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{{Infobox person {{Infobox person
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| caption = Bryden at a GPP-COPE Seminar on 12 May 2010. | caption =
| birth_name = | birth_name =
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| birth_place = United Kingdom | birth_place = United Kingdom
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'''Matthew Bryden''' is a Canadian political analyst. From 2004 to 2006, he served as the Horn of Africa Director for the International Crisis Group (ICG). He was later appointed coordinator of the UN's Somalia and Eritrea Monitoring Group (UNSEMG) in 2008, where he oversaw monitoring of a 2002 arms embargo in Somalia. Bryden was dismissed from the post in August 2012. As of 2013, he is serving as a Director at Sahan Research, a Nairobi-based think tank. '''Matthew Bryden''' is a Canadian political analyst. From 2008 to 2012, he was the Coordinator for the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea (SEMG), which was mandated with monitoring violations of the 1992 arms embargo on Somalia. Journalist ] and Puntland President ] accused him of misusing the SEMG's reports to promote the secession of ] and discredit neighboring regions. He is now a Director at a think tank, Sahan Research.

Bryden has been a supporter of the secessionist movement in the northwestern ] region of ]. Critics have argued that he misused his positions within the SEMG and the earlier ICG in order to advance the secessionist cause in Somaliland.


==Early life and education== ==Early life and education==
Matthew Bryden was born between 1965 and 1966 in the UK and was raised in Canada.<ref name="Shephard2011">{{cite book|author=]|title=Decade of Fear: Reporting from Terrorism's Grey Zone|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iAzvZnbDe8MC&pg=PA50|accessdate=24 September 2013|year=2011|publisher=Douglas & McIntyre|isbn=978-1-55365-659-3|pages=50–}}</ref><ref name="Maren2009184">{{cite book|author=Michael Maren|title=The Road to Hell|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=c7yXjjdx53QC&pg=PA243|accessdate=23 September 2013|date=24 November 2009|publisher=Free Press|isbn=978-1-4391-8841-5|pages=184}}</ref> He attended ] in ], where he graduated in 1985.<ref name="Uccots2000">{{cite journal|last=Upper Canada College|journal=Old Times|year=2000|issue=Summer|url=http://ia600705.us.archive.org/28/items/oldtimessum2000ucco/oldtimessum2000ucco.pdf|title=Summer 2000|accessdate=17 September 2013}}</ref> {{As of|2010}}, he was enrolled in the doctoral program at ] researching modern jihadist movements in Somalia.<ref name=gpp>{{cite web|title=Speakers' Biographies|url=http://www.gcsp.ch/content/download/2132/18131/file/Speakers%20Bios.pdf|work=Geneva Peacebuilding Platform|accessdate=22 November 2011}}</ref> Matthew Bryden was born in in the UK and raised in Canada.<ref name="Shephard2011">{{cite book|author=]|title=Decade of Fear: Reporting from Terrorism's Grey Zone|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iAzvZnbDe8MC&pg=PA50|accessdate=24 September 2013|year=2011|publisher=Douglas & McIntyre|isbn=978-1-55365-659-3|pages=50–}}</ref><ref name="Maren2009184">{{cite book|author=Michael Maren|title=The Road to Hell|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=c7yXjjdx53QC&pg=PA243|accessdate=23 September 2013|date=24 November 2009|publisher=Free Press|isbn=978-1-4391-8841-5|pages=184}}</ref> He attended ] in ], where he graduated in 1985.<ref name="Uccots2000">{{cite journal|last=Upper Canada College|journal=Old Times|year=2000|issue=Summer|url=http://ia600705.us.archive.org/28/items/oldtimessum2000ucco/oldtimessum2000ucco.pdf|title=Summer 2000|accessdate=17 September 2013}}</ref> {{As of|2010}}, he was enrolled in the doctoral program at ] researching modern jihadist movements in Somalia.<ref name=gpp>{{cite web|title=Speakers' Biographies|url=http://www.gcsp.ch/content/download/2132/18131/file/Speakers%20Bios.pdf|work=Geneva Peacebuilding Platform|accessdate=22 November 2011}}</ref>


==Career== ==Career==
===Early career=== ===Early career===
Bryden started his career as an infantry officer in the ].<ref name="gpp"/> In 1987, he went to Africa as a tourist while on military leave and traveled through ], ], ] and ]. After witnessing the conditions of war during the rebellion of the Holy Spirit movement in Uganda, he decided to work for an aid program. In January 1988, Bryden was hired by the ] (CARE) program to fill in registration forms in southwestern Somalia.<ref name="Maren2009182183">{{cite book|author=Michael Maren|title=The Road to Hell|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=c7yXjjdx53QC&pg=PA243|accessdate=23 September 2013|date=24 November 2009|publisher=Free Press|isbn=978-1-4391-8841-5|pages=182-183}}</ref> Bryden started his career as an infantry officer in the ].<ref name="gpp"/> In 1987, he went to Africa as a tourist while on military leave and traveled through ], ], ] and ]. After witnessing the conditions of a war-stricken country, he decided to work for an aid program. In January 1988, Bryden was hired by the ] (CARE) program to fill in registration forms in southwestern Somalia.<ref name="Maren2009182183">{{cite book|author=Michael Maren|title=The Road to Hell|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=c7yXjjdx53QC&pg=PA243|accessdate=23 September 2013|date=24 November 2009|publisher=Free Press|isbn=978-1-4391-8841-5|pages=182-183}}</ref>


When his one-year contract with CARE ended, Bryden joined the ] (UNDP) in 1990 in ]. He was put in charge of the operation after his boss broke his hip diving out of the way of bullets fired by a disgruntled, unpaid employee, and was subsequently sent back to ]. Bryden was on half-year work contracts with the organization. According to him, his driver at the Berbera office, who also served as a local field assistant, first apprised him of the ] (SNM) rebel group and its purpose.<ref name="Maren2009183184">{{cite book|author=Michael Maren|title=The Road to Hell|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=c7yXjjdx53QC&pg=PA243|accessdate=23 September 2013|date=24 November 2009|publisher=Free Press|isbn=978-1-4391-8841-5|pages=183-184}}</ref> In August 1990, the UN started evacuating non-essential staff, and Bryden was reassigned to ] against his wishes. Although he was ordered not to return and prohibited from boarding official UN flights, Bryden purchased a ] commercial ticket to Mogadishu in December of the year, as rebels were marching toward the city to topple the central government.<ref name="Maren2009187">{{cite book|author=Michael Maren|title=The Road to Hell|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=c7yXjjdx53QC&pg=PA243|accessdate=23 September 2013|date=24 November 2009|publisher=Free Press|isbn=978-1-4391-8841-5|pages=187}}</ref> When his one-year contract with CARE ended, Bryden joined the ] (UNDP) in 1990 in ], Somalia. He was put in charge of the operation after his boss broke his hip and was subsequently sent back to ].<ref name="Maren2009183184">{{cite book|author=Michael Maren|title=The Road to Hell|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=c7yXjjdx53QC&pg=PA243|accessdate=23 September 2013|date=24 November 2009|publisher=Free Press|isbn=978-1-4391-8841-5|pages=183-184}}</ref> He was re-assigned to ], Kenya in August 1990, as the UN evacuated non-essential staff, but traveled back to Mogadishu that December in violation of his orders in order to see rebels marching against the capital city.<ref name="Maren2009187">{{cite book|author=Michael Maren|title=The Road to Hell|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=c7yXjjdx53QC&pg=PA243|accessdate=23 September 2013|date=24 November 2009|publisher=Free Press|isbn=978-1-4391-8841-5|pages=187}}</ref>


In 1992, Bryden was appointed Canadian Ambassador's Special Advisor. He also led the War-torn Societies Project (WSP) from 1996 to 2003.<ref name="gpp"/> While with the WSP, Bryden published a paper called "New Hope for Somalia? Building Block Approach," in '']''.<ref name="Nhfstbba">{{cite journal|last=Bryden|first=Matt|title=New hope for Somalia? The building block approach|journal=Review of African Political Economy|year=1999|volume=26|issue=79|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03056249908704367#preview|accessdate=17 September 2013}}</ref> In 1992, Bryden was appointed as a Special Advisor to the Canadian Ambassador on Somali Affairs. He also led the War-torn Societies Project (WSP) from 1996 to 2003.<ref name="gpp"/> From 2004 to 2006, Bryden was the Horn of Africa Director for the International Crisis Group (ICG).<ref name="gpp"/> From 2007 to 2008, Bryden served as an adviser on Somali affairs for the United States' ] bureau and the US embassy.<ref name="gpp"/>

From 2004 to 2006, Bryden was the Horn of Africa Director for the International Crisis Group (ICG).<ref name="gpp"/> He also served as a Senior Advisor to the WSP International Somali Program. In July 2004, Bryden chaired and led a conference in ] organized by the Somaliland International Recognition Action Group (SIRAG), an advocacy group seeking international recognition for the secessionist Somaliland region in northwestern Somalia.<ref name="Cpsdithoa">{{cite news|title=Conference on Peace, Security and Development in the Horn of Africa|url=http://somalilandtimes.net/2003/128/12821.shtml|accessdate=17 September 2013|newspaper=Somaliland Times|date=2 July 2004}}</ref> From 2007 to 2008, Bryden served as an adviser on Somali affairs for the United States' ] bureau and the US embassy.<ref name="gpp"/>


===Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea (SEMG)=== ===Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea (SEMG)===
In 2008, Bryden was appointed Coordinator of the United Nations Monitoring Group on Somalia (SEG), which had been set up to monitor violations of the 1992 arms embargo on Somalia.<ref name="Ealwfgsl">{{cite news|title=Eritrea: A Long Way from Getting Sanctions Lifted|url=http://www.djibtalk.com/readmorehead.php?newsid=3425|accessdate=19 September 2013|newspaper=Ethiopian Journal|date=2 September 2010}}</ref><ref name="one">{{cite news|newspaper=Foreign Policy|first=Robert|last=Pelton|url=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/09/20/how_the_un_saved_the_somali_pirates?page=0,2|title=Hijacked|date=September 20, 2012|accessdate=September 2, 2013}}</ref> The SEG was later renamed the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea (SEMG) in March 2010. Bryden was retained on the panel despite objections from some parties.<ref name="Ealwfgsl"/> Bryden said the group would consider any munitions delivered to Somalia to be a breach of the embargo.<ref name="one"/> In 2008, Bryden was appointed Coordinator of the United Nations Monitoring Group on Somalia (renamed as the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea (SEMG) in 2010),<ref name="Ealwfgsl">{{cite news|title=Eritrea: A Long Way from Getting Sanctions Lifted|url=http://www.djibtalk.com/readmorehead.php?newsid=3425|accessdate=19 September 2013|newspaper=Ethiopian Journal|date=2 September 2010}}</ref> which was mandated with monitoring violations of the 1992 arms embargo on Somalia.<ref name="one">{{cite news|newspaper=Foreign Policy|first=Robert|last=Pelton|url=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/09/20/how_the_un_saved_the_somali_pirates?page=0,2|title=Hijacked|date=September 20, 2012|accessdate=September 2, 2013}}</ref> Journalist ] said that under Bryden's tenure the SEMG's reports "took on a bizarre and voluminous tone accusing both friend and foe of serious violations." For example, it accused the United States of violating the embargo for anti-terrorist missile strikes and was involved in an incident where two journalists were detained under suspicions of being mercenaries.<ref name="one">{{cite news|newspaper=Foreign Policy|first=Robert|last=Pelton|url=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/09/20/how_the_un_saved_the_somali_pirates?page=0,2|date=September 20, 2012|accessdate=September 2, 2013}}</ref> Bryden said any munitions delivered to Somalia would be considered a breach of the embargo.<ref name="one"/>


Pelton also accused Bryden of "tak an unsual interest in endorsing the success of Somaliland" while ignoring that of Somalia's other regions.<ref name="Lumrr"/> Then Puntland President ] accused Bryden of using his position at the SEMG to create inflated reports of munitions in Puntland and neighboring regions and more optimistic ones on Somaliland in order to support his interest in the secession of Somoliland. He pointed out that Bryden was married to a well-connected woman from the region's dominant clan, the ].<ref name="Fergusson2013">{{cite book|author=James Fergusson|title=The World's Most Dangerous Place: Inside the Outlaw State of Somalia|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=fV5C-R1Jr_wC&pg=PT72|accessdate=5 September 2013|date=28 May 2013|publisher=Da Capo Press, Incorporated|isbn=978-0-306-82158-5|pages=72–}}</ref>
According to author ], Bryden during his time with the SEMG believed that since the ], the US government only engaged Somalia from an exclusively counter-terrorism perspective, with little political and humanitarian engagement. Bryden argued that the US' support of the ] and ], and its opposition to the ] (ICU), would eventually lead to the growth of the ICU through increased financial and human support from disgruntled anti-Western groups.<ref name="Shephard2011"/>


⚫ In 2012 a report by the SEMG was leaked accusing ] of corruption and Ahmed spent 30 minutes of a speech in July criticizing Bryden in response, saying that he was "against peace in Somalia."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/UN_Monitoring_Group_is_against_peace_in_Somalia_says_President_Sharif.shtml|title=UN Monitoring Group is against peace in Somalia, says President Sharif|publisher=Garowe Online|accessdate=28 August 2012}}</ref> That August the UN dismissed Bryden from his position after the UN received "detailed complaints" about him.<ref name="Asbusesbejp">{{cite news|last=Lee|first=Matthew Russell|title=As Sudan Blocks UN Sanctions Expert Schbley, Bryden Echo, Juba Parallel|url=http://www.innercitypress.com/sudan1sanctions120612.html|accessdate=16 September 2013|newspaper=Inner City Press|date=6 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="UN letter">{{cite web|last=Ki-Moon|title=Security Council|url=http://www.innercitypress.com/eri1nobryden0812.pdf|publisher=United Nations}}</ref><ref name=ICP>{{cite web|title=On Eritrea, Bryden & Schbley Are Gone, When Might Hege Follow On DRC?|url=http://www.innercitypress.com/unbryden1hege082112.html|publisher=Inner City Press|date=August 21, 2012|accessdate=September 20, 2013|first=Matthew|last=Lee}}</ref>
According to journalist ], under Bryden's tenure, the SEMG went from "a dry accounting of militias and weapons," to reports that "took on a bizarre and voluminous tone accusing both friend and foe of serious violations."<ref name="one">{{cite news|newspaper=Foreign Policy|first=Robert|last=Pelton|url=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/09/20/how_the_un_saved_the_somali_pirates?page=0,2|date=September 20, 2012|accessdate=September 2, 2013}}</ref> Pelton also accused Bryden of "tak an unsual interest in endorsing the success of Somaliland" while ignoring that of Somalia's other regions.<ref name="Lumrr"/>

In 2010, Puntland President ] suggested that Bryden was an impartial figure vis-a-vis Somali affairs, and that the SEMG's reports under his tenure were not objective but instead "politically-motivated". He asserted that Bryden supported the separatist cause in Somaliland and was married to a well-connected woman from the region's dominant clan, the ]. According to Farole, Bryden consequently sought to portray Puntland and neighboring regions in a negative light, on the belief that this would influence the international community to follow suit and thereby improve the odds of Somaliland gaining recognition as an independent country.<ref name="Fergusson2013">{{cite book|author=James Fergusson|title=The World's Most Dangerous Place: Inside the Outlaw State of Somalia|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=fV5C-R1Jr_wC&pg=PT72|accessdate=5 September 2013|date=28 May 2013|publisher=Da Capo Press, Incorporated|isbn=978-0-306-82158-5|pages=72–}}</ref>

In 2012, after another report by the SEMG was leaked accusing ] of corruption, Ahmed spent 30 minutes of a July speech criticizing Bryden directly. Sharif rebuked the criticisms in the paper, asserting that Bryden was "against peace in Somalia" and that the report was "timed to coincide with the end of transition period in order to discredit the TFG". He also commended the UN Security Council's efforts, but expressed reservations that the "Monitoring Group and Matt Bryden is wrong approach for Somalia's peace and development."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/UN_Monitoring_Group_is_against_peace_in_Somalia_says_President_Sharif.shtml|title=UN Monitoring Group is against peace in Somalia, says President Sharif|publisher=Garowe Online|accessdate=28 August 2012}}</ref>

⚫ In August 2012, '']'' reported that the UN had dismissed Bryden from his position on the Somalia and Eritrea Monitoring Group after the UN had received "detailed complaints" about him.<ref name="Asbusesbejp">{{cite news|last=Lee|first=Matthew Russell|title=As Sudan Blocks UN Sanctions Expert Schbley, Bryden Echo, Juba Parallel|url=http://www.innercitypress.com/sudan1sanctions120612.html|accessdate=16 September 2013|newspaper=Inner City Press|date=6 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="UN letter">{{cite web|last=Ki-Moon|title=Security Council|url=http://www.innercitypress.com/eri1nobryden0812.pdf|publisher=United Nations}}</ref><ref name=ICP>{{cite web|title=On Eritrea, Bryden & Schbley Are Gone, When Might Hege Follow On DRC?|url=http://www.innercitypress.com/unbryden1hege082112.html|publisher=Inner City Press|date=August 21, 2012|accessdate=September 20, 2013|first=Matthew|last=Lee}}</ref> The 15-member UN Security Council later also unanimously approved ] on March 6, 2013 to lift the 21-year arms embargo on Somalia.<ref name="Scemoumgosae">{{cite news|title=Security Council extends mandate of UN monitoring group on Somalia and Eritrea |url=http://goobjoog.com/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=483:security-council-extends-mandate-of-un-monitoring-group-on-somalia-and-eritrea&catid=124&Itemid=653|accessdate=21 September 2013|newspaper=AAP|date=25 July 2013}}</ref>


===Sahan Research=== ===Sahan Research===
Line 54: Line 42:


==Personal life== ==Personal life==
Bryden has spent most of his adult life in Somalia and adjacent nations.<ref name="Shephard2011"/> As of 2011, Bryden, his ] wife and three kids lived in ], ].<ref name="Uccotsf2011">{{cite journal|last=Upper Canada College|journal=Old Times|year=2011|volume=Summer/Fall|title=Class Notes|url=http://archive.org/stream/oldtimessum2011ucco/oldtimessum2011ucco_djvu.txt|accessdate=17 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="Wtspip">{{cite web|title=War-torn societies project in practice|url=http://idl-bnc.idrc.ca/dspace/bitstream/10625/26915/1/121702.pdf|publisher=War-torn Societies Project|accessdate=17 September 2013}}</ref> They previously resided in ], Somaliland, Somalia.<ref name="Uccots2000"/> Bryden has spent most of his adult life in Somalia and adjacent nations.<ref name="Shephard2011"/> As of 2011, Bryden, his ] wife and three kids lived in ], ].<ref name="Uccotsf2011">{{cite journal|last=Upper Canada College|journal=Old Times|year=2011|volume=Summer/Fall|title=Class Notes|url=http://archive.org/stream/oldtimessum2011ucco/oldtimessum2011ucco_djvu.txt|accessdate=17 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="Wtspip">{{cite web|title=War-torn societies project in practice|url=http://idl-bnc.idrc.ca/dspace/bitstream/10625/26915/1/121702.pdf|publisher=War-torn Societies Project|accessdate=17 September 2013}}</ref> Bryden speaks ], with no discernible English accent.<ref name="Shephard2011"/> He reportedly also holds a Somaliland passport.<ref name="Lumrr">{{citation|first=Robert|last=Young|newspaper=Somalia Report|date=July 28, 2011|url=http://somaliareport.com/index.php/post/1244|accessdate=September 2, 2013|title=Latest UN Monitoring Report Released }}</ref>

Bryden speaks ], with no discernible English accent.<ref name="Shephard2011"/> He reportedly also holds a Somaliland passport.<ref name="Lumrr">{{citation|first=Robert|last=Young|newspaper=Somalia Report|date=July 28, 2011|url=http://somaliareport.com/index.php/post/1244|accessdate=September 2, 2013|title=Latest UN Monitoring Report Released }}</ref>


==Bibliography== ==Bibliography==
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Revision as of 20:00, 11 November 2013

Matthew Bryden
BornUnited Kingdom
NationalityCanadian
Other namesMatt Bryden
Alma materUpper Canada College
OccupationDirector at Sahan Research
Known forHorn of Africa political analysis
Children3

Matthew Bryden is a Canadian political analyst. From 2008 to 2012, he was the Coordinator for the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea (SEMG), which was mandated with monitoring violations of the 1992 arms embargo on Somalia. Journalist Robert Pelton and Puntland President Abdirahman Farole accused him of misusing the SEMG's reports to promote the secession of Somaliland and discredit neighboring regions. He is now a Director at a think tank, Sahan Research.

Early life and education

Matthew Bryden was born in in the UK and raised in Canada. He attended Upper Canada College in Toronto, where he graduated in 1985. As of 2010, he was enrolled in the doctoral program at King's College London researching modern jihadist movements in Somalia.

Career

Early career

Bryden started his career as an infantry officer in the Canadian Forces Reserve. In 1987, he went to Africa as a tourist while on military leave and traveled through Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda. After witnessing the conditions of a war-stricken country, he decided to work for an aid program. In January 1988, Bryden was hired by the Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere (CARE) program to fill in registration forms in southwestern Somalia.

When his one-year contract with CARE ended, Bryden joined the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) in 1990 in Berbera, Somalia. He was put in charge of the operation after his boss broke his hip and was subsequently sent back to Mogadishu, Somalia. He was re-assigned to Nairobi, Kenya in August 1990, as the UN evacuated non-essential staff, but traveled back to Mogadishu that December in violation of his orders in order to see rebels marching against the capital city.

In 1992, Bryden was appointed as a Special Advisor to the Canadian Ambassador on Somali Affairs. He also led the War-torn Societies Project (WSP) from 1996 to 2003. From 2004 to 2006, Bryden was the Horn of Africa Director for the International Crisis Group (ICG). From 2007 to 2008, Bryden served as an adviser on Somali affairs for the United States' USAID bureau and the US embassy.

Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea (SEMG)

In 2008, Bryden was appointed Coordinator of the United Nations Monitoring Group on Somalia (renamed as the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea (SEMG) in 2010), which was mandated with monitoring violations of the 1992 arms embargo on Somalia. Journalist Robert Young Pelton said that under Bryden's tenure the SEMG's reports "took on a bizarre and voluminous tone accusing both friend and foe of serious violations." For example, it accused the United States of violating the embargo for anti-terrorist missile strikes and was involved in an incident where two journalists were detained under suspicions of being mercenaries. Bryden said any munitions delivered to Somalia would be considered a breach of the embargo.

Pelton also accused Bryden of "tak an unsual interest in endorsing the success of Somaliland" while ignoring that of Somalia's other regions. Then Puntland President Abdirahman Farole accused Bryden of using his position at the SEMG to create inflated reports of munitions in Puntland and neighboring regions and more optimistic ones on Somaliland in order to support his interest in the secession of Somoliland. He pointed out that Bryden was married to a well-connected woman from the region's dominant clan, the Isaaq.

In 2012 a report by the SEMG was leaked accusing Sharif Sheikh Ahmed of corruption and Ahmed spent 30 minutes of a speech in July criticizing Bryden in response, saying that he was "against peace in Somalia." That August the UN dismissed Bryden from his position after the UN received "detailed complaints" about him.

Sahan Research

As of 2013, Bryden was serving as a Director at Sahan Research, an independent Nairobi-based think tank.

Personal life

Bryden has spent most of his adult life in Somalia and adjacent nations. As of 2011, Bryden, his Somali wife and three kids lived in Nairobi, Kenya. Bryden speaks Somali, with no discernible English accent. He reportedly also holds a Somaliland passport.

Bibliography

References

  1. ^ Michelle Shephard (2011). Decade of Fear: Reporting from Terrorism's Grey Zone. Douglas & McIntyre. pp. 50–. ISBN 978-1-55365-659-3. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
  2. Michael Maren (24 November 2009). The Road to Hell. Free Press. p. 184. ISBN 978-1-4391-8841-5. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
  3. Upper Canada College (2000). "Summer 2000" (PDF). Old Times (Summer). Retrieved 17 September 2013.
  4. ^ "Speakers' Biographies" (PDF). Geneva Peacebuilding Platform. Retrieved 22 November 2011.
  5. Michael Maren (24 November 2009). The Road to Hell. Free Press. pp. 182–183. ISBN 978-1-4391-8841-5. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
  6. Michael Maren (24 November 2009). The Road to Hell. Free Press. pp. 183–184. ISBN 978-1-4391-8841-5. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
  7. Michael Maren (24 November 2009). The Road to Hell. Free Press. p. 187. ISBN 978-1-4391-8841-5. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
  8. "Eritrea: A Long Way from Getting Sanctions Lifted". Ethiopian Journal. 2 September 2010. Retrieved 19 September 2013.
  9. ^ Pelton, Robert (September 20, 2012). "Hijacked". Foreign Policy. Retrieved September 2, 2013. Cite error: The named reference "one" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  10. ^ Young, Robert (July 28, 2011), "Latest UN Monitoring Report Released", Somalia Report, retrieved September 2, 2013
  11. James Fergusson (28 May 2013). The World's Most Dangerous Place: Inside the Outlaw State of Somalia. Da Capo Press, Incorporated. pp. 72–. ISBN 978-0-306-82158-5. Retrieved 5 September 2013.
  12. "UN Monitoring Group is against peace in Somalia, says President Sharif". Garowe Online. Retrieved 28 August 2012.
  13. Lee, Matthew Russell (6 December 2013). "As Sudan Blocks UN Sanctions Expert Schbley, Bryden Echo, Juba Parallel". Inner City Press. Retrieved 16 September 2013.
  14. Ki-Moon. "Security Council" (PDF). United Nations.
  15. Lee, Matthew (August 21, 2012). "On Eritrea, Bryden & Schbley Are Gone, When Might Hege Follow On DRC?". Inner City Press. Retrieved September 20, 2013.
  16. Fletcher, Pascal (May 26, 2013). "Analysis: Africa defense force never more needed but still a paper tiger". Reuters. Retrieved September 23, 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  17. "Somali president names political newcomer as PM, urges unity". Reuters. October 6, 2012. Retrieved September 3, 2013.
  18. Upper Canada College (2011). "Class Notes". Old Times. Summer/Fall. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
  19. "War-torn societies project in practice" (PDF). War-torn Societies Project. Retrieved 17 September 2013.

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