Misplaced Pages

Irom Chanu Sharmila: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editNext edit →Content deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 15:16, 7 November 2013 editBarek (talk | contribs)83,022 edits Undid revision 580609296 by DesmondCoutinho (talk) rv per Misplaced Pages site policy - requires WP:RS per WP:BLP← Previous edit Revision as of 12:09, 8 November 2013 edit undoDesmondCoutinho (talk | contribs)142 edits Undid revision 580610150 by Barek (talk) asking for 24 hours grace to help preserve a living human being please seek a colleague's opinion if you lack common sense 24 hours then edit outNext edit →
Line 15: Line 15:
'''Irom Sharmila Chanu''' (born 14 March 1972), also known as the "'''Iron Lady of Manipur'''" or "'''Mengoubi'''" ("the fair one")<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sinlung.com/2011/04/spot-difference-hazare-vs-irom-sharmila.html |title=Spot the Difference: Hazare vs. Irom Sharmila |author=Rituparna Chatterjee |date=20 April 2011 |publisher=Sinlung |accessdate=30 April 2011}}</ref> is a civil rights activist, political activist, and poet from the Indian state of ]. Since 2 November 2000, she has been on ] to demand that the Indian government repeal the ] (AFSPA), which she blames for violence in Manipur and other parts of northeast India.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7932116.stm |title=Manipur Fasting Woman Re-arrested |date=9 March 2009 |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=8 May 2011}}</ref> Having refused food and water for more than 500 weeks, she has been called "the world's longest hunger striker".<ref name="Independent"/> '''Irom Sharmila Chanu''' (born 14 March 1972), also known as the "'''Iron Lady of Manipur'''" or "'''Mengoubi'''" ("the fair one")<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sinlung.com/2011/04/spot-difference-hazare-vs-irom-sharmila.html |title=Spot the Difference: Hazare vs. Irom Sharmila |author=Rituparna Chatterjee |date=20 April 2011 |publisher=Sinlung |accessdate=30 April 2011}}</ref> is a civil rights activist, political activist, and poet from the Indian state of ]. Since 2 November 2000, she has been on ] to demand that the Indian government repeal the ] (AFSPA), which she blames for violence in Manipur and other parts of northeast India.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7932116.stm |title=Manipur Fasting Woman Re-arrested |date=9 March 2009 |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=8 May 2011}}</ref> Having refused food and water for more than 500 weeks, she has been called "the world's longest hunger striker".<ref name="Independent"/>


She is currently under trial for ]. Preliminary hearing was held on 4 March 2013 in the ], and the next one on 22 May 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/court-frames-charges-against-irom-sharmila-in-fastuntodeath-case-iron-lady-to-not-plead-guilty/376460-3-225.html|title=Charges framed against Irom Sharmila over fast-unto-death, 'iron lady' refuses to plead guilty|accessdate=9 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/court-kutcheri-for-irom-sharmila/article4740435.ece | title=‘Court kutcheri’ for Irom Sharmila | author=Ashok, Sowmiya | date=23 May 2013 | accessdate=6 June 2013 | work=]}}</ref> The next summons date for her appearance in court is set for 30 August 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/court-to-record-evidence-in-irom-sharmila-case-on-aug-30/1/272446.html | title=Court to record evidence in Irom Sharmila's case on August 30 | date=22 May 2013 | accessdate=6 June 2013 | publisher=]}}</ref> As Sharmila was not presented by the Manipur State and her lawyers did not show up either the Metropolitan Magistrate accepted oral argument that Sharmila was being held in isolation in Imphal JNIMS and that she had a natural justice right to appear at her own trail and therefore issued a fresh summons for her to be presented at Delhi Patiala Court on 30 October. This will be the seventh summons issued by the court. She has been presented once by the Manipur State. Although the NHRC declined to investigate why she is not being presented for trial they have now accepted she is being illegally held in isolation at the JNIMS and has asked the Local State authorities to provide a written report to show how they are overturning the ban to the NHRC by 6th December. <ref> http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/remove-restrictions-on-irom-sharmila-nhrc-113103000715_1.html</ref> As the Manipur State refused to present Sharmila for trial and her Lawyers the HRLN could not be bothered to appear the Court reissued the 8th summons for Irom Sharmila Chanu to appear for trial on December 19th. The only institution offering Sharmila any actual support within India is Indian Judiciary but the Judiciary has no executive powers and the NHRC doesn't appear to considering this matter at all. <ref>http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/court-asks-irom-sharmila-to-appear-on-dec-19-113103001062_1.html</ref> On 30 October the NHRC made a recommendation to the Principal Secretary that he show how he has lifted the isolation imposed upon Irom Sharmila. He has to do so by 6th December well in time to show that he is allowing her now to be sent for trial. The NHRC may assume the powers of an Indian High Court and can find the Principal Secretary in contempt if he fail to comply with their recommendations. Given that he is accused of gross human rights violations a prison sentence until his contempt is purged would be one option. No doubt he will do the right thing and that will not be necessary. <ref> http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-31/guwahati/43558624_1_sharmila-chanu-nhrc-statement-national-human-rights-commission </ref> She is currently under trial for ]. Preliminary hearing was held on 4 March 2013 in the ], and the next one on 22 May 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/court-frames-charges-against-irom-sharmila-in-fastuntodeath-case-iron-lady-to-not-plead-guilty/376460-3-225.html|title=Charges framed against Irom Sharmila over fast-unto-death, 'iron lady' refuses to plead guilty|accessdate=9 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/court-kutcheri-for-irom-sharmila/article4740435.ece | title=‘Court kutcheri’ for Irom Sharmila | author=Ashok, Sowmiya | date=23 May 2013 | accessdate=6 June 2013 | work=]}}</ref> The next summons date for her appearance in court is set for 30 August 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/court-to-record-evidence-in-irom-sharmila-case-on-aug-30/1/272446.html | title=Court to record evidence in Irom Sharmila's case on August 30 | date=22 May 2013 | accessdate=6 June 2013 | publisher=]}}</ref> As Sharmila was not presented by the Manipur State and her lawyers did not show up either the Metropolitan Magistrate accepted oral argument that Sharmila was being held in isolation in Imphal JNIMS and that she had a natural justice right to appear at her own trail and therefore issued a fresh summons for her to be presented at Delhi Patiala Court on 30 October. This will be the seventh summons issued by the court. She has been presented once by the Manipur State. Although the NHRC declined to investigate why she is not being presented for trial they have now accepted she is being illegally held in isolation at the JNIMS and has asked the Local State authorities to provide a written report to show how they are overturning the ban to the NHRC by 6th December. <ref> http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/remove-restrictions-on-irom-sharmila-nhrc-113103000715_1.html</ref> As the Manipur State refused to present Sharmila for trial and her Lawyers the HRLN could not be bothered to appear the Court reissued the 8th summons for Irom Sharmila Chanu to appear for trial on December 19th. The only institution offering Sharmila any actual support within India is Indian Judiciary but the Judiciary has no executive powers and the NHRC doesn't appear to considering this matter at all. <ref>http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/court-asks-irom-sharmila-to-appear-on-dec-19-113103001062_1.html</ref> On 30 October the NHRC made a recommendation to the Principal Secretary that he show how he has lifted the isolation imposed upon Irom Sharmila. He has to do so by 6th December well in time to show that he is allowing her now to be sent for trial. The NHRC may assume the powers of an Indian High Court and can find the Principal Secretary in contempt if he fail to comply with their recommendations. Given that he is accused of gross human rights violations a prison sentence until his contempt is purged would be one option. No doubt he will do the right thing and that will not be necessary. <ref> http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-31/guwahati/43558624_1_sharmila-chanu-nhrc-statement-national-human-rights-commission </ref> On 5th November a message was smuggled out that Sharmila was again being attacked by a campaign of hate mail and death threats. She believes her brother Irom Singhajit personally responsible and attributes the campaign in the general to the Just Peace Foundation. Last month she asked for two meetings at Lamphel Court with press coverage for the JPF trustees to publish how they had spent the prize money awarded to her and then to have the trust wound up with any remainder distributed to the widow and orphan survivors of the AFSPA. The message was passed on to the NHRC and their response is awaited.
==Decision to fast== ==Decision to fast==
On 2 November 2000, in Malom, a town in the ] of ], ten civilians were allegedly shot and killed by the Assam Rifles, one of the ] operating in the state, while waiting at a bus stop.<ref name="NYT">{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/09/world/asia/09iht-letter09.html |title=Torchbearers for Victims in a Violent Land |author=Nilanjana S. Roy |archivedate=22 October 2012|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BbZ8JaVL |date=8 February 2011 |work=The New York Times |accessdate=8 May 2011}}</ref><ref name="IE">{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/52530/ |title=Why Malom is a big reason for Manipur anger against Army Act |author=Rahul Pathak |date=6 August 2004 |work=The Indian Express |accessdate=8 May 2011}}</ref> The incident later came to be known to activists as the "Malom Massacre".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://twocircles.net/2010nov03/afspa_and_unsolved_massacres_manipur.html |title=AFSPA and Unsolved massacres in Manipur |author=Anjuman Ara Begum |date=3 November 2010 |publisher=Twocircles.net |archivedate=21 October 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BbZELES8 |accessdate=21 October 2012}}</ref> The next day's local newspapers published graphic pictures of the dead bodies, including one of a 62-year old woman, Leisangbam Ibetomi, and 18-year old Sinam Chandramani, a 1988 National Child Bravery Award winner.<ref name="IE"/> On 2 November 2000, in Malom, a town in the ] of ], ten civilians were allegedly shot and killed by the Assam Rifles, one of the ] operating in the state, while waiting at a bus stop.<ref name="NYT">{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/09/world/asia/09iht-letter09.html |title=Torchbearers for Victims in a Violent Land |author=Nilanjana S. Roy |archivedate=22 October 2012|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BbZ8JaVL |date=8 February 2011 |work=The New York Times |accessdate=8 May 2011}}</ref><ref name="IE">{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/52530/ |title=Why Malom is a big reason for Manipur anger against Army Act |author=Rahul Pathak |date=6 August 2004 |work=The Indian Express |accessdate=8 May 2011}}</ref> The incident later came to be known to activists as the "Malom Massacre".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://twocircles.net/2010nov03/afspa_and_unsolved_massacres_manipur.html |title=AFSPA and Unsolved massacres in Manipur |author=Anjuman Ara Begum |date=3 November 2010 |publisher=Twocircles.net |archivedate=21 October 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BbZELES8 |accessdate=21 October 2012}}</ref> The next day's local newspapers published graphic pictures of the dead bodies, including one of a 62-year old woman, Leisangbam Ibetomi, and 18-year old Sinam Chandramani, a 1988 National Child Bravery Award winner.<ref name="IE"/>

Revision as of 12:09, 8 November 2013

A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Misplaced Pages's content policies, particularly neutral point of view. Please discuss further on the talk page. (June 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Irom Sharmila Chanu
File:Irom Chanu Sharmila.jpg
Born (1972-03-14) 14 March 1972 (age 52)
Kongpal, Imphal, Manipur, India
NationalityIndian
Occupation(s)Civil rights activist, Political activist, Poet
Known forhunger strike against Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958
Parent(s)Irom c Nanda (father)
Irom Ongbi Sakhi (mother)

Irom Sharmila Chanu (born 14 March 1972), also known as the "Iron Lady of Manipur" or "Mengoubi" ("the fair one") is a civil rights activist, political activist, and poet from the Indian state of Manipur. Since 2 November 2000, she has been on hunger strike to demand that the Indian government repeal the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958 (AFSPA), which she blames for violence in Manipur and other parts of northeast India. Having refused food and water for more than 500 weeks, she has been called "the world's longest hunger striker".

She is currently under trial for attempted suicide. Preliminary hearing was held on 4 March 2013 in the Patiala District and Sessions Court No 4, and the next one on 22 May 2013. The next summons date for her appearance in court is set for 30 August 2013. As Sharmila was not presented by the Manipur State and her lawyers did not show up either the Metropolitan Magistrate accepted oral argument that Sharmila was being held in isolation in Imphal JNIMS and that she had a natural justice right to appear at her own trail and therefore issued a fresh summons for her to be presented at Delhi Patiala Court on 30 October. This will be the seventh summons issued by the court. She has been presented once by the Manipur State. Although the NHRC declined to investigate why she is not being presented for trial they have now accepted she is being illegally held in isolation at the JNIMS and has asked the Local State authorities to provide a written report to show how they are overturning the ban to the NHRC by 6th December. As the Manipur State refused to present Sharmila for trial and her Lawyers the HRLN could not be bothered to appear the Court reissued the 8th summons for Irom Sharmila Chanu to appear for trial on December 19th. The only institution offering Sharmila any actual support within India is Indian Judiciary but the Judiciary has no executive powers and the NHRC doesn't appear to considering this matter at all. On 30 October the NHRC made a recommendation to the Principal Secretary that he show how he has lifted the isolation imposed upon Irom Sharmila. He has to do so by 6th December well in time to show that he is allowing her now to be sent for trial. The NHRC may assume the powers of an Indian High Court and can find the Principal Secretary in contempt if he fail to comply with their recommendations. Given that he is accused of gross human rights violations a prison sentence until his contempt is purged would be one option. No doubt he will do the right thing and that will not be necessary. On 5th November a message was smuggled out that Sharmila was again being attacked by a campaign of hate mail and death threats. She believes her brother Irom Singhajit personally responsible and attributes the campaign in the general to the Just Peace Foundation. Last month she asked for two meetings at Lamphel Court with press coverage for the JPF trustees to publish how they had spent the prize money awarded to her and then to have the trust wound up with any remainder distributed to the widow and orphan survivors of the AFSPA. The message was passed on to the NHRC and their response is awaited.

Decision to fast

On 2 November 2000, in Malom, a town in the Imphal Valley of Manipur, ten civilians were allegedly shot and killed by the Assam Rifles, one of the Indian Paramilitary forces operating in the state, while waiting at a bus stop. The incident later came to be known to activists as the "Malom Massacre". The next day's local newspapers published graphic pictures of the dead bodies, including one of a 62-year old woman, Leisangbam Ibetomi, and 18-year old Sinam Chandramani, a 1988 National Child Bravery Award winner.

Sharmila, the 28-year-old daughter of a Grade IV veterinary worker, began to fast in protest of the killings, taking neither food nor water. As her brother Irom Singhajit Singh recalled, "The killings took place on 2 November 2000. It was a Thursday. Sharmila used to fast on Thursdays since she was a child. That day she was fasting too. She has just continued with her fast". 4 November is also given as the start day of her fast. On the Friday third of November she had her last supper of pastries and sweets then touched her mother's feet and asked permission to fulfill her bounden duty. Her primary demand to the Indian government was the repeal of the AFSPA

Three days after she began her strike, she was arrested by the police and charged with an "attempt to commit suicide", which is unlawful under section 309 of the Indian Penal Code, and was later transferred to judicial custody. Her health deteriorated rapidly, and the police then forcibly had to use nasogastric intubation in order to keep her alive while under arrest. Since then, Irom Sharmila has been regularly released and re-arrested every year since under IPC section 309, a person who "attempts to commit suicide" is punishable "with simple imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year ".

Continued activism

By 2004, Sharmila had become an "icon of public resistance". Following her procedural release on 2 October 2006, for around four months, Irom Sharmila Chanu went to Raj Ghat, New Delhi, which she said was "to pay floral tribute to my idol, Mahatma Gandhi." Later that evening, Sharmila headed for Jantar Mantar for a protest demonstration where she was joined by students, human rights activists and other concerned citizens. On 6 October, she was re-arrested by the Delhi police for attempting suicide and was taken to the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, where she wrote letters to the Prime Minister, President, and Home Minister. At this time, she met and won the support of Nobel-laureate Shirin Ebadi, the Nobel Laureate and human rights activist, who promised to take up Sharmila's cause at the United Nations Human Rights Council. In 2011, she invited anti-corruption activist Anna Hazare to visit Manipur, and Hazare sent two representatives to meet with her.

In October 2011, the Manipur Pradesh All India Trinamool Congress announced their support for Sharmila and called on party chief Mamata Banerjee to help repeal the AFSPA. The Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) (CPI ML) also stated its support for her and for repeal of AFSPA, calling for nationwide agitation. In November, at the end of the eleventh year of her fast, Sharmila again called on Prime Minister Manmohan Singh to repeal the law. On 3 November, 100 women formed a human chain in Ambari to show support for Sharmila, while other civil society groups staged a 24-hour fast in a show of solidarity.

In December 2011, Pune University announced a scholarship program for 39 female Manipuri students to take degree courses in honour of Irom Sharmila Chanu's 39 years of age. In May 2013 an Amnesty International Delegate from Bangalore Mr Menon met with Sharmila stating that Amnesty International were considering adopting her formally as a prisoner of conscience. He met with her again in September confirming that Amnesty International India were formally adopting her as a prisoner of conscience and that they would begin a fresh campaign of support from 2 October 2013 this was confirmed by a press release on this day.

International attention

Sharmila was awarded the 2007 Gwangju Prize for Human Rights, which is given to "an outstanding person or group, active in the promotion and advocacy of Peace, Democracy and Human Rights". She shared the award with Lenin Raghuvanshi of People's Vigilance Committee on Human Rights, a northeastern Indian human rights organization.

In 2009, she was awarded the first Mayillama Award of the Mayilamma Foundation "for achievement of her nonviolent struggle in Manipur". In 2010, she won a lifetime achievement award from the Asian Human Rights Commission. Later that year, she won the Rabindranath Tagore Peace Prize of the Indian Institute of Planning and Management, which came with a cash award of 5,100,000 rupees, and the Sarva Gunah Sampannah "Award for Peace and Harmony" from the Signature Training Centre.

Works on her life

Deepti Priya Mehrotra's Burning Bright: Irom Sharmila and the Struggle for Peace in Manipur details Sharmila's life and the political background of her fast.

Ojas S V, a theatre artist from Pune, has been performing a mono-play titled Le Mashale ("Take the Torch"), based on Irom Sharmila's life and struggle at several places in India. It is an adaptation of Meira Paibi (Women bearing torches), a drama written by Malayalam playwright Civic Chandran.

References

  1. Rituparna Chatterjee (20 April 2011). "Spot the Difference: Hazare vs. Irom Sharmila". Sinlung. Retrieved 30 April 2011.
  2. "Manipur Fasting Woman Re-arrested". BBC News. 9 March 2009. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
  3. ^ Andrew Buncombe (4 November 2010). "A decade of starvation for Irom Sharmila". The Independent. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
  4. "Charges framed against Irom Sharmila over fast-unto-death, 'iron lady' refuses to plead guilty". Retrieved 9 March 2013.
  5. Ashok, Sowmiya (23 May 2013). "'Court kutcheri' for Irom Sharmila". The Hindu. Retrieved 6 June 2013.
  6. "Court to record evidence in Irom Sharmila's case on August 30". India Today. 22 May 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2013.
  7. http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/remove-restrictions-on-irom-sharmila-nhrc-113103000715_1.html
  8. http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/court-asks-irom-sharmila-to-appear-on-dec-19-113103001062_1.html
  9. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-31/guwahati/43558624_1_sharmila-chanu-nhrc-statement-national-human-rights-commission
  10. ^ Nilanjana S. Roy (8 February 2011). "Torchbearers for Victims in a Violent Land". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
  11. ^ Rahul Pathak (6 August 2004). "Why Malom is a big reason for Manipur anger against Army Act". The Indian Express. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
  12. Anjuman Ara Begum (3 November 2010). "AFSPA and Unsolved massacres in Manipur". Twocircles.net. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
  13. ^ Shoma Chaudhury (5 December 2009). "Irom And The Iron In India's Soul". Tehelka. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
  14. ^ "Manipur fasting woman re-arrested". BBC News. 9 March 2009. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
  15. Section 309 in The Indian Penal Code, 1860
  16. Vidya Subramaniam (28 August 2011). "Irom Sharmila urges Anna to visit Manipur". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
  17. "Highlights of Anna Hazare's interview to NDTV". NDTV. 13 September 2011. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
  18. "Mamata's help sought for raising voice against AFSPA". The Times of India. 17 October 2011. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012.
  19. "CPI (ML) to show solidarity to Sharmila with nation-wide agitation". Imphal Free Press via Kanglaonline. 29 September 2011. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
  20. "PM should realize I am struggling for people: Irom". The Times of India. Times News Network. 4 November 2011. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
  21. "Civil society groups in state back Irom's cause". The Times of India. Times News Network. 3 November 2011. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012.
  22. "Scholarship for Manipuri girl students in Sharmila's honour". The Times of India. 10 December 2011. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012.
  23. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Irom-Sharmila-Chanu-must-be-immediately-released-Amnesty-India-says/articleshow/23391105.cms
  24. ^ "Gwangju Prize for Human Rights". 18 May Memorial Foundation. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
  25. Sobhapati Samom (1 March 2010). "Kerala activists promise support to Irom Sharmila". Assam Tribune. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 22 October 2012.
  26. "Human rights defender awarded for lifetime achievement". Asian Human Rights Commission. 29 January 2010. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 22 October 2012.
  27. "Irom Sharmila awarded Rabindranath Tagore peace award". dnaindia.com. 12 September 2010. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
  28. "Sharmila Conferred Peace Award". manipuronline.com. 27 December 2010. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 22 October 2012.
  29. Laxmi Murthy (December 2009). "Reluctant heroine: 'Burning Bright' by Deepti Priya Mehrotra". Himal South Asian. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
  30. T. Saravanan (11 February 2011). "For a noble cause". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
  31. Shalini Umachandran (12 February 2011). "Single act that captures a dozen wounds of Manipur". The Times of India. Times News Network. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 21 October 2012.

Template:Persondata

Categories: