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	Having left PAX, together with a group of his former colleagues Tadeusz Mazowiecki started cooperation with the '']'' weekly, '']'' journal and the ].<ref name="Friszke-1994-186">Friszke, "Opozycja polityczna...", p. 186</ref> While these journals were formally dependent on PAX, they were increasingly liberal and independent. Eventually, during the ] of 1956 Tadeusz Mazowiecki became one of the founders of the All-Polish Club of Progressive Catholic Intelligentsia, the predecessor of ] (KIK), the first all-national Catholic organisation independent of the Communist authorities in post-war Poland.<ref name="Friszke-1997-39">Friszke, "Oaza na Kopernika...", p. 39</ref> Until 1963 he served as a board member of KIK.<ref name="Friszke-1997-297">Friszke, "Oaza na Kopernika...", pp. 297-298</ref> He was also a founding member of the '']'' Catholic monthly in 1958 and served as its' first editor-in-chief.<ref name="Friszke-1997-51">Friszke, "Oaza na Kopernika...", p. 51</ref><ref name="Szporer-259">Szporer, p. 259</ref> While relatively independent from the Communist authorities, the monthly was also independent from the Catholic hierarchy, which often led to conflicts with both.<ref name="Friszke-1997-89">Friszke, "Oaza na Kopernika...", p. 89</ref><ref name="Friszke-2002-100">Friszke, "Koło posłów Znak...", p. 100</ref> In his texts published in ''Więź'' Mazowiecki, inspired by ]'s ] ideas, sought intellectual dialogue with members of left-leaning lay intelligentsia.<ref name="Friszke-1997-70">Friszke, "Oaza na Kopernika...", p. 70</ref><ref name="Friszke-1997-86">Friszke, "Oaza na Kopernika...", p. 86</ref>		Having left PAX, together with a group of his former colleagues Tadeusz Mazowiecki started cooperation with the '']'' weekly, '']'' journal and the ].<ref name="Friszke-1994-186">Friszke, "Opozycja polityczna...", p. 186</ref> While these journals were formally dependent on PAX, they were increasingly liberal and independent. Eventually, during the ] of 1956 Tadeusz Mazowiecki became one of the founders of the All-Polish Club of Progressive Catholic Intelligentsia, the predecessor of ] (KIK), the first all-national Catholic organisation independent of the Communist authorities in post-war Poland.<ref name="Friszke-1997-39">Friszke, "Oaza na Kopernika...", p. 39</ref> Until 1963 he served as a board member of KIK.<ref name="Friszke-1997-297">Friszke, "Oaza na Kopernika...", pp. 297-298</ref> He was also a founding member of the '']'' Catholic monthly in 1958 and served as its' first editor-in-chief.<ref name="Friszke-1997-51">Friszke, "Oaza na Kopernika...", p. 51</ref><ref name="Szporer-259">Szporer, p. 259</ref> While relatively independent from the Communist authorities, the monthly was also independent from the Catholic hierarchy, which often led to conflicts with both.<ref name="Friszke-1997-89">Friszke, "Oaza na Kopernika...", p. 89</ref><ref name="Friszke-2002-100">Friszke, "Koło posłów Znak...", p. 100</ref> In his texts published in ''Więź'' Mazowiecki, inspired by ]'s ] ideas, sought intellectual dialogue with members of left-leaning lay intelligentsia.<ref name="Friszke-1997-70">Friszke, "Oaza na Kopernika...", p. 70</ref><ref name="Friszke-1997-86">Friszke, "Oaza na Kopernika...", p. 86</ref>

			=== Politician ===
	From 1961 to 1971, he was a representative in the ] (the Polish Parliament), serving his third, fourth and fifth terms as a member of the Catholic party ].<ref name="Ost-219">Ost, p. 219</ref> He raised the issue of the students' demonstrations which took place in March 1968, in the Sejm.

			One of the lasting effects of ]'s rise to power during the Polish October of 1956 was the dissolution of PAX. A group of former PAX dissenters, the "Fronda", along with some of the professors of the ] approached Gomułka in 1956. In exchange for their support, Gomułka accepted the creation of ] along with its' publishing house, the only such venture independent from the communist government in contemporary Poland. Moreover, a small group of 12 Catholics associated with the Znak were allowed to run in the ], among them Tadeusz Mazowiecki. While the 12 members of parliament elected that year were formally independent, they formed the first form of opposition to the rule of the ] within the Polish ], dubbed the "MP circle of Znak" ({{lang-pl\|koło poselskie Znak}}. Mazowiecki remained a member of the Sejm until 1971, serving his ], ] and ] as a member of the Catholic "party".<ref name="Ost-219">Ost, p. 219</ref>

			He raised the issue of the students' demonstrations which took place in March 1968, in the Sejm.

	After the ], Mazowiecki insisted on setting up a committee in order to find those who were responsible for the bloodshed.<ref name="BBC">{{cite web\|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-24700801\|title=Poland's former PM Tadeusz Mazowiecki dies aged 86\|date=28 October 2013\|publisher=]\|accessdate=28 October 2013}}</ref> When in 1976 he was no longer allowed to run for parliamentary office, he joined the opposition.		After the ], Mazowiecki insisted on setting up a committee in order to find those who were responsible for the bloodshed.<ref name="BBC">{{cite web\|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-24700801\|title=Poland's former PM Tadeusz Mazowiecki dies aged 86\|date=28 October 2013\|publisher=]\|accessdate=28 October 2013}}</ref> When in 1976 he was no longer allowed to run for parliamentary office, he joined the opposition.

Revision as of 17:47, 31 October 2013

Tadeusz Mazowiecki


Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland
In office 24 August 1989 – 12 January 1991
President	Wojciech Jaruzelski Lech Wałęsa
Deputy	Leszek Balcerowicz Czesław Janicki Jan Janowski Czesław Kiszczak
Preceded by	Czesław Kiszczak
Succeeded by	Jan Krzysztof Bielecki
Chairman of the Freedom Union
In office 1994–1995
Preceded by	(Party formed)
Succeeded by	Leszek Balcerowicz
Chairman of the Democratic Union
In office 1991–1994
Preceded by	(Party formed)
Succeeded by	(became a chairman of the Freedom Union)
Member of Sejm of the People's Republic of Poland
In office 1961–1972
Member of Sejm of the Republic of Poland
In office 1991–2001
Constituency	Poznań (1991–97) Kraków (1997–2001)

Personal details
Born	(1927-04-18)18 April 1927 Płock, Second Republic of Poland
Died	28 October 2013(2013-10-28) (aged 86) Warsaw, Poland
Political party	PAX Association (1949–55) Znak (1961–72) Solidarity (1980–91) Democratic Union (1991–94) Freedom Union (1994–2005) Democratic Party – demokraci.pl (2005–06)
Spouse(s)	Krystyna (d.) Ewa (d.)
Children	Wojciech Adam Michal
Profession	Author, journalist, social worker

Tadeusz Mazowiecki ; (18 April 1927 – 28 October 2013) was a Polish author, journalist, philanthropist and Christian-democratic politician, formerly one of the leaders of the Solidarity movement, and the first non-communist prime minister in Central and Eastern Europe after World War II.

Biography

Tadeusz Mazowiecki was born in Płock, Poland on 18 April 1927 to a Polish noble family, which uses the Dołęga coat of arms. Both his parents worked at the local Holy Trinity Hospital: his father was a doctor there while his mother ran a charity for the poor. His education was interrupted by the outbreak of World War II. During the war he worked as a runner in the hospital his parents worked for. After the German forces had been expelled from Płock, Tadeusz Mazowiecki resumed his education and in 1946 he graduated from "Marshal Stanisław Małachowski" Lyceum, the oldest high school in Poland and one of the oldest schools still running in Europe. He then moved to Łódź and then to Warsaw, where he joined the Law Faculty of the Warsaw University. However, he never graduated and instead devoted himself to activity in various Catholic associations, journals and publishing houses.

Catholic activist

Already during his brief stay at the Warsaw University Mazowiecki joined the Caritas Academica charity organisation, he also briefly headed the University Printing Cooperative between 1947 and 1948. In 1946 he also joined Karol Popiel's Labour Party. However, later that year the party was de-legalised by the new Stalinist authorities of Soviet-controlled Poland. Almost all other non-communist organisations soon also became a target of state-sponsored repressions. One of the exceptions was the PAX Association, the only large Catholic organisation supported by the Communist authorities - and supporting the authorities in their conflict with the Catholic clergy. Mazowiecki joined PAX in 1948, initially as one of the leaders of the youth circles. He openly criticised Bolesław Piasecki's vision of the association and his allegiance to the Communists. He nevertheless rose through the ranks of various journals published by the association. Initially a journalist in the Dziś i Jutro weekly, in 1950 he became the deputy editor-in-chief of Słowo Powszechne daily newspaper. In 1952 the conflict between Piasecki and the opposition within the PAX (the so-called Fronda, composed mostly of young intellectuals) led to Mazowiecki being expelled from the daily and relegated to a less prominent role of an editor of newly created Wrocławski Tygodnik Katolicki (Wrocław Catholic Weekly, WTK). Until 1955 he served as the editor-in-chief of that journal, he also remained one of the leaders of the opposition within the association, criticising Piasecki and his associates for their conflicts with the Catholic hierarchy, loyalty to the communist authorities, and lack of democratic procedures within PAX. For that he was eventually dismissed from the WTK and eventually in 1955 expelled from the association altogether.

Having left PAX, together with a group of his former colleagues Tadeusz Mazowiecki started cooperation with the Tygodnik Powszechny weekly, Po prostu journal and the Klub Krzywego Koła. While these journals were formally dependent on PAX, they were increasingly liberal and independent. Eventually, during the Polish October of 1956 Tadeusz Mazowiecki became one of the founders of the All-Polish Club of Progressive Catholic Intelligentsia, the predecessor of Club of Catholic Intelligentsia (KIK), the first all-national Catholic organisation independent of the Communist authorities in post-war Poland. Until 1963 he served as a board member of KIK. He was also a founding member of the Więź Catholic monthly in 1958 and served as its' first editor-in-chief. While relatively independent from the Communist authorities, the monthly was also independent from the Catholic hierarchy, which often led to conflicts with both. In his texts published in Więź Mazowiecki, inspired by Emmanuel Mounier's personalist ideas, sought intellectual dialogue with members of left-leaning lay intelligentsia.

Politician

One of the lasting effects of Władysław Gomułka's rise to power during the Polish October of 1956 was the dissolution of PAX. A group of former PAX dissenters, the "Fronda", along with some of the professors of the Catholic University of Lublin approached Gomułka in 1956. In exchange for their support, Gomułka accepted the creation of Znak Association along with its' publishing house, the only such venture independent from the communist government in contemporary Poland. Moreover, a small group of 12 Catholics associated with the Znak were allowed to run in the Polish legislative election of 1957, among them Tadeusz Mazowiecki. While the 12 members of parliament elected that year were formally independent, they formed the first form of opposition to the rule of the Polish United Workers' Party within the Polish Sejm, dubbed the "MP circle of Znak" (Template:Lang-pl. Mazowiecki remained a member of the Sejm until 1971, serving his second, third and fourth terms as a member of the Catholic "party".

He raised the issue of the students' demonstrations which took place in March 1968, in the Sejm.

After the 1970 protests in Poland, Mazowiecki insisted on setting up a committee in order to find those who were responsible for the bloodshed. When in 1976 he was no longer allowed to run for parliamentary office, he joined the opposition.

In August 1980, he headed the Board of Experts, that supported the workers from Gdańsk who were negotiating with the authorities. From 1981, he was the editor-in-chief of the Tygodnik Solidarność weekly magazine. After martial law was declared in December 1981 he was arrested and imprisoned in Strzebielnik, then in Jaworz and finally in Darłówek.

He was one of the last prisoners to be released on 23 December 1982. In 1987, he spent a year abroad, during which he talked to politicians and trade union representatives. Starting in 1988, he held talks in Magdalenka. He firmly believed in the process of taking power from the ruling Polish United Workers' Party through negotiation and thus he played an active role in the Polish Round Table Talks, becoming one of the most important architects of the agreement by which partially free elections were held on 4 June 1989 and won by Solidarity in a historic landslide.

Solidarity then persuaded the Communists' two satellite parties to break their alliance with the Communists. This would all but force President Wojciech Jaruzelski to appoint a Solidarity member as prime minister, heading the first government in 45 years that was not dominated by Communists. At a meeting on 17 August 1989, Jaruzelski finally agreed to Lech Wałęsa's demand that the next Prime Minister of Poland should be a member of Solidarity. Walesa chose Mazowiecki as Solidarity candidate to lead the coming administration. On 21 August 1989 General Jaruzelski designated Mazowiecki as candidate for Prime Minister. On 24 August 1989 the Sejm gave him a vote of confidence, making Mazowiecki became the first non-communist Prime Minister of an Eastern European country in over 40 years.

Government of Mazowiecki

On 13 September 1989 during his parliamentary speech introducing his new cabinet and government program for parliamentary approval, Mazowiecki had a dizzy spell which necessitated a one hour break in proceedings. However the government was approved by a vote 402–0, with 13 abstentions. Mazowiecki's government managed to carry out many fundamental reforms in a short period. The political system was thoroughly changed; a full range of civil freedoms as well as a multi-party system were introduced and the country's emblem and name were changed (from the People's Republic of Poland to the Republic of Poland). On 29 December 1989, the fundamental changes in the Polish Constitution were made. By virtue of these changes, the preamble was deleted, the chapters concerning political and economic forms of government were changed, the chapters concerning trade unions were rewritten and a uniform notion of possession was introduced.

Mazowiecki used enormous popularity and credibility of the Solidarity movement to transform Polish economy by a set of deep political and economic reforms. Better known under the name of Balcerowicz Plan after Mazowiecki's minister of finance, Leszek Balcerowicz, the reforms enabled the transformation of Polish economy from centrally-planned shortage economy to modern, free market. The reforms have prepared ground for measures stopping the hyperinflation, introducing free market mechanisms and privatisation of state-owned companies, houses and land.

"Thick line"

In 1989, in his first parliamentary speech in Sejm, Mazowiecki talked about a "thick line" (gruba linia): "We draw a thick line on what has happened in the past. We will answer for only what we have done to help Poland to rescue her from this crisis from now on". Originally, as Mazowiecki explains, it meant non-liability of his government for damages done to the national economy by previous governments.

Srebrenica massacre

In 1991 Mazowiecki was appointed Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia. He also issued a 1993 report on human rights violations in the Former Yugoslavia. Mazowiecki stepped down in 1995 in protest at what he regarded as the international community's insufficient response to atrocities committed during the Bosnian war, particularly the Srebrenica massacre committed by the Serb army that year.

Later years

A conflict with Lech Wałęsa resulted in disintegration of Citizens' Parliamentary Club that represented solidarity camp. The Citizens' Parliamentary Club was divided into Centre Agreement, which supported Wałęsa, and ROAD, which took sides with Mazowiecki. That conflict lead both politicians to compete in presidential election at the end of 1990. Mazowiecki, who during Solidarity times was an advisor to Lech Wałęsa and strike committee in Gdańsk's shipyard, stood against Wałęsa in election and lost to him. He did not even join the second round (he gained support of 18.08% of people – 2,973,364 votes) and was defeated by Stanisław Tymiński, a maverick candidate from Canada.

In 1991, Mazowiecki became a chairman of Democratic Union (later Freedom Union), and from 1995 he was its honorary president. Together with Jan Maria Rokita, Aleksander Hall and Hanna Suchocka he represented the Christian Democratic wing of the party. Between 1989 and 2001 Mazowiecki was a representative to the Polish Parliament (first from Poznań, later from Kracow).

Mazowiecki was a member of parliament in first, second and third term (member of Democratic Union), later the Freedom Union. During the National Assembly (1997) he introduced compromise preamble of Polish constitution (previously written by founders of Tygodnik Powszechny weekly, which was accepted by the National Assembly. In November 2002, he left the Freedom Union, .

In 2005, he became one of the founders of the Democratic Party – demokraci.pl – created through expanding the former Freedom Union by new members, especially young people and few left-wing politicians. He was a leader on the parliamentary list in parliamentary elections in Warsaw constituency in 2005 with 30143 votes. The highest number of votes he gained in Żoliborz district, and the lowest in Rembertów. Until 2006 he was the leader of its Political Council.

Mazowiecki received numerous awards including an honorary degree from the universities in: Leuven, Genoa, Giessen, Poitiers, Exeter, Warsaw and the Katowice University of Economics. He also received the Order of White Eagle (1995), Golden Order of Bosnia (1996), Légion d'honneur (1997), Srebrnica Award (2005), the Giant award (1995) awarded by Gazeta Wyborcza (Election Gazette) in Poznań and Jan Nowak-Jezioranski Award (2004). In 2003, he was elected to the board of directors of the International Criminal Court's Trust Fund for Victims. Mazowiecki was a member of the Club of Madrid. He was a supporter of a more united Europe.

Mazowiecki died in Warsaw on 28 October 2013, having been taken to hospital the previous week with a fever. Foreign Minister Radosław Sikorski stated that he was "one of the fathers of Polish liberty and independence". He was survived by three sons from his second marriage.

References

Citations

^ BBC (corporate author), p. 1 Cite error: The named reference "BBC" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
Kopka & Żelichowski, p. 135
^ Pac, p. 1
^ Friszke, "Koło posłów Znak...", p. 606
^ Dudek, p. 181
Dudek, p. 218
Dudek, p. 219
Dudek, pp. 219 & 222
Friszke, "Opozycja polityczna...", p. 186
Friszke, "Oaza na Kopernika...", p. 39
Friszke, "Oaza na Kopernika...", pp. 297-298
Friszke, "Oaza na Kopernika...", p. 51
Szporer, p. 259
Friszke, "Oaza na Kopernika...", p. 89
Friszke, "Koło posłów Znak...", p. 100
Friszke, "Oaza na Kopernika...", p. 70
Friszke, "Oaza na Kopernika...", p. 86
Ost, p. 219
Tagliabue, "Solidarity seems on verge...", p. 1
Baczyńska & Słowikowska, p. 1
Tagliabue, "Poles Approve Solidarity-Led Cabinet", p. 1
^ Sachs, pp. 44-46
Leszkowicz, p. 1
WŻ, p. 22
Amnesty International (corporate author), p. 1
Club de Madrid (corporate author), p. 1
Dzieduszycka, p. 1
Kospa et al., p. 1
^ Ścisłowska, p. 1

Bibliography

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Template:En icon Baczyńska, Gabriela; Słowikowska, Karolina (28 October 2013). Alistair Lyon (ed.). "Poland's Tadeusz Mazowiecki, first PM after communism, dies". Reuters. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
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Template:En icon Club de Madrid (corporate author) (2010). "Mazowiecki, Tadeusz; Prime Minister of Poland (1989-1990)". clubmadrid.org. Club de Madrid. Retrieved 30 October 2013. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
Template:Pl icon Dudek, Antoni (1990). Bolesław Piasecki: próba biografii politycznej. London: "Aneks". ISBN 0-906601-74-6. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
Template:En icon Mazowiecki, Tadeusz (1997). "Interview with Tadeusz Mazowiecki". EuroDialog (Interview). No. 0/97. Interviewed by Małgorzata Dzieduszycka. Retrieved 9 January 2012. {{cite interview}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help); Unknown parameter |program= ignored (help)
Template:Pl icon Friszke, Andrzej (1994). Opozycja polityczna w PRL 1945-1980. London: Aneks. ISBN 1897962037. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
Template:Pl icon Friszke, Andrzej (1997). Oaza na Kopernika: Klub Inteligencji Katolickiej, 1956-1989. Biblioteka "Więzi". Vol. 100. Warszawa: Biblioteka "Więzi". ISBN 83-85124-90-X. ISSN 0519-9336. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
Template:Pl icon Friszke, Andrzej (2002). Koło posłów "Znak" w Sejmie PRL 1957-1976. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Sejmowe. ISBN 83-7059-527-8. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
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Template:Pl icon kospa; dan; gaw (2013). "Tadeusz Mazowiecki nie żyje. Miał 86 lat. "Uczył nas pokory w polityce"". Gazeta Wyborcza (28-10-2013). ISSN 0860-908X. Retrieved 28 October 2013. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
Template:En icon Leszkowicz, Dagmara (28 October 2013). "Poland's first post-communist PM Mazowiecki dead at 86". Reuters. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
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Template:En icon Sachs, Jeffrey (1993). Poland's jump to the market economy. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-69174-4.
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External links

Periodic Reports on the situation in Bosnia

Political offices
Preceded byCzesław Kiszczak	Prime Minister of Poland 1989–1991	Succeeded byJan Krzysztof Bielecki

v t e Prime ministers of Poland
Duchy of Warsaw (1807–1813)	Małachowski Gutakowski Poniatowski* Potocki
Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918)	Kucharzewski Ponikowski Kanty Steczkowski Świeżyński Wróblewski
Republic of Poland (1918–1939)	Daszyński Moraczewski Paderewski Skulski Grabski Witos Ponikowski Śliwiński Nowak Sikorski Witos Grabski Skrzyński Witos Bartel Piłsudski Bartel Świtalski Bartel Sławek Piłsudski Sławek Prystor Jędrzejewicz Kozłowski Sławek Zyndram-Kościałkowski Składkowski
Polish government-in-exile (1939–1990)	Sikorski Mikołajczyk Arciszewski Bór-Komorowski Tomaszewski Odzierzyński Hryniewski Mackiewicz Hanke Pająk Zawisza Muchniewski Urbański Sabbat Szczepanik
Polish People's Republic (1944–1989)	Osóbka-Morawski Cyrankiewicz Bierut Cyrankiewicz Jaroszewicz Babiuch Pińkowski Jaruzelski Messner Rakowski Kiszczak Mazowiecki
Republic of Poland (1990–present)	Mazowiecki Bielecki Olszewski Pawlak Suchocka Pawlak Oleksy Cimoszewicz Buzek Miller Belka Marcinkiewicz Kaczyński Tusk Kopacz Szydło Morawiecki Tusk
*Acting

v t e The Cabinet of Tadeusz Mazowiecki
Original members	Jacek Ambroziak Artur Balazs Leszek Balcerowicz Aleksander Bentkowski Izabella Cywińska Aleksander Hall Czesław Janicki Jan Janowski Bronisław Kamiński Czesław Kiszczak Andrzej Kosiniak-Kamysz Marek Kucharski Jacek Kuroń Aleksander Mackiewicz Tadeusz Mazowiecki Jerzy Osiatyński Aleksander Paszyński Henryk Samsonowicz Florian Siwicki Krzysztof Skubiszewski Tadeusz Syryjczyk Marcin Święcicki Witold Trzeciakowski Franciszek Wielądek
Joined later	Janusz Byliński Piotr Kołodziejczyk Krzysztof Kozłowski Waldemar Kuczyński Jerzy Slezak Ewaryst Waligórski

The Cabinet of Tadeusz Mazowiecki

Original members