joined the armed forces, while hundreds of industries earned war production contracts and began making war material.<ref>Gray (1995), p. 350.</ref> Indiana manufactured 4.5 percent of total United States military armaments produced during ], ranking eighth among the 48 states.<ref>] & ] ''The Weapons Acquisition Process: An Economic Analysis'' (1962) ] p.111</ref> The expansion of industry to meet war demands helped end the Great Depression.<ref name="TO"/> | ||
With the conclusion of World War II, Indiana rebounded to levels of production prior to the Great Depression. Industry became the primary employer, a trend that continued into the 1960s. Urbanization during the 1950s and 1960s led to substantial growth in the state's cities. The auto, steel and pharmaceutical industries topped Indiana's major businesses. Indiana's population continued to grow during the years after the war, exceeding five million by the 1970 census.<ref>{{cite book|title=Economic Geography|author=Haynes, Kingsley E. & Machunda, Zachary B|year=1987|pages =319–333}}</ref> In the 1960s, the administration of ] adopted its first sales tax of two percent.<ref>Gray (1995), p. 382</ref> Indiana schools were ] in 1949. In 1950, the Census Bureau reported Indiana's population as 95.5% white and 4.4% black.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indiana - Race and Hispanic Origin: 1800 to 1990|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|url=http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html|accessdate= |
With the conclusion of World War II, Indiana rebounded to levels of production prior to the Great Depression. Industry became the primary employer, a trend that continued into the 1960s. Urbanization during the 1950s and 1960s led to substantial growth in the state's cities. The auto, steel and pharmaceutical industries topped Indiana's major businesses. Indiana's population continued to grow during the years after the war, exceeding five million by the 1970 census.<ref>{{cite book|title=Economic Geography|author=Haynes, Kingsley E. & Machunda, Zachary B|year=1987|pages =319–333}}</ref> In the 1960s, the administration of ] adopted its first sales tax of two percent.<ref>Gray (1995), p. 382</ref> Indiana schools were ] in 1949. In 1950, the Census Bureau reported Indiana's population as 95.5% white and 4.4% black.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indiana - Race and Hispanic Origin: 1800 to 1990|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|url=http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html|accessdate=December 28, 2012}}</ref> Governor Welsh also worked with the General Assembly to pass the Indiana ] Bill, granting equal protection to minorities in seeking employment.<ref>Gray (1995), pp. 391–392</ref> | ||
Beginning in 1970, a series of amendments to the state constitution were proposed. With adoption, the ] was created and the procedure of appointing justices on the courts was adjusted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.in.gov/judiciary/supreme/history.html|title=History and Origins|author=Indiana Historical Bureau| publisher=Indiana Historical Bureau|accessdate= |
Beginning in 1970, a series of amendments to the state constitution were proposed. With adoption, the ] was created and the procedure of appointing justices on the courts was adjusted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.in.gov/judiciary/supreme/history.html|title=History and Origins|author=Indiana Historical Bureau| publisher=Indiana Historical Bureau|accessdate=July 28, 2009}}{{dead link|date=December 2012}}</ref> | ||
The ] created a recession that hurt the automotive industry in Indiana. Companies such as ] and ] began a long series of downsizing that contributed to high unemployment rates in manufacturing in ], ], and ]. The restructuring and deindustrialization trend continued until the 1980s, when the national and state economy began to diversify and recover.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1992/02/art2exc.htm|title=Auto industry jobs in the 1980s: a decade of transition|last=Singleton|first=Christopher J.|publisher=Unites State Bureau of Labor Statistics|accessdate= |
The ] created a recession that hurt the automotive industry in Indiana. Companies such as ] and ] began a long series of downsizing that contributed to high unemployment rates in manufacturing in ], ], and ]. The restructuring and deindustrialization trend continued until the 1980s, when the national and state economy began to diversify and recover.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1992/02/art2exc.htm|title=Auto industry jobs in the 1980s: a decade of transition|last=Singleton|first=Christopher J.|publisher=Unites State Bureau of Labor Statistics|accessdate=July 28, 2009}}</ref> | ||
==Geography== | ==Geography== | ||
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], located at Ransburg Scout Reservation on a peninsula of ] southeast of ].]] | ], located at Ransburg Scout Reservation on a peninsula of ] southeast of ].]] | ||
With a total area (land and water) of {{convert|36418|sqmi|km2}}, Indiana ranks as the 38th largest state in size.<ref>{{cite web| title =Profile of the People and Land of the United States| publisher=]| url = http://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/mapping/a_general.html| accessdate = |
With a total area (land and water) of {{convert|36418|sqmi|km2}}, Indiana ranks as the 38th largest state in size.<ref>{{cite web| title =Profile of the People and Land of the United States| publisher=]| url = http://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/mapping/a_general.html| accessdate =August 17, 2012}}</ref> The state has a maximum dimension north to south of {{convert|250|mi|km}} and a maximum east to west dimension of {{convert|145|mi|km}}.<ref>Moore p. 11</ref> The state’s geographic center (39° 53.7’N, 86° 16.0W) is in ].<ref name=Netstate/> | ||
Located in the midwestern United States, Indiana is one of eight states that make up the ].<ref>{{cite web| title =NOAA's Great Lakes Region| publisher=]| date =April 25, 2007| url =http://www.ppi.noaa.gov/Regional_Collaboration/Regional_Overviews/GreatLakesRegionOverview_042507.pdf| accessdate = |
Located in the midwestern United States, Indiana is one of eight states that make up the ].<ref>{{cite web| title =NOAA's Great Lakes Region| publisher=]| date =April 25, 2007| url =http://www.ppi.noaa.gov/Regional_Collaboration/Regional_Overviews/GreatLakesRegionOverview_042507.pdf| accessdate =September 29, 2009 }}{{dead link|date=August 2012}}</ref> Indiana is bordered on the north by ], on the east by ], and on the west by ],<ref name="FW"/> while ] borders Indiana on the northwest and the ] separates Indiana from ] on the south.<ref name=Netstate>{{cite web |title=The Geography of Indiana |publisher=Netstate | ||
|url=http://www.netstate.com/states/geography/in_geography.htm |accessdate= |
|url=http://www.netstate.com/states/geography/in_geography.htm |accessdate=August 13, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| last =Meredith| first =Robyn| title =Big-Shouldered River Swamps Indiana Town|work=The New York Times| date =March 7, 1997| url =http://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/07/us/big-shouldered-river-swamps-indiana-town.html| accessdate =August 19, 2009 }}</ref> | ||
The average altitude of Indiana is about {{convert|760|ft|m}} above sea level.<ref>Logan, Cumings, Malott, Visher, Tucker & Reeves, p. 82</ref> The highest point in the state is ] in ] at {{convert|1257|ft|m}} above sea level.<ref>Pell, p. 56</ref><ref name=NatAtlas2010>{{cite web| title =Profile of the People and Land of the United States | publisher=]| url =http://www.atlas.usgs.gov/articles/mapping/a_general.html| accessdate = |
The average altitude of Indiana is about {{convert|760|ft|m}} above sea level.<ref>Logan, Cumings, Malott, Visher, Tucker & Reeves, p. 82</ref> The highest point in the state is ] in ] at {{convert|1257|ft|m}} above sea level.<ref>Pell, p. 56</ref><ref name=NatAtlas2010>{{cite web| title =Profile of the People and Land of the United States | publisher=]| url =http://www.atlas.usgs.gov/articles/mapping/a_general.html| accessdate =August 13, 2012 }}</ref> The lowest point at {{convert|320|ft|m}} above sea level is located in ], where the Wabash River flows into the Ohio River.<ref name=Netstate/><ref name= NatAtlas2010/> Only {{convert|2850|sqmi|km2}} have an altitude greater than {{convert|1000|ft|m}} and this area is enclosed within 14 counties. About {{convert|4700|sqmi|km2}} have an elevation of less than {{convert|500|ft|m}}.<ref>Moore, p. 13</ref> | ||
The state includes two natural regions of the United States, the Central Lowlands and the ].<ref>Logan, Cumings, Malott, Visher, Tucker & Reeves, p. 70</ref> The ]s make up the northern and central allotment of Indiana. Much of its appearance is a result of elements left behind by glaciers. Central Indiana is mainly flat with some low rolling hills (except where rivers cut deep valleys through the plain, like at the Wabash River and Sugar Creek) and soil composed of glacial sands, gravel and clay, which results in exceptional farmland.<ref name="FW"/> Northern Indiana is also very similar except for the presence of higher and hillier ]s and many ]s in some regions. In ], there are various sand ridges and dunes, some reaching near 200 feet in height. These are located along the Lake Michigan shoreline and also inland to the ]. The unglaciated southern segment of the state carries a different and off-balance surface, characterized in places by profound valleys and rugged, hilly terrain much different from the rest of the state.Here, bedrock is exposed at the surface and isn't buried in glacial till like further north. There are numerous caves in the area. The soil is fertile in the valleys of southern Indiana. | The state includes two natural regions of the United States, the Central Lowlands and the ].<ref>Logan, Cumings, Malott, Visher, Tucker & Reeves, p. 70</ref> The ]s make up the northern and central allotment of Indiana. Much of its appearance is a result of elements left behind by glaciers. Central Indiana is mainly flat with some low rolling hills (except where rivers cut deep valleys through the plain, like at the Wabash River and Sugar Creek) and soil composed of glacial sands, gravel and clay, which results in exceptional farmland.<ref name="FW"/> Northern Indiana is also very similar except for the presence of higher and hillier ]s and many ]s in some regions. In ], there are various sand ridges and dunes, some reaching near 200 feet in height. These are located along the Lake Michigan shoreline and also inland to the ]. The unglaciated southern segment of the state carries a different and off-balance surface, characterized in places by profound valleys and rugged, hilly terrain much different from the rest of the state.Here, bedrock is exposed at the surface and isn't buried in glacial till like further north. There are numerous caves in the area. The soil is fertile in the valleys of southern Indiana. | ||
Major river systems in Indiana include the Whitewater, White, Blue, Wabash, St. Joseph, and Maumee rivers.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Handbook of Indiana Geology| last=Logan |first= William N. |coauthor=Edgar Roscoe Cumings, Clyde Arnett Malott, Stephen Sargent Visher, et al. | year=1922|publisher=Indiana Department of Concervation/|page=257}}</ref> According to the Indiana Department of National Resources, in 2007 there were 65 rivers, streams, and creeks of environmental interest or scenic beauty, which included only a portion of an estimated 24,000 total river miles within the state.<ref>{{cite web| title = Information Bulletin #4 (Second Amendment), Outstanding Rivers List for Indiana | publisher = Natural Resources Commission | date = |
Major river systems in Indiana include the Whitewater, White, Blue, Wabash, St. Joseph, and Maumee rivers.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Handbook of Indiana Geology| last=Logan |first= William N. |coauthor=Edgar Roscoe Cumings, Clyde Arnett Malott, Stephen Sargent Visher, et al. | year=1922|publisher=Indiana Department of Concervation/|page=257}}</ref> According to the Indiana Department of National Resources, in 2007 there were 65 rivers, streams, and creeks of environmental interest or scenic beauty, which included only a portion of an estimated 24,000 total river miles within the state.<ref>{{cite web| title = Information Bulletin #4 (Second Amendment), Outstanding Rivers List for Indiana | publisher = Natural Resources Commission | date =May 30, 2007 | url = http://www.in.gov/legislative/register/20070530-IR-312070287NRA.xml.pdf | accessdate =August 15, 2012}}</ref> The ], which is the longest free-flowing river east of the ], is the official river of Indiana.<ref>{{cite news |first=Brian M |last=Boyce |title=Terre Haute's Top 40: From a trickle in Ohio to the Valley’s signature waterway, the Wabash River is forever a part of Terre Haute |work=Tribune-Star | date=August 29, 2009 | accessdate=September 24, 2009|url=http://www.tribstar.com/local/local_story_241223116.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| last =Jerse| first =Dorothy| title =Looking Back: Gov. Bayh signs bill making Wabash the official state river in 1996|work=]| date =March 4, 2006| url =http://www.tribstar.com/cnhi/tribstar/local/local_story_063223350.html| accessdate =September 7, 2009 }}</ref> | ||
At 475 miles (764 km) in length, the river bisects the state from northeast to southwest before flowing south, mostly along the Indiana-Illinois border. The river has been the subject of several songs, such as ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite news |first=Cynthia |last=Ozick |title=Miracle on Grub street; Stockholm |work=The New York Times | date=November 9, 1986 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Hans |last=Fantel |title=Sound; CDs make their mark on the Wabash Valley |work=The New York Times | date=October 14, 1984 }}</ref> The ] passes through northern Indiana before emptying into the ] and serves as a demarcating line between suburban northwest Indiana and the rest of the state.<ref>{{cite news |first=John C |last=Hudson |title=Chicago: Patterns of the metropolis |work=Indiana Business Magazine | date=May 1, 2001 }}</ref> | At 475 miles (764 km) in length, the river bisects the state from northeast to southwest before flowing south, mostly along the Indiana-Illinois border. The river has been the subject of several songs, such as ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite news |first=Cynthia |last=Ozick |title=Miracle on Grub street; Stockholm |work=The New York Times | date=November 9, 1986 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Hans |last=Fantel |title=Sound; CDs make their mark on the Wabash Valley |work=The New York Times | date=October 14, 1984 }}</ref> The ] passes through northern Indiana before emptying into the ] and serves as a demarcating line between suburban northwest Indiana and the rest of the state.<ref>{{cite news |first=John C |last=Hudson |title=Chicago: Patterns of the metropolis |work=Indiana Business Magazine | date=May 1, 2001 }}</ref> | ||
There are over 1,000 lakes in Indiana.<ref>{{cite journal|title='']''|publisher=]|year=1971|page =86| volume =76 }}</ref> To the northwest, Indiana borders Lake Michigan, where the ] operates the state's largest shipping port. ], the deepest lake in the state, reaches depths at nearly {{convert|120|ft|m}}, while ] is the largest natural lake in Indiana.<ref>{{cite web| last =Leider| first =Polly| title =A Town With Backbone: Warsaw, Ind.| publisher=]| date =January 26, 2006| url =http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/01/26/earlyshow/main1243126_page2.shtml| accessdate = |
There are over 1,000 lakes in Indiana.<ref>{{cite journal|title='']''|publisher=]|year=1971|page =86| volume =76 }}</ref> To the northwest, Indiana borders Lake Michigan, where the ] operates the state's largest shipping port. ], the deepest lake in the state, reaches depths at nearly {{convert|120|ft|m}}, while ] is the largest natural lake in Indiana.<ref>{{cite web| last =Leider| first =Polly| title =A Town With Backbone: Warsaw, Ind.| publisher=]| date =January 26, 2006| url =http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/01/26/earlyshow/main1243126_page2.shtml| accessdate =September 29, 2009 }}</ref> | ||
===Climate=== | ===Climate=== | ||
]]] | ]]] | ||
Indiana has a ], with cool winters and warm, wet summers.<ref>{{cite news| last =Bridges| first =David| title =Life in Indiana — Telegraph Mentor|work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London | date =November 28, 2007| url =http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/mentorsforexpats/4211551/Life-in-Indiana---Telegraph-Mentor.html| accessdate =2009 |
Indiana has a ], with cool winters and warm, wet summers.<ref>{{cite news| last =Bridges| first =David| title =Life in Indiana — Telegraph Mentor|work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London | date =November 28, 2007| url =http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/mentorsforexpats/4211551/Life-in-Indiana---Telegraph-Mentor.html| accessdate =July 4, 2009 }} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> The extreme southern portion of the state is within the ] area and receives more precipitation than other parts of Indiana.<ref name="FW">{{cite encyclopedia| title =Indiana| encyclopedia =''Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia''| publisher=] }}</ref> Temperatures generally diverge from the north and south sections of the state. In the middle of the winter, average high/low temperatures range from around 30 °F/15 °F (−1 °C/-10 °C) in the far north to 39 °F/22 °F (4 °C/-6 °C) in the far south.<ref name="weather.gov">{{cite web| title =NWS Climate Data| publisher=NWS | url =http://www.weather.gov/climate/| accessdate =December 23, 2010 }}></ref> | ||
In the middle of summer there is generally a little less variation across the state, as average high/low temperatures range from around 84 °F/64 °F (29 °C/18 °C) in the far north to 90 °F/69 °F (32 °C/21 °C) in the far south.<ref name="weather.gov"/> The record high temperature for the state was 116 °F (47 °C) set on July 14, 1936 at ]. The record low was −36 °F (−38 °C) on ] at ]. The ] typically spans from 155 days in the north and 185 days in the south.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}} | In the middle of summer there is generally a little less variation across the state, as average high/low temperatures range from around 84 °F/64 °F (29 °C/18 °C) in the far north to 90 °F/69 °F (32 °C/21 °C) in the far south.<ref name="weather.gov"/> The record high temperature for the state was 116 °F (47 °C) set on July 14, 1936 at ]. The record low was −36 °F (−38 °C) on ] at ]. The ] typically spans from 155 days in the north and 185 days in the south.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}} | ||
While droughts occasionally occur in the state, rainfall totals are distributed relatively equally throughout the year. Precipitation totals range from {{convert|35|in|cm}} near Lake Michigan in northwest Indiana to {{convert|45|in|cm}} along the Ohio River in the south, while the state's average is {{convert|40|in|cm}}. Annual snowfall in Indiana varies widely across the state, ranging from {{convert|80|in|cm}} in the northwest along Lake Michigan to {{convert|14|in|cm}} in the far south. ] accounts for roughly half of the snowfall in northwest and north central Indiana due to the effects of the moisture and relative warmth of Lake Michigan upwind. The mean wind speed is {{convert|8|mph|km/h}}.<ref>{{cite web| title =Indiana — Climate| publisher=City-Data.com| url =http://www.city-data.com/states/Indiana-Climate.html| accessdate =2009 |
While droughts occasionally occur in the state, rainfall totals are distributed relatively equally throughout the year. Precipitation totals range from {{convert|35|in|cm}} near Lake Michigan in northwest Indiana to {{convert|45|in|cm}} along the Ohio River in the south, while the state's average is {{convert|40|in|cm}}. Annual snowfall in Indiana varies widely across the state, ranging from {{convert|80|in|cm}} in the northwest along Lake Michigan to {{convert|14|in|cm}} in the far south. ] accounts for roughly half of the snowfall in northwest and north central Indiana due to the effects of the moisture and relative warmth of Lake Michigan upwind. The mean wind speed is {{convert|8|mph|km/h}}.<ref>{{cite web| title =Indiana — Climate| publisher=City-Data.com| url =http://www.city-data.com/states/Indiana-Climate.html| accessdate =July 4, 2009 }}</ref> | ||
In a 2012 report, Indiana was ranked eighth in a list of the top 20 tornado-prone states based on ] data from 1950 through 2011.<ref>{{cite web| author =Engineering Analysis Inc. | title = Mississippi Remains #1 Among Top Twenty Tornado-Prone States| publisher=mindspring.com| date = |
In a 2012 report, Indiana was ranked eighth in a list of the top 20 tornado-prone states based on ] data from 1950 through 2011.<ref>{{cite web| author =Engineering Analysis Inc. | title = Mississippi Remains #1 Among Top Twenty Tornado-Prone States| publisher=mindspring.com| date =April 12, 2012| url = http://eai.home.mindspring.com/EAIprs94.html | accessdate =August 13, 2012 }}</ref> A 2011 report ranked ] 15th among the top 20 tornado-prone cities in the United States,<ref>{{cite web| author =Engineering Analysis Inc. | title = Six States Contain Twelve of the Top Twenty Tornado-Prone Cities (revised version)| publisher=mindspring.com| date =October 28, 2011| url = http://www.mindspring.com/~eai/EAIprs01.html | accessdate =August 13, 2012 }}</ref> while another report from 2011 ranked ] eighth.<ref>{{cite web| last=Kellogg | first=Becky | title = Tornado Expert Ranks Top Tornado Cities | publisher=The Weather Channel| date =March 8, 2011 | url = http://www.weather.com/outlook/weather-news/severe-weather/articles/top-tornado-cities_2011-03-08?page=2 | accessdate =August 13, 2012 }}</ref><ref>In an earlier 2008 report, Indiana was listed as one of the most tornado-prone states in the United States, ranking sixth, while South Bend was ranked the 14th most tornado-prone city in the country, ahead of cities such as ], Texas, and ]. See {{cite web| last =Mecklenburg| first =Rick| title =Is Indiana the new Tornado Alley?| publisher=SouthBendTribune.com | date =May 1, 2008| url =http://articles.southbendtribune.com/2008-05-01/news/26911876_1_tornado-track-damaging-winds-and-tornadoes-indiana| accessdate =August 13, 2012}}</ref><ref>In a published list of the most tornado-prone states and cities in April 2008, Indiana came in first and South Bend ranked 16th. See {{cite web| last =Henderson| first =Mark| title =Top 20 Tornado Prone Cities and States Announced| publisher=]| date =May 2, 2008| url =http://www.wifr.com/weather/headlines/17036536.html| accessdate =August 17, 2009 }}</ref> Despite its vulnerability, Indiana is not a part of ].<ref>{{cite web| last =Henderson| first =Mark| title =Top 20 Tornado Prone Cities and States Announced| publisher=]| date =May 2, 2008| url =http://www.wifr.com/weather/headlines/17036536.html| accessdate =August 17, 2009 }}</ref> | ||
{| class="wikitable" "text-align:center;font-size:90%;"| | {| class="wikitable" "text-align:center;font-size:90%;"| | ||
| colspan="13" style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;"|Average Precipitation in Indiana<ref name="Indiana Climate Norms">{{cite web|url=http://www.agry.purdue.edu/climate/facts.aspgif|publisher=Indiana State Climate Office|title=Climate Facts|accessdate= |
| colspan="13" style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;"|Average Precipitation in Indiana<ref name="Indiana Climate Norms">{{cite web|url=http://www.agry.purdue.edu/climate/facts.aspgif|publisher=Indiana State Climate Office|title=Climate Facts|accessdate=May 29, 2009}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="background:#efefef; color:#000;"| Jan | ! style="background:#efefef; color:#000;"| Jan | ||
Line 224: | Line 224: | ||
==Indiana counties and statistical areas== | ==Indiana counties and statistical areas== | ||
Indiana is divided into 92 ]. As of 2010, the state includes 16 metropolitan and 25 micropolitan statistical areas, 117 incorporated cities, 450 towns, and several other smaller divisions and statistical areas.<ref name=GeoCensus/><ref>A 2008 news report indicated there were 13 metropolitan areas in Indiana. See {{cite web| last =Dresang| first =Joel| title =Automaking down, unemployment up|work=]| date =July 30, 2008| url =http://www.jsonline.com/blogs/business/52021282.html| accessdate = |
Indiana is divided into 92 ]. As of 2010, the state includes 16 metropolitan and 25 micropolitan statistical areas, 117 incorporated cities, 450 towns, and several other smaller divisions and statistical areas.<ref name=GeoCensus/><ref>A 2008 news report indicated there were 13 metropolitan areas in Indiana. See {{cite web| last =Dresang| first =Joel| title =Automaking down, unemployment up|work=]| date =July 30, 2008| url =http://www.jsonline.com/blogs/business/52021282.html| accessdate =August 14, 2009 }}</ref> ] and Indianapolis have a consolidated city-county government.<ref name=GeoCensus/> | ||
===Largest cities=== | ===Largest cities=== | ||
{{See also|List of cities in Indiana|List of towns in Indiana}} | {{See also|List of cities in Indiana|List of towns in Indiana}} | ||
Indianapolis, the capital of Indiana and its largest city.<ref name=GeoCensus>{{cite web|title=Guide to State and Local Census Geography – Indiana | publisher=U.S. Census Bureau | date = |
Indianapolis, the capital of Indiana and its largest city.<ref name=GeoCensus>{{cite web|title=Guide to State and Local Census Geography – Indiana | publisher=U.S. Census Bureau | date =December 22, 2011 | url=http://www.census.gov/geo/www/guidesloc/guide_main.html | accessdate=August 13, 2012}}{{dead link|date=December 2012}}</ref><ref>Indiana's territorial capitals were ] and later ], which also became Indiana's first ] when it became a state.</ref> Indiana's four largest metropolitan areas are Indianapolis, ], ], and South Bend.<ref>ref name=STATSIN>{{cite web|title=Indiana | publisher = Indiana Business Research Center, Indiana University, Kelley School of Business | url = http://www.stats.indiana.edu/profiles/profiles.asp?scope_choice=a&county_changer=18000&button1=Get+Profile&id=2&page_path=Area+Profiles&path_id=11&panel_number=1 | accessdate=August 14, 2012}}</ref> Pictured below are the cities with populations larger than 55,000, based on the 2012 United States Census Estimate.<ref name="census.gov"></ref> | ||
{| | {| | ||
Line 337: | Line 337: | ||
The ] estimates that the population of Indiana was 6,537,334 on July 1, 2012, a 0.8% increase since the ].<ref name=PopEstUS>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/national/totals/2012/index.html|title=Annual Estimates of the Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012|format=]|work=2012 Population Estimates|publisher=], Population Division|date=December 2012|accessdate=December 23, 2012}}</ref> As of the 2010 U.S. Census, there were 6,483,802 people residing in the state.<ref name="CAT"/> | The ] estimates that the population of Indiana was 6,537,334 on July 1, 2012, a 0.8% increase since the ].<ref name=PopEstUS>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/national/totals/2012/index.html|title=Annual Estimates of the Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012|format=]|work=2012 Population Estimates|publisher=], Population Division|date=December 2012|accessdate=December 23, 2012}}</ref> As of the 2010 U.S. Census, there were 6,483,802 people residing in the state.<ref name="CAT"/> | ||
The state's population density was 181.0 persons per square mile, the 16th highest in the United States.<ref name="GeoCensus"/> As of the 2010 U.S. Census, Indiana’s population center is located northwest of Sheridan, in ] (+40.149246, -086.259514).<ref name=GeoCensus/><ref>{{cite web| title = 2010 Census Centers of Population by state | publisher = U.S. Census Bureau | url = http://www.census.gov/geo/www/2010census/centerpop2010/CenPop2010_Mean_ST.txt | accessdate = |
The state's population density was 181.0 persons per square mile, the 16th highest in the United States.<ref name="GeoCensus"/> As of the 2010 U.S. Census, Indiana’s population center is located northwest of Sheridan, in ] (+40.149246, -086.259514).<ref name=GeoCensus/><ref>{{cite web| title = 2010 Census Centers of Population by state | publisher = U.S. Census Bureau | url = http://www.census.gov/geo/www/2010census/centerpop2010/CenPop2010_Mean_ST.txt | accessdate =August 15, 2012}}</ref><ref>Over the previous decade, Indiana’s population center has shifted slightly to the northwest. In the 2000 U.S. Census, Indiana's ] was located in ], in the town of ]. See {{cite web | title=Population and Population Centers by State | publisher=United States Census Bureau | url=http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt | accessdate=November 21, 2006}}</ref> | ||
In 2005, 77.7% of Indiana residents lived in metropolitan counties, 16.5% lived in micropolitan counties and 5.9% lived in non-core counties.<ref>{{cite web| title =Metro and Nonmetro Counties in Indiana| publisher=Rural Policy Research Institute| url =http://www.rupri.org/Forms/Indiana.pdf| accessdate =2009 |
In 2005, 77.7% of Indiana residents lived in metropolitan counties, 16.5% lived in micropolitan counties and 5.9% lived in non-core counties.<ref>{{cite web| title =Metro and Nonmetro Counties in Indiana| publisher=Rural Policy Research Institute| url =http://www.rupri.org/Forms/Indiana.pdf| accessdate =October 10, 2009 }}</ref> | ||
=== Racial and ethnic diversity === | === Racial and ethnic diversity === | ||
Line 350: | Line 350: | ||
* 0.1% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islanders.<ref name="CAT"/> | * 0.1% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islanders.<ref name="CAT"/> | ||
] or ] of any race made up 6.2% of the population.<ref name="CAT">{{cite web| title =Indiana QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau| publisher=United States Census Bureau| url =http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/18000.html| accessdate = |
] or ] of any race made up 6.2% of the population.<ref name="CAT">{{cite web| title =Indiana QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau| publisher=United States Census Bureau| url =http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/18000.html| accessdate =August 13, 2012}}</ref> The Hispanic population is Indiana’s fastest growing ethnic minority.<ref name="POP">{{cite web| last =Greninger| first =Howard| title =Vigo County’s population on the rise|work=Tribune-Star| date =May 19, 2007| url =http://www.tribstar.com/local/local_story_139235811.html| accessdate =October 10, 2009 }}</ref> 28.2% of Indiana's children under the age of 1 belonged to minority groups(note: children born to ]s are counted as minority group).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2012/06/americas_under_age_1_populatio.html|title=Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot|last=Exner|first=Rich|date=June 3, 2012|work=]}}</ref> | ||
=== Age and gender === | === Age and gender === | ||
Based on population estimates for 2011, 6.6% of the state's population is under the age of five, 24.5% is under the age of 18, and 13.2% is 65 years of age or older.<ref name="CAT"/> From the 2010 U.S. Census demographic data for Indiana, the median age is 37.0 years.<ref name=AmFacts>{{cite web| title =Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010; 2010 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1) for Indiana | publisher=United States Census Bureau| url =http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/18000.html| accessdate = |
Based on population estimates for 2011, 6.6% of the state's population is under the age of five, 24.5% is under the age of 18, and 13.2% is 65 years of age or older.<ref name="CAT"/> From the 2010 U.S. Census demographic data for Indiana, the median age is 37.0 years.<ref name=AmFacts>{{cite web| title =Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010; 2010 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1) for Indiana | publisher=United States Census Bureau| url =http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/18000.html| accessdate =August 13, 2012 }}</ref> | ||
=== Ancestry === | === Ancestry === | ||
] is the largest ancestry reported in Indiana, with 22.7% of the population reporting that ancestry in the Census. Persons citing ] (12.0%) and ] ancestry (8.9%) are also numerous, as are ] (10.8%) and ] (3.0%).<ref>{{cite web| title =DP-2. Profile of Selected Social Characteristics: 2000| publisher=United States Census Bureau| url =http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US18&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_DP2&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U&-redoLog=false | accessdate = |
] is the largest ancestry reported in Indiana, with 22.7% of the population reporting that ancestry in the Census. Persons citing ] (12.0%) and ] ancestry (8.9%) are also numerous, as are ] (10.8%) and ] (3.0%).<ref>{{cite web| title =DP-2. Profile of Selected Social Characteristics: 2000| publisher=United States Census Bureau| url =http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US18&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_DP2&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U&-redoLog=false | accessdate =October 17, 2009 }}</ref> Most of those citing American ancestry are actually of ] descent, but have family that has been in North America for so long, in many cases since the early ], that they identify simply as "American".<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SVoAXh-dNuYC&pg=PA57&dq=Sharing+the+dream:+white+males+in+multicultural+America++english+ancestry&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false |title=Sharing the Dream: White Males in a Multicultural America |first=Dominic J. |last=Pulera |year=2004 |location=New York |publisher=Continuum |isbn=0-8264-1643-8 |page=57 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=Reynolds |last=Farley |title=The New Census Question about Ancestry: What Did It Tell Us? |journal=Demography |volume=28 |issue=3 |year=1991 |pages=411–429 |doi=10.2307/2061465 |pmid=1936376 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=Stanley |last=Lieberson |first2=Lawrence |last2=Santi |title=The Use of Nativity Data to Estimate Ethnic Characteristics and Patterns |journal=Social Science Research |volume=14 |issue=1 |year=1985 |pages=31–56 |doi=10.1016/0049-089X(85)90011-0 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=Stanley |last=Lieberson |first2=Mary C. |last2=Waters |title=Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites |journal=Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science |volume=487 |issue=79 |year=1986 |pages=79–91 |doi=10.1177/0002716286487001004 }}</ref> In the 1980 census 1,776,144 people claimed German ancestry, 1,356,135 claimed English ancestry and 1,017,944 claimed Irish ancestry out of a total population of 4,241,975 making the state 42% German, 32% English and 24% Irish.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/tab03.pdf |title=Ancestry of the Population by State: 1980 – Table 3 |format=PDF |accessdate=December 10, 2011}}</ref> | ||
=== Population growth and decline === | === Population growth and decline === | ||
Population growth since 1990 has been concentrated in the counties surrounding Indianapolis, with four of the top five fastest-growing counties in that area: ], ], ], and ]. The other county is ], which is near ], ]. Hamilton County has also been the fastest growing county in the area consisting of Indiana and its bordering states of ], ], ] and ], and is the 20th fastest growing county in the country.<ref>{{cite web| last =Rainey| first =Joan P| title =Hamilton and Other Suburban Counties Lead the State in Population Growth| publisher=Indiana University| year =2000| url =http://www.ibrc.indiana.edu/ibr/2000/summer00/01.pdf| accessdate = |
Population growth since 1990 has been concentrated in the counties surrounding Indianapolis, with four of the top five fastest-growing counties in that area: ], ], ], and ]. The other county is ], which is near ], ]. Hamilton County has also been the fastest growing county in the area consisting of Indiana and its bordering states of ], ], ] and ], and is the 20th fastest growing county in the country.<ref>{{cite web| last =Rainey| first =Joan P| title =Hamilton and Other Suburban Counties Lead the State in Population Growth| publisher=Indiana University| year =2000| url =http://www.ibrc.indiana.edu/ibr/2000/summer00/01.pdf| accessdate =October 17, 2009 }}</ref> | ||
==== Cities and towns ==== | ==== Cities and towns ==== | ||
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] is the state capital and largest city in Indiana.]] | ] is the state capital and largest city in Indiana.]] | ||
With a population of 829,817, ] is by far the largest city in Indiana and 12th largest in the United States, according to the 2010 Census. Three other cities in Indiana have a population greater than 100,000: ] (253,617), ] (179,703) and ] (101,168).{{citation needed|date=August 2012}} Since 2000, ] has seen the largest population rise amongst the state’s 20 largest cities with an increase of 100 percent.<ref name="Nevers">{{cite web| last =Nevers| first =Kevin| title =Duneland population growth rate slows a bit in 2007 Census estimates|work=Chesterton Tribune| date =July 11, 2008| url =http://chestertontribune.com/Duneland%20Community%20News/7112%20duneland_population_growth_rate.htm| accessdate =2009 |
With a population of 829,817, ] is by far the largest city in Indiana and 12th largest in the United States, according to the 2010 Census. Three other cities in Indiana have a population greater than 100,000: ] (253,617), ] (179,703) and ] (101,168).{{citation needed|date=August 2012}} Since 2000, ] has seen the largest population rise amongst the state’s 20 largest cities with an increase of 100 percent.<ref name="Nevers">{{cite web| last =Nevers| first =Kevin| title =Duneland population growth rate slows a bit in 2007 Census estimates|work=Chesterton Tribune| date =July 11, 2008| url =http://chestertontribune.com/Duneland%20Community%20News/7112%20duneland_population_growth_rate.htm| accessdate =August 5, 2009 }}</ref> | ||
] and ] have seen the largest population declines regarding the top 20 largest cities since 2000, with a decrease of 6.8 and 21.0 percent respectively.<ref name="Nevers"/> Other cities that have seen extensive growth since 2000 are ] (39.4 percent), ] (81 percent), ] (21.4 percent) and ] (9.3 percent). Meanwhile, ] (−4.2 percent), ] (−4 percent) and ] (−3.9 percent) are cities that have seen the steepest decline in population in the state.<ref>{{cite press release| title =Indiana sees big gains in population among certain cities and towns| publisher=Indiana University| date =July 10, 2008| url =http://newsinfo.iu.edu/news/page/normal/8512.html| accessdate = |
] and ] have seen the largest population declines regarding the top 20 largest cities since 2000, with a decrease of 6.8 and 21.0 percent respectively.<ref name="Nevers"/> Other cities that have seen extensive growth since 2000 are ] (39.4 percent), ] (81 percent), ] (21.4 percent) and ] (9.3 percent). Meanwhile, ] (−4.2 percent), ] (−4 percent) and ] (−3.9 percent) are cities that have seen the steepest decline in population in the state.<ref>{{cite press release| title =Indiana sees big gains in population among certain cities and towns| publisher=Indiana University| date =July 10, 2008| url =http://newsinfo.iu.edu/news/page/normal/8512.html| accessdate =August 15, 2009 }}</ref> | ||
Indianapolis has largest population of the state's ]s and ] in the country.<ref>{{cite web| title =Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas| publisher=]| url =http://www.census.gov/popest/metro/tables/2007/CBSA-EST2007-01.csv| accessdate = |
Indianapolis has largest population of the state's ]s and ] in the country.<ref>{{cite web| title =Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas| publisher=]| url =http://www.census.gov/popest/metro/tables/2007/CBSA-EST2007-01.csv| accessdate =August 14, 2009 }}{{dead link|date=December 2012}}</ref> The ] encompasses ] and nine surrounding counties in central Indiana. | ||
=== Median household income in Indiana === | === Median household income in Indiana === | ||
{{See also|Indiana locations by per capita income}} | {{See also|Indiana locations by per capita income}} | ||
As of the 2010 U.S. Census, Indiana’s median household income was $44,616, ranking it 36th among the United States and the District of Columbia.<ref>{{cite web |title = Overview for Indiana | publisher=Indiana Business Research Center, Indiana University Kelley School of Business |date =2012 |
As of the 2010 U.S. Census, Indiana’s median household income was $44,616, ranking it 36th among the United States and the District of Columbia.<ref>{{cite web |title = Overview for Indiana | publisher=Indiana Business Research Center, Indiana University Kelley School of Business |date =August 1, 2012 |url = http://www.stats.indiana.edu/uspr/a/us_profile_frame.html |accessdate =August 14, 2012}}</ref> In 2005, the median household income for Indiana residents was $43,993. Nearly 498,700 Indiana households had incomes from $50,000 to $74,999, accounting for 20% of all households.<ref name="Justis 2006">{{cite web| last =Justis| first =Rachel M| title =Household Income Varies by Region and Race| publisher=Indiana University| year =2006| url =http://www.ibrc.indiana.edu/ibr/2006/fall/article2.html| accessdate =October 29, 2009 }}</ref> | ||
Hamilton County’s median household income is nearly $35,000 higher than the Indiana average. At $78,932, it ranks seventh in the country among counties with less than 250,000 people. The next highest median incomes in Indiana are also found in the Indianapolis suburbs; Hendricks County has a median of $57,538, followed by Johnson County at $56,251.<ref name="Justis 2006"/> | Hamilton County’s median household income is nearly $35,000 higher than the Indiana average. At $78,932, it ranks seventh in the country among counties with less than 250,000 people. The next highest median incomes in Indiana are also found in the Indianapolis suburbs; Hendricks County has a median of $57,538, followed by Johnson County at $56,251.<ref name="Justis 2006"/> | ||
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===Religion=== | ===Religion=== | ||
Although the largest single religious denomination in the state is Roman Catholic (836,009 members), most of the population are members of various Protestant denominations. The largest Protestant denomination by number of adherents in 2000 was the ] with 288,308.<ref></ref> A study by the Graduate Center found that 20 percent are Roman Catholic, 14 percent belong to different ] churches, 10 percent are other Christians, nine percent are ], and six percent are ]. The study found that 16% of Indiana is affiliated with ].<ref>{{cite web | title=American Religious Identification Survey | publisher=] | url=http://www.gc.cuny.edu/faculty/research_briefs/aris/key_findings.htm | accessdate= |
Although the largest single religious denomination in the state is Roman Catholic (836,009 members), most of the population are members of various Protestant denominations. The largest Protestant denomination by number of adherents in 2000 was the ] with 288,308.<ref></ref> A study by the Graduate Center found that 20 percent are Roman Catholic, 14 percent belong to different ] churches, 10 percent are other Christians, nine percent are ], and six percent are ]. The study found that 16% of Indiana is affiliated with ].<ref>{{cite web | title=American Religious Identification Survey | publisher=] | url=http://www.gc.cuny.edu/faculty/research_briefs/aris/key_findings.htm | accessdate=December 25, 2006}}{{dead link|date=December 2012}}</ref> | ||
Indiana is home to the ], one of two ]s in the United States and one of 11 in the world. The ] has one of its two seminaries in Fort Wayne. Two conservative denominations, the ] and the ], have their headquarters in Indianapolis as does the ].<ref>Bodenhamer, Barrows and Vanderstel, p. 696</ref><ref>Bodenhamer, Barrows and Vanderstel, p. 416</ref> | Indiana is home to the ], one of two ]s in the United States and one of 11 in the world. The ] has one of its two seminaries in Fort Wayne. Two conservative denominations, the ] and the ], have their headquarters in Indianapolis as does the ].<ref>Bodenhamer, Barrows and Vanderstel, p. 696</ref><ref>Bodenhamer, Barrows and Vanderstel, p. 416</ref> | ||
The ] maintains offices and publishing work in ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=LC&p_theme=lc&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=10307DEBAC918D95&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|title=Forever Young: Lititz pastor retires after 33 years at Grace Brethren|date=June 4, 2004|publisher='']''|accessdate= |
The ] maintains offices and publishing work in ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=LC&p_theme=lc&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=10307DEBAC918D95&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|title=Forever Young: Lititz pastor retires after 33 years at Grace Brethren|date=June 4, 2004|publisher='']''|accessdate=August 15, 2009}} (Registration needed)</ref> ] serves as the home to the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=FW&s_site=fortwayne&p_multi=FW&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=10547EC7A86111BF&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|title=Future of the faith, Area church weighs merger as a way to aid denomination|date=September 22, 2004|work=]|accessdate=August 15, 2009}} (Registration needed)</ref> ] is home to the headquarters of the ].<ref>{{cite web|last=Neff|first=David|url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2006/marchweb-only/113-12.0.html|title=Holiness Without the Legalism|date=March 27, 2006|work=]|accessdate=August 15, 2009}}</ref> The headquarters of the ] is located in Fort Wayne.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=FW&s_site=fortwayne&p_multi=FW&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0FE07B25E8E7E2E5&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|title=Volunteers add to church, They construct buildings for the Missionary Church.|date=October 6, 2003|work=The News-Sentinel|accessdate=August 15, 2009}} (Registration needed)</ref> | ||
The ] of the ], the largest branch of American Quakerism, is based in ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.earlham.edu/Q/brochure1/#did_you_know|title=Quakers of Richmond and Wayne County, Indiana|publisher=]|accessdate= |
The ] of the ], the largest branch of American Quakerism, is based in ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.earlham.edu/Q/brochure1/#did_you_know|title=Quakers of Richmond and Wayne County, Indiana|publisher=]|accessdate=August 15, 2009}}</ref> which also houses the oldest Quaker seminary in the United States, the ].<ref>{{cite web|last=Wilson|first=Amy Lyles|url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=7780491|title=The Guts to Keep Going|publisher=]|accessdate=August 15, 2009}}</ref> The ] is headquartered in ].<ref>{{cite news|author=Associated Press|url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/2009-02-02-muslims-obama_N.htm|title=Are American Muslims 'under more scrutiny' with Obama?|work=USA Today|date=February 2, 2009|accessdate=August 15, 2009}}</ref> | ||
Indiana has 100,000 Muslims and 17,000 Jews.{{citation needed|date=September 2013}} | Indiana has 100,000 Muslims and 17,000 Jews.{{citation needed|date=September 2013}} | ||
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] ]]] | ] ]]] | ||
The ] serves as the chief executive of the state and has the authority to manage the government as established in the Constitution of Indiana. The governor and the ] are jointly elected to four-year terms, with gubernatorial elections running concurrent with United States presidential elections (1996,2000,2004,2008, etc.).<ref name="ST"/> The governor may not serve more than two consecutive terms. The governor works with the ] and the ] to govern the state and has the authority to adjust the other branches. Special sessions of the General Assembly can be called upon by the governor as well as have the power to select and remove leaders of nearly all state departments, boards and commissions. Other notable powers include calling out the ] or the ] in times of emergency or disaster, issuing pardons or commuting the sentence of any criminal offenders except in cases of treason or impeachment and possessing an abundant amount of statutory authority.<ref name="ST">{{cite web|url=http://www.state.in.us/portal/files/WebPageFactsBooklet.pdf|title=Indiana Facts|publisher=State of Indiana|accessdate=2009 |
The ] serves as the chief executive of the state and has the authority to manage the government as established in the Constitution of Indiana. The governor and the ] are jointly elected to four-year terms, with gubernatorial elections running concurrent with United States presidential elections (1996,2000,2004,2008, etc.).<ref name="ST"/> The governor may not serve more than two consecutive terms. The governor works with the ] and the ] to govern the state and has the authority to adjust the other branches. Special sessions of the General Assembly can be called upon by the governor as well as have the power to select and remove leaders of nearly all state departments, boards and commissions. Other notable powers include calling out the ] or the ] in times of emergency or disaster, issuing pardons or commuting the sentence of any criminal offenders except in cases of treason or impeachment and possessing an abundant amount of statutory authority.<ref name="ST">{{cite web|url=http://www.state.in.us/portal/files/WebPageFactsBooklet.pdf|title=Indiana Facts|publisher=State of Indiana|accessdate=August 3, 2009}}</ref><ref>Indiana State Chamber of Commerce (2007), p. 10</ref><ref>{{cite web| title =Indiana Constitution Article 5| date =February 25, 1999| publisher=Indiana University| url =http://www.law.indiana.edu/uslawdocs/inconst/art-5.html|accessdate =August 3, 2009 }}</ref> The lieutenant governor serves as the President of the Senate and is responsible for ensuring that the senate rules are acted in accordance with by its constituents. The lieutenant governor can only vote to break ties. If the governor dies in office, becomes permanently incapacitated, resigns or is impeached, the lieutenant governor becomes governor. If both the governor and lieutenant governor positions are unoccupied, the Senate President pro tempore becomes governor.<ref>Indiana State Chamber of Commerce (2007), p. 13</ref> | ||
The Indiana General Assembly is composed of a 50-member ] and 100-member ]. The Senate is the ] of the General Assembly and the House of Representatives is the ].<ref name="ST"/> The General Assembly has exclusive legislative authority within the state government. Both the Senate and House of Representatives can introduce legislation, with the exception that the Senate is not authorized to initiate legislation that will affect revenue. Bills are debated and passed separately in each house, but must be passed by both houses before they can be submitted to the Governor.<ref name="For">{{cite web| title =Indiana Constitution Article 4| date =February 25, 1999| publisher=Indiana University| url =http://www.law.indiana.edu/uslawdocs/inconst/art-4.html|accessdate =2009 |
The Indiana General Assembly is composed of a 50-member ] and 100-member ]. The Senate is the ] of the General Assembly and the House of Representatives is the ].<ref name="ST"/> The General Assembly has exclusive legislative authority within the state government. Both the Senate and House of Representatives can introduce legislation, with the exception that the Senate is not authorized to initiate legislation that will affect revenue. Bills are debated and passed separately in each house, but must be passed by both houses before they can be submitted to the Governor.<ref name="For">{{cite web| title =Indiana Constitution Article 4| date =February 25, 1999| publisher=Indiana University| url =http://www.law.indiana.edu/uslawdocs/inconst/art-4.html|accessdate =August 3, 2009 }}</ref> The legislature can nullify a veto from the governor with a majority vote of full membership in the Senate and House of Representatives.<ref name="ST"/> Each law passed by the General Assembly must be used without exception to the entire state. The General Assembly has no authority to create legislation that targets only a particular community.<ref name="For"/><ref>Indiana State Chamber of Commerce (2005), p. 11</ref> The General Assembly can manage the state's judiciary system by arranging the size of the courts and the bounds of their districts. It also can oversee the activities of the executive branch of the state government, has restricted power to regulate the county governments within the state, and has exclusive power to initiate the method to alter the Indiana Constitution.<ref name="For"/><ref>Indiana State Chamber of Commerce (2005), p. 14</ref> | ||
The ] is made up of five judges with a ] composed of 15 judges. The governor selects judges for the supreme and appeal courts from a group of applicants chosen by a special commission. After serving for two years, the judges must acquire the support of the electorate to serve for a 10-year term.<ref name="ST"/> In nearly all cases, the Supreme Court does not have ] and can only hear cases that are petitioned to the court following being heard in lower courts. Local circuit courts are where the majority of cases begin with a trial and the consequence decided by the jury. The Supreme Court does have original and sole jurisdiction in certain specific areas including the practice of law, discipline or disbarment of Judges appointed to the lower state courts, and supervision over the exercise of jurisdiction by the other lower courts of the State.<ref name="Fur">{{cite web| title =Indiana Constitution Article 7| date =February 25, 1999| publisher=Indiana University| url =http://www.law.indiana.edu/uslawdocs/inconst/art-7.html|accessdate =2009 |
The ] is made up of five judges with a ] composed of 15 judges. The governor selects judges for the supreme and appeal courts from a group of applicants chosen by a special commission. After serving for two years, the judges must acquire the support of the electorate to serve for a 10-year term.<ref name="ST"/> In nearly all cases, the Supreme Court does not have ] and can only hear cases that are petitioned to the court following being heard in lower courts. Local circuit courts are where the majority of cases begin with a trial and the consequence decided by the jury. The Supreme Court does have original and sole jurisdiction in certain specific areas including the practice of law, discipline or disbarment of Judges appointed to the lower state courts, and supervision over the exercise of jurisdiction by the other lower courts of the State.<ref name="Fur">{{cite web| title =Indiana Constitution Article 7| date =February 25, 1999| publisher=Indiana University| url =http://www.law.indiana.edu/uslawdocs/inconst/art-7.html|accessdate =August 3, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.in.gov/judiciary/supreme/appellate.html|title=Appellate Process|publisher=State of Indiana|date=February 4, 2009|accessdate=August 3, 2009}}{{dead link|date=December 2012}}</ref> | ||
The state is divided into 92 ], which are led by a board of county commissioners. 90 counties in Indiana have their own ] with a judge elected for a six-year term. The remaining two counties, Dearborn and Ohio, are combined into one circuit. Many counties operate ]s in addition to the circuit court. In densely populated counties where the caseload is traditionally greater, separate courts have been established to solely hear either juvenile, criminal, probate or small claims cases. The establishment, frequency and jurisdiction of these additional courts varies greatly from county to county. There are 85 city and town courts in Indiana municipalities, created by local ordinance, typically handling minor offenses and not considered ]. County officials that are elected to four-year terms include an auditor, recorder, treasurer, sheriff, coroner and clerk of the circuit court. All incorporated cities in Indiana have a mayor and council form of municipal government. Towns are governed by a town council and townships are governed by a township trustee and advisory board.<ref name="ST"/><ref>{{dead link|date=December 2012}}</ref> | The state is divided into 92 ], which are led by a board of county commissioners. 90 counties in Indiana have their own ] with a judge elected for a six-year term. The remaining two counties, Dearborn and Ohio, are combined into one circuit. Many counties operate ]s in addition to the circuit court. In densely populated counties where the caseload is traditionally greater, separate courts have been established to solely hear either juvenile, criminal, probate or small claims cases. The establishment, frequency and jurisdiction of these additional courts varies greatly from county to county. There are 85 city and town courts in Indiana municipalities, created by local ordinance, typically handling minor offenses and not considered ]. County officials that are elected to four-year terms include an auditor, recorder, treasurer, sheriff, coroner and clerk of the circuit court. All incorporated cities in Indiana have a mayor and council form of municipal government. Towns are governed by a town council and townships are governed by a township trustee and advisory board.<ref name="ST"/><ref>{{dead link|date=December 2012}}</ref> | ||
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From 1880 to 1924, a resident of Indiana was included in all but one presidential election. Indiana Representative ] was nominated for Vice-President and ran with Winfield Scott Hancock in the ].<ref>Gray (1977), p. 23</ref> In 1884, former Indiana Governor ] was elected Vice-President of the United States. He served until his death on November 25, 1885, under President ].<ref>Gray (1977), p. 82</ref> In 1888, Indiana Senator ] was elected President of the United States and served one term. He remains the only U.S. President from Indiana. Indiana Senator ] was elected Vice-President in 1904, serving under President ] until 1909.<ref>Gray (1977), p. 118</ref> Fairbanks made another run for Vice-President with ] in 1912, but they both lost to ] and Indiana Governor ], who served as Vice-President from 1913 until 1921.<ref>Gray (1977), p. 162</ref> Not until 1988 did another presidential election involved a native of Indiana, when Senator ] was elected Vice-President and served one term with ].<ref name="FW"/> | From 1880 to 1924, a resident of Indiana was included in all but one presidential election. Indiana Representative ] was nominated for Vice-President and ran with Winfield Scott Hancock in the ].<ref>Gray (1977), p. 23</ref> In 1884, former Indiana Governor ] was elected Vice-President of the United States. He served until his death on November 25, 1885, under President ].<ref>Gray (1977), p. 82</ref> In 1888, Indiana Senator ] was elected President of the United States and served one term. He remains the only U.S. President from Indiana. Indiana Senator ] was elected Vice-President in 1904, serving under President ] until 1909.<ref>Gray (1977), p. 118</ref> Fairbanks made another run for Vice-President with ] in 1912, but they both lost to ] and Indiana Governor ], who served as Vice-President from 1913 until 1921.<ref>Gray (1977), p. 162</ref> Not until 1988 did another presidential election involved a native of Indiana, when Senator ] was elected Vice-President and served one term with ].<ref name="FW"/> | ||
Indiana has long been considered to be a ] stronghold,<ref>{{cite news | agency=Associated Press | title=Indiana poll shows tight race with McCain, Obama |publisher=Fox News Channel | url=http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2008Oct01/0,4670,Poll2008Indiana,00.html | date=October 1, 2008 | accessdate= |
Indiana has long been considered to be a ] stronghold,<ref>{{cite news | agency=Associated Press | title=Indiana poll shows tight race with McCain, Obama |publisher=Fox News Channel | url=http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2008Oct01/0,4670,Poll2008Indiana,00.html | date=October 1, 2008 | accessdate=August 10, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=Purnick | first=Joyce | title=The 2006 Campaign: Struggle for the House; In a G.O.P. Stronghold, 3 Districts in Indiana Are Now Battlegrounds |work=The New York Times | url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CEFDA163FF932A15753C1A9609C8B63 | date=October 21, 2006 | accessdate=August 10, 2009}}</ref> particularly in Presidential races, but the ] (CPVI) now rates Indiana as only R+5, a smaller Republican edge than is assigned to 20 of the 28 "red" states. Indiana was one of only ten states to support Republican ] in 1940.<ref name="FW"/> On 14 occasions has the Republican candidate defeated the Democrat by a double digit margin in the state, including six times where a Republican won the state by more than 20%.<ref name="Atlas"/> In 2000 and 2004, ] won the state by a wide margin while the election was much closer overall. The state has only supported a ] for president five times since 1900. In 1912, ] became the first Democrat to win the state with 43% of the vote. 20 years later, ] won the state with 55% of the vote over incumbent Republican ]. Roosevelt won the state again in 1936. In 1964, 56% of voters supported Democrat ] over Republican ]. 44 years later, Democrat ] narrowly won the state against ] 50% to 49%.<ref>{{cite web | last=McPhee | first=Laura | title=Indiana's historic vote for Obama |work=] | url=http://www.nuvo.net/news/article/indianas-historic-vote-obama | date=November 12, 2008 | accessdate=August 10, 2009}}{{dead link|date=December 2012}}</ref> In the ] Republican ] won back the state for the Republican party with 54% of the vote over incumbent Obama who won 43%.<ref></ref> | ||
While only five Democratic presidential nominees have carried Indiana since 1900, 11 Democrats ] during that time. Before ] became governor in 2005, Democrats had held the office for 16 consecutive years. Indiana elects two senators and nine representatives to Congress. The state has 11 electoral votes in presidential elections.<ref name="Atlas"/> Seven of the ] favor the Republican Party according to the CPVI rankings; there are currently six Republicans serving as representatives and three Democrats. Historically, Republicans have been strongest in the eastern and central portions of the state, while Democrats have been strongest in the northwestern part of the state. Occasionally, certain counties in the southern part of the state will vote Democratic. Marion County, Indiana's most populous county, supported the Republican candidates from 1968 to 2000, before backing the Democrats in the 2004 and 2008 elections. Indiana's second most populous county, Lake County, strongly supports the Democratic party and has not voted for a Republican since 1972.<ref name="Atlas">{{cite web | title=Presidential General Election Map Comparison | publisher=uselectionatlas.org | url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/comparemaps.php?year=2008&fips=18&f=1&off=0&elect=0 | accessdate= |
While only five Democratic presidential nominees have carried Indiana since 1900, 11 Democrats ] during that time. Before ] became governor in 2005, Democrats had held the office for 16 consecutive years. Indiana elects two senators and nine representatives to Congress. The state has 11 electoral votes in presidential elections.<ref name="Atlas"/> Seven of the ] favor the Republican Party according to the CPVI rankings; there are currently six Republicans serving as representatives and three Democrats. Historically, Republicans have been strongest in the eastern and central portions of the state, while Democrats have been strongest in the northwestern part of the state. Occasionally, certain counties in the southern part of the state will vote Democratic. Marion County, Indiana's most populous county, supported the Republican candidates from 1968 to 2000, before backing the Democrats in the 2004 and 2008 elections. Indiana's second most populous county, Lake County, strongly supports the Democratic party and has not voted for a Republican since 1972.<ref name="Atlas">{{cite web | title=Presidential General Election Map Comparison | publisher=uselectionatlas.org | url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/comparemaps.php?year=2008&fips=18&f=1&off=0&elect=0 | accessdate=August 11, 2009}}</ref> In 2005, the Bay Area Center for Voting Research rated the most liberal and conservative cities in the United States on voting statistics in the 2004 presidential election, based on 237 cities with populations of more than 100,000. Five Indiana cities were mentioned in the study. On the liberal side, Gary was ranked second and South Bend came in at 83. Among conservative cities, Fort Wayne was 44th, Evansville was 60th and Indianapolis was 82nd on the list.<ref>{{cite web | last=Modie | first=Neil | title=Where have Seattle's lefties gone? |work=] | url=http://www.seattlepi.com/local/236320_liberal12.html | date=August 12, 2005 | accessdate=August 11, 2009}}</ref> | ||
===Military installations=== | ===Military installations=== | ||
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].]] | ].]] | ||
In 2000, Indiana had a work force of 3,084,100.<ref>{{cite web| title =Economic Base| publisher=City of Valparaiso| url =http://www.ci.valparaiso.in.us/planning/ComprehensivePlan/CompPlan/ChapterI.pdf| accessdate =2009 |
In 2000, Indiana had a work force of 3,084,100.<ref>{{cite web| title =Economic Base| publisher=City of Valparaiso| url =http://www.ci.valparaiso.in.us/planning/ComprehensivePlan/CompPlan/ChapterI.pdf| accessdate =November 2, 2009 }}{{dead link|date=December 2012}}</ref> The total gross state product in 2010 was $275.7 billion.<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP by State|url=http://greyhill.com/gdp-by-state|publisher=Greyhill Advisors|accessdate=September 7, 2011}}</ref> A high percentage of Indiana's income is from manufacturing.<ref>{{cite web | title=Indiana Economy at a Glance | publisher=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics | url=http://stats.bls.gov/eag/eag.in.htm | accessdate=January 11, 2007}}</ref> The Calumet region of ] is the largest steel producing area in the U.S. Indiana's other manufactures include pharmaceuticals and medical devices, automobiles, electrical equipment, transportation equipment, chemical products, rubber, petroleum and coal products, and factory machinery. | ||
Despite its reliance on manufacturing, Indiana has been much less affected by declines in traditional ] manufactures than many of its neighbors. The explanation appears to be certain factors in the labor market. First, much of the heavy manufacturing, such as industrial machinery and steel, requires highly skilled labor, and firms are often willing to locate where hard-to-train skills already exist. Second, Indiana's labor force is located primarily in medium-sized and smaller cities rather than in very large and expensive metropolises. This makes it possible for firms to offer somewhat lower wages for these skills than would normally be paid. Firms often see in Indiana a chance to obtain higher than average skills at lower than average wages.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Manufacturers in Indiana | publisher=Purdue University Center for Rural Development | date=July 19, 1998}}</ref> | Despite its reliance on manufacturing, Indiana has been much less affected by declines in traditional ] manufactures than many of its neighbors. The explanation appears to be certain factors in the labor market. First, much of the heavy manufacturing, such as industrial machinery and steel, requires highly skilled labor, and firms are often willing to locate where hard-to-train skills already exist. Second, Indiana's labor force is located primarily in medium-sized and smaller cities rather than in very large and expensive metropolises. This makes it possible for firms to offer somewhat lower wages for these skills than would normally be paid. Firms often see in Indiana a chance to obtain higher than average skills at lower than average wages.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Manufacturers in Indiana | publisher=Purdue University Center for Rural Development | date=July 19, 1998}}</ref> | ||
Indiana is home to the international headquarters and research facilities of pharmaceutical company ] in Indianapolis, the state's largest corporation, as well as the world headquarters of Mead Johnson Nutritionals in Evansville.<ref>{{dead link|date=December 2012}}</ref> Overall, Indiana ranks fifth among all U.S. states in total sales and shipments of pharmaceutical products and second highest in the number of biopharmaceutical related jobs.<ref>{{cite web | title=Economy & Demographics | publisher=Terre Haute Economic Development Co. | url=http://www.terrehauteareaedc.com/econ_industry.htm | accessdate= |
Indiana is home to the international headquarters and research facilities of pharmaceutical company ] in Indianapolis, the state's largest corporation, as well as the world headquarters of Mead Johnson Nutritionals in Evansville.<ref>{{dead link|date=December 2012}}</ref> Overall, Indiana ranks fifth among all U.S. states in total sales and shipments of pharmaceutical products and second highest in the number of biopharmaceutical related jobs.<ref>{{cite web | title=Economy & Demographics | publisher=Terre Haute Economic Development Co. | url=http://www.terrehauteareaedc.com/econ_industry.htm | accessdate=January 30, 2007}}</ref> | ||
Indiana is located within the U.S. ] and ]. The state has a feedlot-style system raising corn to fatten hogs and cattle. Along with corn, ] are also a major cash crop. Its proximity to large urban centers, such as ] and Chicago, assure that dairying, egg production, and specialty horticulture occur. | Indiana is located within the U.S. ] and ]. The state has a feedlot-style system raising corn to fatten hogs and cattle. Along with corn, ] are also a major cash crop. Its proximity to large urban centers, such as ] and Chicago, assure that dairying, egg production, and specialty horticulture occur. | ||
Other crops include melons, tomatoes, grapes, mint, popping corn, and tobacco in the southern counties.<ref>{{cite web | title=USDA Crop Profiles | publisher=United States Department of Agriculture | url=http://cipm.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles/cplist.cfm?org=state | accessdate= |
Other crops include melons, tomatoes, grapes, mint, popping corn, and tobacco in the southern counties.<ref>{{cite web | title=USDA Crop Profiles | publisher=United States Department of Agriculture | url=http://cipm.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles/cplist.cfm?org=state | accessdate=November 20, 2006 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070223130933/http://cipm.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles/cplist.cfm?org=state <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = February 23, 2007}}</ref> Most of the original land was not prairie and had to be cleared of deciduous trees. Many parcels of woodland remain and support a furniture-making sector in the southern portion of the state. | ||
In 2011 Indiana was ranked first in the Midwest and sixth in the country for best places to do business according to CEO magazine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chiefexecutive.net/best-worst-states-for-business |title=Best/Worst States for Business | ChiefExecutive.net | Chief Executive Magazine |publisher=ChiefExecutive.net |date=May 3, 2011 |accessdate= |
In 2011 Indiana was ranked first in the Midwest and sixth in the country for best places to do business according to CEO magazine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chiefexecutive.net/best-worst-states-for-business |title=Best/Worst States for Business | ChiefExecutive.net | Chief Executive Magazine |publisher=ChiefExecutive.net |date=May 3, 2011 |accessdate=December 10, 2011}}</ref> | ||
===State budget=== | ===State budget=== | ||
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]es are imposed on both real and personal property in Indiana and are administered by the Department of Local Government Finance. Property is subject to taxation by a variety of taxing units (schools, counties, townships, cities and towns, libraries), making the total tax rate the sum of the tax rates imposed by all taxing units in which a property is located. However, a "circuit breaker" law enacted on March 19, 2008 limits ]es to one percent of assessed value for homeowners, two percent for rental properties and farmland and three percent for businesses. | ]es are imposed on both real and personal property in Indiana and are administered by the Department of Local Government Finance. Property is subject to taxation by a variety of taxing units (schools, counties, townships, cities and towns, libraries), making the total tax rate the sum of the tax rates imposed by all taxing units in which a property is located. However, a "circuit breaker" law enacted on March 19, 2008 limits ]es to one percent of assessed value for homeowners, two percent for rental properties and farmland and three percent for businesses. | ||
In Fiscal year 2011 Indiana reported one of the largest surpluses among U.S states, with an extra $1.2 billion in its accounts. Gov. Mitch Daniels, a Republican, authorized bonus payments of up to $1,000 for state employees on Friday, July 15, 2011. An employee who “meets expectations” will get $500, those who “exceed expectations” will receive $750 and “outstanding workers” will see an extra $1,000 in their August paychecks<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/jul/17/many-states-celebrate-surpluses-as-congress-strugg/ |title=Many states celebrate surpluses as Congress struggles with debt |work=Washington Times |date=July 17, 2011 |accessdate= |
In Fiscal year 2011 Indiana reported one of the largest surpluses among U.S states, with an extra $1.2 billion in its accounts. Gov. Mitch Daniels, a Republican, authorized bonus payments of up to $1,000 for state employees on Friday, July 15, 2011. An employee who “meets expectations” will get $500, those who “exceed expectations” will receive $750 and “outstanding workers” will see an extra $1,000 in their August paychecks<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/jul/17/many-states-celebrate-surpluses-as-congress-strugg/ |title=Many states celebrate surpluses as Congress struggles with debt |work=Washington Times |date=July 17, 2011 |accessdate=December 10, 2011}}</ref> | ||
===Energy=== | ===Energy=== | ||
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Indiana's power production chiefly consists of the consumption of fossil fuels, mainly coal. Indiana has 24 coal power plants, including the largest coal power plant in the United States, ], located across the Wabash River from ]. Indiana is also home to the coal-fired plant with the highest sulfur dioxide emissions in the United States, the ] power plant just west of New Albany.<ref></ref> | Indiana's power production chiefly consists of the consumption of fossil fuels, mainly coal. Indiana has 24 coal power plants, including the largest coal power plant in the United States, ], located across the Wabash River from ]. Indiana is also home to the coal-fired plant with the highest sulfur dioxide emissions in the United States, the ] power plant just west of New Albany.<ref></ref> | ||
The state has an estimated coal reserves of fifty-seven billion tons; state mining operations produces thirty-five million tons of coal annually.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://igs.indiana.edu/coal/index.cfm|title=Coal in Indiana|author=Indiana Geological Survey|publisher=]|accessdate= |
The state has an estimated coal reserves of fifty-seven billion tons; state mining operations produces thirty-five million tons of coal annually.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://igs.indiana.edu/coal/index.cfm|title=Coal in Indiana|author=Indiana Geological Survey|publisher=]|accessdate=October 19, 2010}}</ref> While Indiana has made commitments to increasing use of renewable resources such as wind, hydroelectric, biomass, or solar power, however, progress has been very slow, mainly because of the continued abundance of coal in Southern Indiana. Most of the new plants in the state have been ] plants. Another source is hydroelectric power. | ||
] is now being developed. New estimates in 2006 raised the wind capacity for Indiana from 30 MW at 50 m turbine height to 40,000 MW at 70 m, and to 130,000 MW at 100 m, in 2010, the height of newer turbines.<ref> Retrieved August 20, 2008</ref> As of the end of 2011, Indiana has installed 1,340 MW of wind turbines.<ref></ref> | ] is now being developed. New estimates in 2006 raised the wind capacity for Indiana from 30 MW at 50 m turbine height to 40,000 MW at 70 m, and to 130,000 MW at 100 m, in 2010, the height of newer turbines.<ref> Retrieved August 20, 2008</ref> As of the end of 2011, Indiana has installed 1,340 MW of wind turbines.<ref></ref> | ||
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===Airports=== | ===Airports=== | ||
{{See also|List of airports in Indiana}} | {{See also|List of airports in Indiana}} | ||
] serves the greater Indianapolis area and has finished constructing a new passenger terminal. The new airport opened in November 2008 and offers a new midfield passenger terminal, concourses, air traffic control tower, parking garage, and airfield and apron improvements.<ref>{{cite web | title=New Indianapolis Airport | publisher=Indianapolis Airport Authority | url=http://www.newindianapolisairport.com | accessdate=2007 |
] serves the greater Indianapolis area and has finished constructing a new passenger terminal. The new airport opened in November 2008 and offers a new midfield passenger terminal, concourses, air traffic control tower, parking garage, and airfield and apron improvements.<ref>{{cite web | title=New Indianapolis Airport | publisher=Indianapolis Airport Authority | url=http://www.newindianapolisairport.com | accessdate=January 6, 2007}}</ref> | ||
Other major airports include ], ] (which houses the ] of the ]), and ]. A long-standing proposal to turn ] into Chicago's third major airport received a boost in early 2006 with the approval of $48 million in federal funding over the next ten years.<ref>{{cite web | title=Gary Airpport Gets Millions in Federal Funding | publisher=CBS Channel 2 | url=http://cbs2chicago.com/topstories/local_story_016180843.html | accessdate= |
Other major airports include ], ] (which houses the ] of the ]), and ]. A long-standing proposal to turn ] into Chicago's third major airport received a boost in early 2006 with the approval of $48 million in federal funding over the next ten years.<ref>{{cite web | title=Gary Airpport Gets Millions in Federal Funding | publisher=CBS Channel 2 | url=http://cbs2chicago.com/topstories/local_story_016180843.html | accessdate=October 18, 2006}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> | ||
The ] has no airlines operating out of the facility but is used for private flying. Since 1954, the ] of the Indiana ] has been stationed at the airport. However, the ] (BRAC) Proposal of 2005 stated that the 181st would lose its fighter mission and ] aircraft, leaving the Terre Haute facility as a general-aviation only facility. | The ] has no airlines operating out of the facility but is used for private flying. Since 1954, the ] of the Indiana ] has been stationed at the airport. However, the ] (BRAC) Proposal of 2005 stated that the 181st would lose its fighter mission and ] aircraft, leaving the Terre Haute facility as a general-aviation only facility. | ||
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===Ports=== | ===Ports=== | ||
Indiana annually ships over 70 million tons of cargo by water each year, which ranks 14th among all U.S. states. More than half of Indiana's border is water, which includes {{convert|400|mi|km|-1}} of direct access to two major freight transportation arteries: the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence Seaway (via Lake Michigan) and the Inland Waterway System (via the Ohio River). The ] manages three major ports which include ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite web | title=Ports of Indiana Website | url=http://www.portsofindiana.com | accessdate=2007 |
Indiana annually ships over 70 million tons of cargo by water each year, which ranks 14th among all U.S. states. More than half of Indiana's border is water, which includes {{convert|400|mi|km|-1}} of direct access to two major freight transportation arteries: the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence Seaway (via Lake Michigan) and the Inland Waterway System (via the Ohio River). The ] manages three major ports which include ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite web | title=Ports of Indiana Website | url=http://www.portsofindiana.com | accessdate=January 7, 2007}}</ref> | ||
In ] three public and several private port facilities receive year-round service from five major barge lines operating on the ]. Evansville has been a ] for more than 125 years. Because of this, it is possible to have international cargo shipped to Evansville in bond. The international cargo can then clear Customs in Evansville rather than a coastal port. | In ] three public and several private port facilities receive year-round service from five major barge lines operating on the ]. Evansville has been a ] for more than 125 years. Because of this, it is possible to have international cargo shipped to Evansville in bond. The international cargo can then clear Customs in Evansville rather than a coastal port. | ||
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| publisher=Northern Indiana Center for History | | publisher=Northern Indiana Center for History | ||
| url= http://www.centerforhistory.org/indiana_history_main3.html | | url= http://www.centerforhistory.org/indiana_history_main3.html | ||
| accessdate= |
| accessdate= August 26, 2009 }} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> However, the plan turned out to be far too idealistic for a pioneer society, as tax money was not accessible for its organization. In the 1840s, ] pressed the need for tax-supported schools, and in 1851 his advice was included in the new state constitution. | ||
Although the growth of the public school system was held up by legal entanglements, many public elementary schools were in use by 1870. Most children in Indiana attend public schools, but nearly 10% attend private schools and ]s. About one-half of all college students in Indiana are enrolled in state-supported four-year schools. | Although the growth of the public school system was held up by legal entanglements, many public elementary schools were in use by 1870. Most children in Indiana attend public schools, but nearly 10% attend private schools and ]s. About one-half of all college students in Indiana are enrolled in state-supported four-year schools. | ||
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Indiana has an extensive history with ]. Indianapolis hosts the ] mile race over ] weekend at the ] every May. The name of the race is usually shortened to "Indy 500" and also goes by the nickname "The Greatest Spectacle in Racing." The race attracts over 250,000 people every year making it the largest single day sporting event in the world. The track also hosts the ] (]) and the ] (]). From 2000 to 2007, it hosted the ] (]). Indiana features the world's largest and most prestigious drag race, the ], held each Labor Day weekend at ] in ]. Indiana is also host to two major ] power boat race circuits in the major ] league: ] (]) and the ] (]). | Indiana has an extensive history with ]. Indianapolis hosts the ] mile race over ] weekend at the ] every May. The name of the race is usually shortened to "Indy 500" and also goes by the nickname "The Greatest Spectacle in Racing." The race attracts over 250,000 people every year making it the largest single day sporting event in the world. The track also hosts the ] (]) and the ] (]). From 2000 to 2007, it hosted the ] (]). Indiana features the world's largest and most prestigious drag race, the ], held each Labor Day weekend at ] in ]. Indiana is also host to two major ] power boat race circuits in the major ] league: ] (]) and the ] (]). | ||
{{asof|2013}} Indiana has produced more ] (NBA) players per capita than any other state. Muncie has produced the most per capita of any American city, with two other Indiana cities in the top ten.<ref name="deadspin20130617">{{cite web | url=http://deadspin.com/infographics-where-do-pro-basketball-players-come-from-513261549 | title=Infographics: Where Do Pro Basketball Players Come From? | work=Deadspin | date= |
{{asof|2013}} Indiana has produced more ] (NBA) players per capita than any other state. Muncie has produced the most per capita of any American city, with two other Indiana cities in the top ten.<ref name="deadspin20130617">{{cite web | url=http://deadspin.com/infographics-where-do-pro-basketball-players-come-from-513261549 | title=Infographics: Where Do Pro Basketball Players Come From? | work=Deadspin | date=June 17, 2013 | accessdate=June 18, 2013 | author=Fischer-Baum, Reuben}}</ref> It has a rich basketball heritage that reaches back to the formative years of the sport itself. The ] of the NBA play their home games at ]; they began play in 1967 in the ] (ABA) and joined the NBA when the leagues ] in 1976. Although ] developed basketball in ], in 1891, Indiana is where high school basketball was born. In 1925, Naismith visited an Indiana basketball state finals game along with 15,000 screaming fans and later wrote "Basketball really had its origin in Indiana, which remains the center of the sport." The 1986 film '']'' is inspired by the story of the 1954 Indiana state champions ]. Professional basketball player Larry Bird was born in West Baden Springs, Indiana and was raised in French Lick, Indiana. He went on to lead the Boston Celtics to the NBA championship in 1981, 1984, and 1986.<ref>{{cite web|title=Larry Bird Biography - Facts, Birthday, Life Story - Biography.com|url=http://www.biography.com/people/larry-bird-9213087}}</ref> | ||
Indianapolis is home to the ]. The Colts are members of the ] of the ]. The Colts have roots back to 1913 as the ]. They became an official team after moving to ], ], in 1953. In 1984, the ] ] to Indianapolis, leading to an eventual rivalry with the ]. After calling the ] home for 25 years, the Colts currently play their home games at ] in Indianapolis. While in Baltimore, the Colts won the ]. In Indianapolis, the Colts won ], bringing the franchise total to two. In recent years the Colts have regularly competed in the NFL playoffs. | Indianapolis is home to the ]. The Colts are members of the ] of the ]. The Colts have roots back to 1913 as the ]. They became an official team after moving to ], ], in 1953. In 1984, the ] ] to Indianapolis, leading to an eventual rivalry with the ]. After calling the ] home for 25 years, the Colts currently play their home games at ] in Indianapolis. While in Baltimore, the Colts won the ]. In Indianapolis, the Colts won ], bringing the franchise total to two. In recent years the Colts have regularly competed in the NFL playoffs. |
Revision as of 20:29, 29 October 2013
This article is about the U.S. state of Indiana. For other uses, see Indiana (disambiguation). "Hoosier State" redirects here. For the passenger train, see Hoosier State (train).State in the United States
Indiana | |
---|---|
State | |
Country | United States |
Before statehood | Indiana Territory |
Admitted to the Union | December 11, 1816 (19th) |
Capital (and largest city) | Indianapolis |
Largest metro and urban areas | Indianapolis metropolitan area |
Government | |
• Governor | Mike Pence (R) |
• Lieutenant governor | Sue Ellspermann (R) |
Legislature | General Assembly |
• Upper house | Senate |
• Lower house | House of Representatives |
U.S. senators | Dan Coats (R) Joe Donnelly (D) |
U.S. House delegation | 7 Republicans, 2 Democrats (list) |
Population | |
• Total | 6,537,334 (2,012 est) |
• Density | 182/sq mi (70.2/km) |
Language | |
• Official language | English |
• Spoken language | English, other languages |
Traditional abbreviation | Ind. |
Latitude | 37° 46′ N to 41° 46′ N |
Longitude | 84° 47′ W to 88° 6′ W |
Indiana /ɪndiˈænə/ is a U.S. state located in the midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America. Indiana is the 38th largest by area and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States. Indiana is the least extensive state in the contiguous United States west of the Appalachian Mountains. Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U.S. state on December 11, 1816.
Before it became a territory, varying cultures of indigenous peoples and historic Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years. Since its founding as a territory, settlement patterns in Indiana have reflected regional cultural segmentation present in the Eastern United States; the state's northernmost tier was settled primarily by people from New England and New York, Central Indiana by migrants from the Mid-Atlantic states and from adjacent Ohio, and Southern Indiana by settlers from the Southern states, particularly Kentucky and Tennessee.
Indiana has a diverse economy with a gross state product of $214 billion in 2005. Indiana has several metropolitan areas with populations greater than 100,000 and a number of smaller industrial cities and towns. Indiana is home to several major sports teams and athletic events including the NFL's Indianapolis Colts, the NBA's Indiana Pacers, the WNBA’s Indiana Fever, and the Indianapolis 500 and Brickyard 400 motorsports races.
Etymology
The state's name means "Land of the Indians," or simply "Indian Land." This name dates back to at least the 1760s but was first applied to the region by the United States Congress when the Indiana Territory was incorporated in 1800, separating it from the Northwest Territory.
Residents of Indiana are known as Hoosiers. The etymology of the word is disputed, but the leading theory as advanced by the Indiana Historical Bureau and the Indiana Historical Society has "Hoosier" originating from the upland South region of the U.S. as a derogatory slang term for a rough countryman, a country bumpkin.
History
Main article: History of IndianaThe first inhabitants in what is now Indiana were the Paleo-Indians, who arrived about 8000 BC after the melting of the glaciers at the end of the Ice Age. Divided into small groups, the Paleo-Indians were nomads who hunted large game such as mastodons. They created stone tools made out of chert by chipping, knapping and flaking. The Archaic period, which began between 5000 and 4000 BC, covered the next phase of indigenous culture. The people developed new tools as well as techniques to cook food, an important step in civilization. Such new tools included different types of spear points and knives, with various forms of notches. They made ground-stone tools such as stone axes, woodworking tools and grinding stones. During the latter part of the period, they built earthwork mounds and middens, which showed that settlements were becoming more permanent. The Archaic period ended at about 1500 BC, although some Archaic people lived until 700 BC. Afterward, the Woodland period took place in Indiana, where various new cultural attributes appeared. During this period, the people created ceramics and pottery, and extended their cultivation of plants. An early Woodland period group named the Adena people had elegant burial rituals, featuring log tombs beneath earth mounds. In the middle portion of the Woodland period, the Hopewell people began developing long-range trade of goods. Nearing the end of the stage, the people developed highly productive cultivation and adaptation of agriculture, growing such crops as corn and squash. The Woodland period ended around 1000 AD. The Mississippian culture emerged, lasting from 1000 until the 15th century, shortly before the arrival of Europeans. During this stage, the people created large urban settlements designed according to their cosmology, with large mounds and plazas defining ceremonial and public spaces. The concentrated settlements depended on the agricultural surpluses. One such complex was the Angel Mounds. They had large public areas such as plazas and platform mounds, where leaders lived or conducted rituals. Mississippian civilization collapsed in Indiana during the mid-1400s for reasons that remain unclear. The historic Native American tribes in the area at the time of European encounter spoke different languages of the Algonquian family. They included the Shawnee, Miami, and Illini. Later they were joined by refugee tribes from eastern regions.
In 1679 the French explorer René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle was the first European to cross into Indiana after reaching present-day South Bend at the Saint Joseph River. He returned the following year to learn about the region. French-Canadian fur traders soon arrived, bringing blankets, jewelry, tools, whiskey and weapons to trade for skins with the Native Americans. By 1702, Sieur Juchereau established the first trading post near Vincennes. In 1715, Sieur de Vincennes built Fort Miami at Kekionga, now Fort Wayne. In 1717, another Canadian, Picote de Beletre, built Fort Ouiatenon on the Wabash River, to try to control Native American trade routes from Lake Erie to the Mississippi River. In 1732, Sieur de Vincennes built a second fur trading post at Vincennes. French Canadian settlers, who had left the earlier post because of hostilities, returned in larger numbers. In a period of a few years, British colonists arrived from the East and contended against the Canadians for control of the lucrative fur trade. Fighting between the French and British colonists occurred throughout the 1750s as a result.
The Native American tribes of Indiana sided with the French Canadians during the French and Indian War (also known as the Seven Years War). With British victory in 1763, the French were forced to cede all their lands in North America east of the Mississippi River and north and west of the colonies to the British crown.
The tribes in Indiana did not give up; they destroyed Fort Ouiatenon and Fort Miami during Pontiac's Rebellion. The British royal proclamation of 1763 designated the land west of the Appalachians for Indian use, and excluded British colonists from the area, which the Crown called Indian Territory. In 1775, the American Revolutionary War began as the colonists sought for more self-government and independence from the British. The majority of the fighting took place near the East Coast, but the Patriot military officer George Rogers Clark called for an army to help fight the British in the west. Clark's army won significant battles and took over Vincennes and Fort Sackville on February 25, 1779. During the war, Clark managed to cut off British troops who were attacking the eastern colonists from the west. His success is often credited for changing the course of the American Revolutionary War. At the end of the war, through the Treaty of Paris, the British crown ceded their claims to the land south of the Great Lakes to the newly formed United States, including American Indian lands which they did not own.
In 1787 the US defined present-day Indiana as part of its Northwest Territory. In 1800, Congress separated Ohio from the Northwest Territory, designating the rest of the land as the Indiana Territory. President Thomas Jefferson chose William Henry Harrison as the governor of the territory and Vincennes was established as the capital. After Michigan was separated and the Illinois Territory was formed, Indiana was reduced to its current size and geography.
In 1810, the Shawnee chief Tecumseh and his brother Tenskwatawa encouraged other tribes in the territory to resist European settlement. Tensions rose and the US authorized Harrison to launch a preemptive expedition against Tecumseh's Confederacy; the US gained victory at the Battle of Tippecanoe on November 7, 1811. Tecumseh was killed in 1813 during the Battle of Thames. After his death, armed resistance to United States control ended in the region. Most Native American tribes in the state were later removed to west of the Mississippi River in the 1820s and 1830s after US negotiations and purchase their lands.
In December 1813, Corydon was named the second capital of the Indiana Territory. Two years later, a petition for statehood was approved by the territorial general assembly and sent to Congress. An Enabling Act was passed to provide an election of delegates to write a constitution for Indiana. On June 10, 1816, delegates assembled at Corydon to write the constitution, which was completed in 19 days. President James Madison approved Indiana's admission into the union as the nineteenth state on December 11, 1816.
In 1825, the state capital was moved from Corydon to Indianapolis and 26 years later, a second constitution was adopted. Following statehood, the new government worked to transform Indiana from a frontier into a developed, well-populated, and thriving state, beginning significant demographic and economic changes. The state's founders initiated a program that led to the construction of roads, canals, railroads and state-funded public schools. The plans bankrupted the state and were a financial disaster, but increased land and produce value more than fourfold. Many immigrants went west to settle in Indiana in the early nineteenth century. The largest immigrant group to settle in Indiana were Germans, as well as numerous immigrants from Ireland and England. Americans who were primarily ethnically English migrated from the Northern Tier of New York and New England, as well as the mid-Atlantic state of Pennsylvania.
During the American Civil War, Indiana became politically influential and played an important role in the affairs of the nation. As the first western state to mobilize for the United States in the war, Indiana had soldiers participating in all of the major engagements. The state provided 126 infantry regiments, 26 batteries of artillery and 13 regiments of cavalry to the cause of the Union. In 1861, Indiana was assigned a quota of 7,500 men to join the Union Army. So many volunteered in the first call that thousands had to be turned away. Before the war ended, Indiana contributed 208,367 men to fight and serve in the war. Casualties were over 35% among these men: 24,416 lost their lives in the conflict and over 50,000 more were wounded. The only Civil War battle fought in Indiana was the Battle of Corydon, which occurred during Morgan's Raid. The battle left 15 dead, 40 wounded, and 355 captured.
Following the American Civil War, Indiana industry began to grow at an accelerated rate across the northern part of the state. With industrialization, workers developed labor unions and suffrage movements arose in relation to the progress of women. The Indiana Gas Boom led to rapid industrialization during the late 19th century by providing cheap fuel to the region. In the early 20th century, Indiana developed into a strong manufacturing state with ties to the new auto industry. Haynes-Apperson, the nation's first commercially successful auto company, operated in Kokomo until 1925. The construction of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway and the start of auto-related industries were also related to the auto industry boom.
During the 1930s, Indiana, like the rest of the nation, was affected by the Great Depression. The economic downturn had a wide-ranging negative impact on Indiana, such as the decline of urbanization. The Dust Bowl further to the west resulted in many migrants fleeing into the more industrialized Midwest. Governor Paul V. McNutt's administration struggled to build a state-funded welfare system to help the overwhelmed private charities. During his administration, spending and taxes were both cut drastically in response to the Depression, and the state government was completely reorganized. McNutt ended Prohibition in the state and enacted the state's first income tax. On several occasions, he declared martial law to put an end to worker strikes. World War II helped lift the economy in Indiana, as the war required steel, food and other goods that were produced in the state. Roughly 10 percent of Indiana's population joined the armed forces, while hundreds of industries earned war production contracts and began making war material. Indiana manufactured 4.5 percent of total United States military armaments produced during World War II, ranking eighth among the 48 states. The expansion of industry to meet war demands helped end the Great Depression.
With the conclusion of World War II, Indiana rebounded to levels of production prior to the Great Depression. Industry became the primary employer, a trend that continued into the 1960s. Urbanization during the 1950s and 1960s led to substantial growth in the state's cities. The auto, steel and pharmaceutical industries topped Indiana's major businesses. Indiana's population continued to grow during the years after the war, exceeding five million by the 1970 census. In the 1960s, the administration of Matthew E. Welsh adopted its first sales tax of two percent. Indiana schools were desegregated in 1949. In 1950, the Census Bureau reported Indiana's population as 95.5% white and 4.4% black. Governor Welsh also worked with the General Assembly to pass the Indiana Civil Rights Bill, granting equal protection to minorities in seeking employment.
Beginning in 1970, a series of amendments to the state constitution were proposed. With adoption, the Indiana Court of Appeals was created and the procedure of appointing justices on the courts was adjusted.
The 1973 oil crisis created a recession that hurt the automotive industry in Indiana. Companies such as Delco Electronics and Delphi began a long series of downsizing that contributed to high unemployment rates in manufacturing in Anderson, Muncie, and Kokomo. The restructuring and deindustrialization trend continued until the 1980s, when the national and state economy began to diversify and recover.
Geography
Main article: Geography of Indiana See also: List of Indiana rivers, Watersheds of Indiana, List of counties in Indiana, and List of ecoregions in IndianaWith a total area (land and water) of 36,418 square miles (94,320 km), Indiana ranks as the 38th largest state in size. The state has a maximum dimension north to south of 250 miles (400 km) and a maximum east to west dimension of 145 miles (233 km). The state’s geographic center (39° 53.7’N, 86° 16.0W) is in Marion County.
Located in the midwestern United States, Indiana is one of eight states that make up the Great Lakes Region. Indiana is bordered on the north by Michigan, on the east by Ohio, and on the west by Illinois, while Lake Michigan borders Indiana on the northwest and the Ohio River separates Indiana from Kentucky on the south.
The average altitude of Indiana is about 760 feet (230 m) above sea level. The highest point in the state is Hoosier Hill in Wayne County at 1,257 feet (383 m) above sea level. The lowest point at 320 feet (98 m) above sea level is located in Posey County, where the Wabash River flows into the Ohio River. Only 2,850 square miles (7,400 km) have an altitude greater than 1,000 feet (300 m) and this area is enclosed within 14 counties. About 4,700 square miles (12,000 km) have an elevation of less than 500 feet (150 m).
The state includes two natural regions of the United States, the Central Lowlands and the Interior Low Plateaus. The till plains make up the northern and central allotment of Indiana. Much of its appearance is a result of elements left behind by glaciers. Central Indiana is mainly flat with some low rolling hills (except where rivers cut deep valleys through the plain, like at the Wabash River and Sugar Creek) and soil composed of glacial sands, gravel and clay, which results in exceptional farmland. Northern Indiana is also very similar except for the presence of higher and hillier terminal moraines and many kettle lakes in some regions. In northwest Indiana, there are various sand ridges and dunes, some reaching near 200 feet in height. These are located along the Lake Michigan shoreline and also inland to the Kankakee River Valley. The unglaciated southern segment of the state carries a different and off-balance surface, characterized in places by profound valleys and rugged, hilly terrain much different from the rest of the state.Here, bedrock is exposed at the surface and isn't buried in glacial till like further north. There are numerous caves in the area. The soil is fertile in the valleys of southern Indiana.
Major river systems in Indiana include the Whitewater, White, Blue, Wabash, St. Joseph, and Maumee rivers. According to the Indiana Department of National Resources, in 2007 there were 65 rivers, streams, and creeks of environmental interest or scenic beauty, which included only a portion of an estimated 24,000 total river miles within the state. The Wabash River, which is the longest free-flowing river east of the Mississippi River, is the official river of Indiana.
At 475 miles (764 km) in length, the river bisects the state from northeast to southwest before flowing south, mostly along the Indiana-Illinois border. The river has been the subject of several songs, such as On the Banks of the Wabash, The Wabash Cannonball and Back Home Again, In Indiana. The Kankakee River passes through northern Indiana before emptying into the Illinois River and serves as a demarcating line between suburban northwest Indiana and the rest of the state.
There are over 1,000 lakes in Indiana. To the northwest, Indiana borders Lake Michigan, where the Port of Indiana operates the state's largest shipping port. Tippecanoe Lake, the deepest lake in the state, reaches depths at nearly 120 feet (37 m), while Lake Wawasee is the largest natural lake in Indiana.
Climate
Indiana has a humid continental climate, with cool winters and warm, wet summers. The extreme southern portion of the state is within the humid subtropical climate area and receives more precipitation than other parts of Indiana. Temperatures generally diverge from the north and south sections of the state. In the middle of the winter, average high/low temperatures range from around 30 °F/15 °F (−1 °C/-10 °C) in the far north to 39 °F/22 °F (4 °C/-6 °C) in the far south.
In the middle of summer there is generally a little less variation across the state, as average high/low temperatures range from around 84 °F/64 °F (29 °C/18 °C) in the far north to 90 °F/69 °F (32 °C/21 °C) in the far south. The record high temperature for the state was 116 °F (47 °C) set on July 14, 1936 at Collegeville. The record low was −36 °F (−38 °C) on January 19, 1994 at New Whiteland. The growing season typically spans from 155 days in the north and 185 days in the south.
While droughts occasionally occur in the state, rainfall totals are distributed relatively equally throughout the year. Precipitation totals range from 35 inches (89 cm) near Lake Michigan in northwest Indiana to 45 inches (110 cm) along the Ohio River in the south, while the state's average is 40 inches (100 cm). Annual snowfall in Indiana varies widely across the state, ranging from 80 inches (200 cm) in the northwest along Lake Michigan to 14 inches (36 cm) in the far south. Lake effect snow accounts for roughly half of the snowfall in northwest and north central Indiana due to the effects of the moisture and relative warmth of Lake Michigan upwind. The mean wind speed is 8 miles per hour (13 km/h).
In a 2012 report, Indiana was ranked eighth in a list of the top 20 tornado-prone states based on National Weather Service data from 1950 through 2011. A 2011 report ranked South Bend 15th among the top 20 tornado-prone cities in the United States, while another report from 2011 ranked Indianapolis eighth. Despite its vulnerability, Indiana is not a part of tornado alley.
Average Precipitation in Indiana | ||||||||||||
Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Annum |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2.48 | 2.27 | 3.36 | 3.89 | 4.46 | 4.19 | 4.22 | 3.91 | 3.12 | 3.02 | 3.44 | 3.13 | 41.49 |
Time zones
Main article: Time in IndianaIndiana is one of thirteen U.S. states that is divided into more than one time zone. Indiana's time zones have fluctuated over the past century. At present most of the state observes Eastern Time; six counties near Chicago and six near Evansville observe Central Time. Debate continues on the matter.
Before 2006, most of Indiana did not observe daylight saving time (DST). Some counties within this area, particularly Floyd, Clark, and Harrison counties near Louisville, Kentucky, and Ohio and Dearborn counties near Cincinnati, Ohio, unofficially observed DST by local custom. Since April 2006 the entire state observes DST.
Indiana counties and statistical areas
Indiana is divided into 92 counties. As of 2010, the state includes 16 metropolitan and 25 micropolitan statistical areas, 117 incorporated cities, 450 towns, and several other smaller divisions and statistical areas. Marion County and Indianapolis have a consolidated city-county government.
Largest cities
See also: List of cities in Indiana and List of towns in IndianaIndianapolis, the capital of Indiana and its largest city. Indiana's four largest metropolitan areas are Indianapolis, Fort Wayne, Evansville, and South Bend. Pictured below are the cities with populations larger than 55,000, based on the 2012 United States Census Estimate.
Major Cities (population > 100,000 and above)
Secondary Cities (population 25,000-100,000)
Smaller Cities (population under 25,000) |
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Demographics
Population
Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
---|---|---|---|
1800 | 2,632 | — | |
1810 | 24,520 | 831.6% | |
1820 | 147,178 | 500.2% | |
1830 | 343,031 | 133.1% | |
1840 | 685,866 | 99.9% | |
1850 | 988,416 | 44.1% | |
1860 | 1,350,428 | 36.6% | |
1870 | 1,680,637 | 24.5% | |
1880 | 1,978,301 | 17.7% | |
1890 | 2,192,404 | 10.8% | |
1900 | 2,516,462 | 14.8% | |
1910 | 2,700,876 | 7.3% | |
1920 | 2,930,390 | 8.5% | |
1930 | 3,238,503 | 10.5% | |
1940 | 3,427,796 | 5.8% | |
1950 | 3,934,224 | 14.8% | |
1960 | 4,662,498 | 18.5% | |
1970 | 5,193,669 | 11.4% | |
1980 | 5,490,224 | 5.7% | |
1990 | 5,544,159 | 1.0% | |
2000 | 6,080,485 | 9.7% | |
2010 | 6,483,802 | 6.6% | |
2012 (est.) | 6,537,334 | 0.8% | |
Source: 1910–2010 |
The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Indiana was 6,537,334 on July 1, 2012, a 0.8% increase since the 2010 United States Census. As of the 2010 U.S. Census, there were 6,483,802 people residing in the state.
The state's population density was 181.0 persons per square mile, the 16th highest in the United States. As of the 2010 U.S. Census, Indiana’s population center is located northwest of Sheridan, in Hamilton County (+40.149246, -086.259514).
In 2005, 77.7% of Indiana residents lived in metropolitan counties, 16.5% lived in micropolitan counties and 5.9% lived in non-core counties.
Racial and ethnic diversity
The racial makeup of the state (based on the 2011 population estimate) was:
- 86.8% White American (81.3% non-Hispanic white, 5.5% White Hispanic)
- 9.4% African American
- 1.7% Asian
- 1.7% biracial or multi-racial
- 0.4% Native American
- 0.1% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islanders.
Hispanic or Latino of any race made up 6.2% of the population. The Hispanic population is Indiana’s fastest growing ethnic minority. 28.2% of Indiana's children under the age of 1 belonged to minority groups(note: children born to white hispanics are counted as minority group).
Age and gender
Based on population estimates for 2011, 6.6% of the state's population is under the age of five, 24.5% is under the age of 18, and 13.2% is 65 years of age or older. From the 2010 U.S. Census demographic data for Indiana, the median age is 37.0 years.
Ancestry
German is the largest ancestry reported in Indiana, with 22.7% of the population reporting that ancestry in the Census. Persons citing American (12.0%) and English ancestry (8.9%) are also numerous, as are Irish (10.8%) and Polish (3.0%). Most of those citing American ancestry are actually of English descent, but have family that has been in North America for so long, in many cases since the early colonial era, that they identify simply as "American". In the 1980 census 1,776,144 people claimed German ancestry, 1,356,135 claimed English ancestry and 1,017,944 claimed Irish ancestry out of a total population of 4,241,975 making the state 42% German, 32% English and 24% Irish.
Population growth and decline
Population growth since 1990 has been concentrated in the counties surrounding Indianapolis, with four of the top five fastest-growing counties in that area: Hamilton, Hendricks, Johnson, and Hancock. The other county is Dearborn County, which is near Cincinnati, Ohio. Hamilton County has also been the fastest growing county in the area consisting of Indiana and its bordering states of Illinois, Michigan, Ohio and Kentucky, and is the 20th fastest growing county in the country.
Cities and towns
Main articles: List of cities in Indiana and List of towns in IndianaWith a population of 829,817, Indianapolis is by far the largest city in Indiana and 12th largest in the United States, according to the 2010 Census. Three other cities in Indiana have a population greater than 100,000: Fort Wayne (253,617), Evansville (179,703) and South Bend (101,168). Since 2000, Fishers has seen the largest population rise amongst the state’s 20 largest cities with an increase of 100 percent.
Hammond and Gary have seen the largest population declines regarding the top 20 largest cities since 2000, with a decrease of 6.8 and 21.0 percent respectively. Other cities that have seen extensive growth since 2000 are Noblesville (39.4 percent), Greenwood (81 percent), Carmel (21.4 percent) and Lawrence (9.3 percent). Meanwhile, Evansville (−4.2 percent), Anderson (−4 percent) and Muncie (−3.9 percent) are cities that have seen the steepest decline in population in the state.
Indianapolis has largest population of the state's metropolitan areas and 33rd largest in the country. The Indianapolis metropolitan area encompasses Marion County and nine surrounding counties in central Indiana.
Median household income in Indiana
See also: Indiana locations by per capita incomeAs of the 2010 U.S. Census, Indiana’s median household income was $44,616, ranking it 36th among the United States and the District of Columbia. In 2005, the median household income for Indiana residents was $43,993. Nearly 498,700 Indiana households had incomes from $50,000 to $74,999, accounting for 20% of all households.
Hamilton County’s median household income is nearly $35,000 higher than the Indiana average. At $78,932, it ranks seventh in the country among counties with less than 250,000 people. The next highest median incomes in Indiana are also found in the Indianapolis suburbs; Hendricks County has a median of $57,538, followed by Johnson County at $56,251.
By race | White | Black | AIAN* | Asian | NHPI* |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2000 (total population) | 90.13% | 8.91% | 0.65% | 1.21% | 0.08% |
2000 (Hispanic only) | 3.31% | 0.15% | 0.07% | 0.03% | 0.02% |
2005 (total population) | 89.57% | 9.42% | 0.63% | 1.44% | 0.08% |
2005 (Hispanic only) | 4.29% | 0.19% | 0.08% | 0.04% | 0.02% |
Growth 2000–05 (total population) | 2.51% | 8.99% | -0.26% | 23.11% | 11.31% |
Growth 2000–05 (non-Hispanic only) | 1.33% | 8.68% | -2.87% | 22.97% | 9.77% |
Growth 2000–05 (Hispanic only) | 33.38% | 26.82% | 21.02% | 28.42% | 16.70% |
* AIAN is American Indian or Alaskan Native; NHPI is Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander |
Religion
Although the largest single religious denomination in the state is Roman Catholic (836,009 members), most of the population are members of various Protestant denominations. The largest Protestant denomination by number of adherents in 2000 was the United Methodist Church with 288,308. A study by the Graduate Center found that 20 percent are Roman Catholic, 14 percent belong to different Baptist churches, 10 percent are other Christians, nine percent are Methodist, and six percent are Lutheran. The study found that 16% of Indiana is affiliated with no religion.
Indiana is home to the St. Meinrad Archabbey, one of two archabbeys in the United States and one of 11 in the world. The Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod has one of its two seminaries in Fort Wayne. Two conservative denominations, the Free Methodist Church and the Wesleyan Church, have their headquarters in Indianapolis as does the Christian Church.
The Fellowship of Grace Brethren Churches maintains offices and publishing work in Winona Lake. Huntington serves as the home to the Church of the United Brethren in Christ. Anderson is home to the headquarters of the Church of God. The headquarters of the Missionary Church is located in Fort Wayne.
The Friends United Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends, the largest branch of American Quakerism, is based in Richmond, which also houses the oldest Quaker seminary in the United States, the Earlham School of Religion. The Islamic Society of North America is headquartered in Plainfield. Indiana has 100,000 Muslims and 17,000 Jews.
Law and government
Main article: Government of Indiana See also: United States congressional delegations from Indiana, Indiana's congressional districts, and Political party strength in IndianaThe Governor of Indiana serves as the chief executive of the state and has the authority to manage the government as established in the Constitution of Indiana. The governor and the lieutenant governor are jointly elected to four-year terms, with gubernatorial elections running concurrent with United States presidential elections (1996,2000,2004,2008, etc.). The governor may not serve more than two consecutive terms. The governor works with the Indiana General Assembly and the Supreme Court of Indiana to govern the state and has the authority to adjust the other branches. Special sessions of the General Assembly can be called upon by the governor as well as have the power to select and remove leaders of nearly all state departments, boards and commissions. Other notable powers include calling out the Indiana Guard Reserve or the Indiana National Guard in times of emergency or disaster, issuing pardons or commuting the sentence of any criminal offenders except in cases of treason or impeachment and possessing an abundant amount of statutory authority. The lieutenant governor serves as the President of the Senate and is responsible for ensuring that the senate rules are acted in accordance with by its constituents. The lieutenant governor can only vote to break ties. If the governor dies in office, becomes permanently incapacitated, resigns or is impeached, the lieutenant governor becomes governor. If both the governor and lieutenant governor positions are unoccupied, the Senate President pro tempore becomes governor.
The Indiana General Assembly is composed of a 50-member Senate and 100-member House of Representatives. The Senate is the upper house of the General Assembly and the House of Representatives is the lower house. The General Assembly has exclusive legislative authority within the state government. Both the Senate and House of Representatives can introduce legislation, with the exception that the Senate is not authorized to initiate legislation that will affect revenue. Bills are debated and passed separately in each house, but must be passed by both houses before they can be submitted to the Governor. The legislature can nullify a veto from the governor with a majority vote of full membership in the Senate and House of Representatives. Each law passed by the General Assembly must be used without exception to the entire state. The General Assembly has no authority to create legislation that targets only a particular community. The General Assembly can manage the state's judiciary system by arranging the size of the courts and the bounds of their districts. It also can oversee the activities of the executive branch of the state government, has restricted power to regulate the county governments within the state, and has exclusive power to initiate the method to alter the Indiana Constitution.
The Indiana Supreme Court is made up of five judges with a Court of Appeals composed of 15 judges. The governor selects judges for the supreme and appeal courts from a group of applicants chosen by a special commission. After serving for two years, the judges must acquire the support of the electorate to serve for a 10-year term. In nearly all cases, the Supreme Court does not have original jurisdiction and can only hear cases that are petitioned to the court following being heard in lower courts. Local circuit courts are where the majority of cases begin with a trial and the consequence decided by the jury. The Supreme Court does have original and sole jurisdiction in certain specific areas including the practice of law, discipline or disbarment of Judges appointed to the lower state courts, and supervision over the exercise of jurisdiction by the other lower courts of the State.
The state is divided into 92 counties, which are led by a board of county commissioners. 90 counties in Indiana have their own circuit court with a judge elected for a six-year term. The remaining two counties, Dearborn and Ohio, are combined into one circuit. Many counties operate superior courts in addition to the circuit court. In densely populated counties where the caseload is traditionally greater, separate courts have been established to solely hear either juvenile, criminal, probate or small claims cases. The establishment, frequency and jurisdiction of these additional courts varies greatly from county to county. There are 85 city and town courts in Indiana municipalities, created by local ordinance, typically handling minor offenses and not considered courts of record. County officials that are elected to four-year terms include an auditor, recorder, treasurer, sheriff, coroner and clerk of the circuit court. All incorporated cities in Indiana have a mayor and council form of municipal government. Towns are governed by a town council and townships are governed by a township trustee and advisory board.
Politics
Main article: Politics of IndianaFrom 1880 to 1924, a resident of Indiana was included in all but one presidential election. Indiana Representative William Hayden English was nominated for Vice-President and ran with Winfield Scott Hancock in the 1880 election. In 1884, former Indiana Governor Thomas A. Hendricks was elected Vice-President of the United States. He served until his death on November 25, 1885, under President Grover Cleveland. In 1888, Indiana Senator Benjamin Harrison was elected President of the United States and served one term. He remains the only U.S. President from Indiana. Indiana Senator Charles W. Fairbanks was elected Vice-President in 1904, serving under President Theodore Roosevelt until 1909. Fairbanks made another run for Vice-President with Charles Evans Hughes in 1912, but they both lost to Woodrow Wilson and Indiana Governor Thomas R. Marshall, who served as Vice-President from 1913 until 1921. Not until 1988 did another presidential election involved a native of Indiana, when Senator Dan Quayle was elected Vice-President and served one term with George H. W. Bush.
Indiana has long been considered to be a Republican stronghold, particularly in Presidential races, but the Cook Partisan Voting Index (CPVI) now rates Indiana as only R+5, a smaller Republican edge than is assigned to 20 of the 28 "red" states. Indiana was one of only ten states to support Republican Wendell Willkie in 1940. On 14 occasions has the Republican candidate defeated the Democrat by a double digit margin in the state, including six times where a Republican won the state by more than 20%. In 2000 and 2004, George W. Bush won the state by a wide margin while the election was much closer overall. The state has only supported a Democrat for president five times since 1900. In 1912, Woodrow Wilson became the first Democrat to win the state with 43% of the vote. 20 years later, Franklin D. Roosevelt won the state with 55% of the vote over incumbent Republican Herbert Hoover. Roosevelt won the state again in 1936. In 1964, 56% of voters supported Democrat Lyndon B. Johnson over Republican Barry Goldwater. 44 years later, Democrat Barack Obama narrowly won the state against John McCain 50% to 49%. In the following election Republican Mitt Romney won back the state for the Republican party with 54% of the vote over incumbent Obama who won 43%.
While only five Democratic presidential nominees have carried Indiana since 1900, 11 Democrats were elected governor during that time. Before Mitch Daniels became governor in 2005, Democrats had held the office for 16 consecutive years. Indiana elects two senators and nine representatives to Congress. The state has 11 electoral votes in presidential elections. Seven of the districts favor the Republican Party according to the CPVI rankings; there are currently six Republicans serving as representatives and three Democrats. Historically, Republicans have been strongest in the eastern and central portions of the state, while Democrats have been strongest in the northwestern part of the state. Occasionally, certain counties in the southern part of the state will vote Democratic. Marion County, Indiana's most populous county, supported the Republican candidates from 1968 to 2000, before backing the Democrats in the 2004 and 2008 elections. Indiana's second most populous county, Lake County, strongly supports the Democratic party and has not voted for a Republican since 1972. In 2005, the Bay Area Center for Voting Research rated the most liberal and conservative cities in the United States on voting statistics in the 2004 presidential election, based on 237 cities with populations of more than 100,000. Five Indiana cities were mentioned in the study. On the liberal side, Gary was ranked second and South Bend came in at 83. Among conservative cities, Fort Wayne was 44th, Evansville was 60th and Indianapolis was 82nd on the list.
Military installations
Indiana is home to several current and former military installations. The largest of these is the Naval Surface Warfare Center Crane Division, located approximately 25 miles southwest of Bloomington, which is the third largest naval installation in the world, comprising approximately 108 square miles of territory.
Other active installations include Air National Guard fighter units at Fort Wayne, and Terre Haute airports (to be consolidated at Fort Wayne under the 2005 BRAC proposal, with the Terre Haute facility remaining open as a non-flying installation). The Army National Guard conducts operations at Camp Atterbury in Edinburgh, Indiana, helicopter operations out of Shelbyville Airport and urban training at Muscatatuck Urban Training Center. The Army's Newport Chemical Depot, which is now closed and turning into a coal purifier plant. Also, Naval Operational Support Center Indianapolis is home to several Navy Reserve units, two Marine Reserve units, and a small contingent of active and full-time-support reserve personnel.
Indiana used to be home to two major military installations, Grissom Air Force Base near Peru (realigned to an Air Force Reserve installation in 1994) and Fort Benjamin Harrison near Indianapolis, now closed, though the Department of Defense continues to operate a large finance center there (Defense Finance and Accounting Service).
Economy
Main article: Economy of IndianaIn 2000, Indiana had a work force of 3,084,100. The total gross state product in 2010 was $275.7 billion. A high percentage of Indiana's income is from manufacturing. The Calumet region of northwest Indiana is the largest steel producing area in the U.S. Indiana's other manufactures include pharmaceuticals and medical devices, automobiles, electrical equipment, transportation equipment, chemical products, rubber, petroleum and coal products, and factory machinery.
Despite its reliance on manufacturing, Indiana has been much less affected by declines in traditional Rust Belt manufactures than many of its neighbors. The explanation appears to be certain factors in the labor market. First, much of the heavy manufacturing, such as industrial machinery and steel, requires highly skilled labor, and firms are often willing to locate where hard-to-train skills already exist. Second, Indiana's labor force is located primarily in medium-sized and smaller cities rather than in very large and expensive metropolises. This makes it possible for firms to offer somewhat lower wages for these skills than would normally be paid. Firms often see in Indiana a chance to obtain higher than average skills at lower than average wages.
Indiana is home to the international headquarters and research facilities of pharmaceutical company Eli Lilly in Indianapolis, the state's largest corporation, as well as the world headquarters of Mead Johnson Nutritionals in Evansville. Overall, Indiana ranks fifth among all U.S. states in total sales and shipments of pharmaceutical products and second highest in the number of biopharmaceutical related jobs.
Indiana is located within the U.S. Corn Belt and Grain Belt. The state has a feedlot-style system raising corn to fatten hogs and cattle. Along with corn, soybeans are also a major cash crop. Its proximity to large urban centers, such as Indianapolis and Chicago, assure that dairying, egg production, and specialty horticulture occur. Other crops include melons, tomatoes, grapes, mint, popping corn, and tobacco in the southern counties. Most of the original land was not prairie and had to be cleared of deciduous trees. Many parcels of woodland remain and support a furniture-making sector in the southern portion of the state.
In 2011 Indiana was ranked first in the Midwest and sixth in the country for best places to do business according to CEO magazine.
State budget
See also: Taxes in IndianaIndiana does not have a legal requirement to balance the state budget either in law or its constitution. Instead, Indiana has a constitutional ban on assuming debt. Indiana has a Rainy Day Fund and for healthy reserves proportional to spending. Indiana is one of the few states in the U.S. which do not allow a line-item veto.
Indiana has a flat state income tax rate of 3.4%. Many Indiana counties also collect income tax. The state sales tax rate is 7% with exemptions for food, prescription medications and over-the-counter medications. In some jurisdictions an additional Food and Beverage Tax is charged, at a rate of 1% (Marion County’s rate is 2%), on sales of prepared meals and beverages.
Property taxes are imposed on both real and personal property in Indiana and are administered by the Department of Local Government Finance. Property is subject to taxation by a variety of taxing units (schools, counties, townships, cities and towns, libraries), making the total tax rate the sum of the tax rates imposed by all taxing units in which a property is located. However, a "circuit breaker" law enacted on March 19, 2008 limits property taxes to one percent of assessed value for homeowners, two percent for rental properties and farmland and three percent for businesses.
In Fiscal year 2011 Indiana reported one of the largest surpluses among U.S states, with an extra $1.2 billion in its accounts. Gov. Mitch Daniels, a Republican, authorized bonus payments of up to $1,000 for state employees on Friday, July 15, 2011. An employee who “meets expectations” will get $500, those who “exceed expectations” will receive $750 and “outstanding workers” will see an extra $1,000 in their August paychecks
Energy
Further information: List of Generating Stations in IndianaIndiana's power production chiefly consists of the consumption of fossil fuels, mainly coal. Indiana has 24 coal power plants, including the largest coal power plant in the United States, Gibson Generating Station, located across the Wabash River from Mount Carmel, Illinois. Indiana is also home to the coal-fired plant with the highest sulfur dioxide emissions in the United States, the Gallagher power plant just west of New Albany.
The state has an estimated coal reserves of fifty-seven billion tons; state mining operations produces thirty-five million tons of coal annually. While Indiana has made commitments to increasing use of renewable resources such as wind, hydroelectric, biomass, or solar power, however, progress has been very slow, mainly because of the continued abundance of coal in Southern Indiana. Most of the new plants in the state have been coal gasification plants. Another source is hydroelectric power.
Wind power is now being developed. New estimates in 2006 raised the wind capacity for Indiana from 30 MW at 50 m turbine height to 40,000 MW at 70 m, and to 130,000 MW at 100 m, in 2010, the height of newer turbines. As of the end of 2011, Indiana has installed 1,340 MW of wind turbines.
- Sources of energy (2009)
See table below for individual facilities.
Fuel | Capacity | Percent of total consumed | Percent of total production | Number of plants/units |
---|---|---|---|---|
Coal | 22,190.5 MW | 63% | 88.5% | 28 plants |
Natural gas | 2,100 MW | 29% | 10.5% | 15 facilities *Often used in peaking stations |
Wind (Currently the fastest growing form of energy in Indiana) |
530.5 MW 1,836.5 MW when all current wind farms are complete |
? | ? | 4 farms appx 1,000–1,100 towers total |
Coal gasification | 600 MW | ? | ? | 1 facility under construction |
Petroleum | 575 MW | 7.5% | 1.5% | 10 units |
Hydroelectric | 64 MW | 0.0450% | 0.0100% | 1 plant |
Biomass | 28 MW | 0.0150% | 0.0020% | 1 facility |
Wood and Waste | 18 MW | 0.0013% | 0.0015% | 3 units |
Geothermal and/or Solar | 0 MW | 0.0% | 0.0 | No facilities at this time |
Nuclear | 0 MW | 0.0% | 0.0 | No facilities at this time |
Total | 22,797.5 MW * only includes top number of wind |
100% | 100% | 46 generating facilities |
Power stations in Indiana | |
---|---|
Operating coal-fired generating stations | |
Decommissioned coal-fired generating stations | |
Oil-fired peaking stations | |
Gas-fired peaking stations | |
Hydroelectric dams | |
Wind farms | |
Solar farms | |
Biomass to energy plants | |
Attempted nuclear plants | |
Utility companies |
Transportation
Airports
See also: List of airports in IndianaIndianapolis International Airport serves the greater Indianapolis area and has finished constructing a new passenger terminal. The new airport opened in November 2008 and offers a new midfield passenger terminal, concourses, air traffic control tower, parking garage, and airfield and apron improvements.
Other major airports include Evansville Regional Airport, Fort Wayne International Airport (which houses the 122d Fighter Wing of the Air National Guard), and South Bend Regional Airport. A long-standing proposal to turn Gary Chicago International Airport into Chicago's third major airport received a boost in early 2006 with the approval of $48 million in federal funding over the next ten years.
The Terre Haute International Airport has no airlines operating out of the facility but is used for private flying. Since 1954, the 181st Fighter Wing of the Indiana Air National Guard has been stationed at the airport. However, the Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) Proposal of 2005 stated that the 181st would lose its fighter mission and F-16 aircraft, leaving the Terre Haute facility as a general-aviation only facility.
The southern part of the state is also served by the Louisville International Airport across the Ohio River in Louisville, Kentucky. The southeastern part of the state is served by the Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport also across the Ohio River in Florence, Kentucky. Most residents of Northwest Indiana, which is primarily in the Chicago Metropolitan Area, use the two Chicago airports, O'Hare International Airport and Chicago Midway International Airport.
Highways
See also: List of Interstate Highways in Indiana, List of U.S. Routes in Indiana, and List of State Roads in IndianaThe major U.S. Interstate highways in Indiana are I-64, I-164, I-65, I-265, I-465, I-865, I-69, I-469, I-70, I-74, I-80, I-90, I-94 and I-275. The various highways intersecting in and around Indianapolis, along with its historical status as a major railroad hub, and the canals that once crossed Indiana, are the source of the state's motto, the Crossroads of America. There are also many state highways maintained by the Indiana Department of Transportation. These are numbered according to the same convention as U.S. Highways. Indiana allows highways of different classifications to have the same number. For example, Interstate 64 and State Road 64 both exist (rather close to each other) in Indiana, but are two distinct roads with no relation to one another.
County roads
Most Indiana counties use a grid-based system to identify county roads; this system replaced the older arbitrary system of road numbers and names, and (among other things) makes it much easier to identify the sources of calls placed to the 9-1-1 system. Such systems are easier to implement in the glacially flattened northern and central portions of the state. Rural counties in the southern third of the state are less likely to have grids and more likely to rely on unsystematic road names (e.g., Crawford, Harrison, Perry, Scott, and Washington Counties).
There are also counties in the northern portions of the state that have never implemented a grid, or have only partially implemented one. Some counties are also laid out in an almost diamond-like grid system (e.g. Clark, Floyd, Gibson, and Knox Counties). Such a system is also almost useless in those situations as well. Knox County once operated two different grid systems for county roads because the county was laid out using two different survey grids, but has since decided to use road names and combine roads instead.
Notably, the county road grid system of St. Joseph County, whose major city is South Bend, uses perennial (tree) names (i.e. Ash, Hickory, Ironwood, etc.) in alphabetical order for North-South roads and Presidential and other noteworthy names (i.e. Adams, Edison, Lincoln Way, etc.) in alphabetical order for East-West roads. There are exceptions to this rule in downtown South Bend and Mishawaka. Hamilton county just continues the numbered street system from Downtown Indianapolis from 96th Street at the Marion County line to 296th street at the Tipton County line.
Rail
Indiana has over 4,255 railroad route miles, of which 91 percent are operated by Class I railroads, principally CSX Transportation and the Norfolk Southern Railway. Other Class I railroads in Indiana include the Canadian National Railway and Soo Line Railroad, a Canadian Pacific Railway subsidiary, as well as Amtrak. The remaining miles are operated by 37 regional, local, and switching & terminal railroads. The South Shore Line is one of the country's most notable commuter rail systems extending from Chicago to South Bend. Indiana is currently implementing an extensive rail plan that was prepared in 2002 by the Parsons Corporation. Many recreational trails, such as the Monon Trail in Indianapolis, have been created from abandoned rails routes.
Ports
Indiana annually ships over 70 million tons of cargo by water each year, which ranks 14th among all U.S. states. More than half of Indiana's border is water, which includes 400 miles (640 km) of direct access to two major freight transportation arteries: the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence Seaway (via Lake Michigan) and the Inland Waterway System (via the Ohio River). The Ports of Indiana manages three major ports which include Burns Harbor, Jeffersonville, and Mount Vernon.
In Evansville three public and several private port facilities receive year-round service from five major barge lines operating on the Ohio River. Evansville has been a U.S. Customs Port of Entry for more than 125 years. Because of this, it is possible to have international cargo shipped to Evansville in bond. The international cargo can then clear Customs in Evansville rather than a coastal port.
Education
Indiana's 1816 constitution was the first in the country to implement a state-funded public school system. It also allotted one township for a public university. However, the plan turned out to be far too idealistic for a pioneer society, as tax money was not accessible for its organization. In the 1840s, Caleb Mills pressed the need for tax-supported schools, and in 1851 his advice was included in the new state constitution.
Although the growth of the public school system was held up by legal entanglements, many public elementary schools were in use by 1870. Most children in Indiana attend public schools, but nearly 10% attend private schools and parochial schools. About one-half of all college students in Indiana are enrolled in state-supported four-year schools.
The largest educational institution is Indiana University, the flagship campus of which was endorsed as Indiana Seminary in 1820. Indiana State University was established as the state's Normal School in 1865; Purdue University was chartered as a land-grant college in 1869. The three other independent state universities are Vincennes University (1802), Ball State University (1918) and University of Southern Indiana (1965).
Many of the private colleges and universities in Indiana are affiliated with religious groups. The University of Notre Dame and the University of Saint Francis are popular Roman Catholic schools. Universities affiliated with Protestant denominations include Anderson University, Butler University, Indiana Wesleyan University, Taylor University, Franklin College, DePauw University, Earlham College, Valparaiso University, University of Indianapolis, and University of Evansville.
Indiana also is home to Wabash College, one of the three remaining four-year all-male colleges. Ivy Tech Community College is the nation's largest state-wide community college with single accreditation. It is the state's largest public post-secondary institution serving nearly 200,000 students a year.
The state has several universities ranked among the best in 2013 rankings of the U.S. News & World Report. The University of Notre Dame is ranked among the top 20 and Indiana University - Bloomington and Purdue University - West Lafayette are ranked in the top 100 in the National Universities Rankings, while Butler, Valparaiso and the University of Evansville are ranked among the top 10 in the Regional University Midwest Rankings. Purdue's engineering programs are ranked eighth in the country. In addition, Taylor is ranked #1 in the Regional College Midwest Rankings and Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology has been considered the top Undergraduate Engineering school (where a doctorate is not offered) for 15 consecutive years.
Sports
Professional sports
Indiana has an extensive history with auto racing. Indianapolis hosts the Indianapolis 500 mile race over Memorial Day weekend at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway every May. The name of the race is usually shortened to "Indy 500" and also goes by the nickname "The Greatest Spectacle in Racing." The race attracts over 250,000 people every year making it the largest single day sporting event in the world. The track also hosts the Allstate 400 at the Brickyard (NASCAR) and the Red Bull Indianapolis Grand Prix (MotoGP). From 2000 to 2007, it hosted the United States Grand Prix (Formula One). Indiana features the world's largest and most prestigious drag race, the NHRA Mac Tools U.S. Nationals, held each Labor Day weekend at Lucas Oil Raceway at Indianapolis in Clermont, Indiana. Indiana is also host to two major unlimited hydroplane racing power boat race circuits in the major H1 Unlimited league: Thunder on the Ohio (Evansville, Indiana) and the Madison Regatta (Madison, Indiana).
As of 2013 Indiana has produced more National Basketball Association (NBA) players per capita than any other state. Muncie has produced the most per capita of any American city, with two other Indiana cities in the top ten. It has a rich basketball heritage that reaches back to the formative years of the sport itself. The Indiana Pacers of the NBA play their home games at Bankers Life Fieldhouse; they began play in 1967 in the American Basketball Association (ABA) and joined the NBA when the leagues merged in 1976. Although James Naismith developed basketball in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1891, Indiana is where high school basketball was born. In 1925, Naismith visited an Indiana basketball state finals game along with 15,000 screaming fans and later wrote "Basketball really had its origin in Indiana, which remains the center of the sport." The 1986 film Hoosiers is inspired by the story of the 1954 Indiana state champions Milan High School. Professional basketball player Larry Bird was born in West Baden Springs, Indiana and was raised in French Lick, Indiana. He went on to lead the Boston Celtics to the NBA championship in 1981, 1984, and 1986.
Indianapolis is home to the Indianapolis Colts. The Colts are members of the South Division of the American Football Conference. The Colts have roots back to 1913 as the Dayton Triangles. They became an official team after moving to Baltimore, MD, in 1953. In 1984, the Colts relocated to Indianapolis, leading to an eventual rivalry with the Baltimore Ravens. After calling the RCA Dome home for 25 years, the Colts currently play their home games at Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis. While in Baltimore, the Colts won the 1970 Super Bowl. In Indianapolis, the Colts won Super Bowl XLI, bringing the franchise total to two. In recent years the Colts have regularly competed in the NFL playoffs.
College sports
Further information: Hoosier HysteriaIndiana has had great sports success at the collegiate level. Schools fielding NCAA Division I athletic programs include:
See also
- Outline of Indiana – organized list of topics about Indiana
- Index of Indiana-related articles
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- Regional College Midwest Rankings|Top Regional Colleges Midwest|US News Best Colleges, U.S. News & World Report, retrieved 2013-Aug-13
- Best Undergraduate Engineering Programs|Rankings|UsNews, U.S. News & World Report, retrieved 2013-Sept-17
- Fischer-Baum, Reuben (June 17, 2013). "Infographics: Where Do Pro Basketball Players Come From?". Deadspin. Retrieved June 18, 2013.
- "Larry Bird Biography - Facts, Birthday, Life Story - Biography.com".
Bibliography
- Bodenhamer, David J. (1994). The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-31222-1.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthor=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - Brill, Marlene Targ (2005). Indiana. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 0-7614-2020-7.
- Carmony, Donald F. (1998). Indiana, 1816 to 1850: The Pioneer Era. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society. ISBN 0-87195-124-X.
- Funk, Arville L (1967). Hoosiers In The Civil War. Adams Press. ISBN 0-9623292-5-8.
- Gray, Ralph D (1977). Gentlemen from Indiana: National Party Candidates,1836–1940. Indiana Historical Bureau. ISBN 1-885323-29-8.
- Gray, Ralph D (1995). Indiana History: A Book of Readings. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-32629-X.
- Indiana State Chamber of Commerce (2005). Here is Your Indiana Government.
- Indiana State Chamber of Commerce (2007). Here is Your Indiana Government.
- Indiana Writer's Project (1937, reprinted 1973). Indiana: A Guide To The Hoosier State. American Guide Series.
{{cite book}}
: Check date values in:|year=
(help)CS1 maint: year (link) - Jackson, Marion T., ed. (1997). The Natural Heritage of Indiana. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-33074-2.
{{cite book}}
:|first=
has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Logan, William Newton (1922). Handbook of Indiana Geology. William B. Burford.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthor=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - Madison, James H. (1990). The Indiana Way: A State History. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press and Indiana Historical Society. ISBN 0-253-20609-X.
- Moore, Edward E (1910). A Century of Indiana. American Book Company.
- Pell, Ed (2003). Indiana. Capstone Press. ISBN 0-7368-1582-1.
- Skertic, Mark (2003). A Native's Guide to Northwest Indiana.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - Taylor, Robert M., ed. (1990). Indiana: A New Historical Guide. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society. ISBN 0-87195-048-0.
{{cite book}}
:|first=
has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Taylor, Robert M., ed. (2001). The State of Indiana History 2000: Papers Presented at the Indiana Historical Society's Grand Opening. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society.
{{cite book}}
:|first=
has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
External links
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